Glass 

Bwk__l_ 



. -V,," * a / 

PLAIN AND EASY 

INTRODUCTION 

TO THE 

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE 

OF 

GARDENING, 

WITH 

MIMT8 

ON 

FISH-PONDS^ 

BY 

CHARLES MARSHALL, 

VICAR OF BRIXWORTH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, 



God Almighty firft planted a Garden, and indeed it is the pureft of 
human Pleafures : It is the greateft Refremment to the 
Spirits of jVlan^ without which, Buildings and 
Palaces are but grofs handy Works, 

bacon's essays. 



THE FOURTH EDITION, 

CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED, 

PRINTED FOR F. C. AND J» RIVINGTON j W, J. AND J, RICHARDSON | 
J\ WALKER J E. D. SYMONDS} LONGMAN, HURST, R1ES AN 9 ORJIE J 
J. HATCHARD ; AND J, MAWMANJ 
S¥ BYE AND LAW, ST, JOHN'S SQUAUB, CI*SSX£NWE£I* 



1805, 



/ 



PREFACE.- 



THIS work having come to a fourth edition in a few years, 
evinces its favourable reception by the public ; and though 
the author trufts it will continue to recommend itfelf to 
thofe who are acquainted with it, he thinks it is but doing 
himfelf juftice, and may promote the fale of the book, by 
republifhing the following sanctions as they occurred. 

- The directions of this Manual appear to us to he diftin&ly and 
ufefully given, and little as we are ufed to the practical part of the 
fcience, we have read the work with pleafure." Gentleman's Maga- 
zine, June, 1797. 

« This work is calculated for Gentlemen Gardeners, and we alto- 
gether recommend it as convenient in fize, and very judicioufty ar- 
ranged." Briti/h Critic, October, 1797. 

« This work is no compilation. The refpectable author has given to 
the public, the refult of his experience, delivered with that plainneis 
and perfpicuity, which cannot fail of rendering his work highly ufeful 
to every reader who mail confult it either for pleafure or inltruclion." 
Monthly Review, November, 1797. 

" A very extenlive and ufeful performance, in which much informa- 
tion will be found, and the young Gardener will clerive both pleafure 
and amufement from this compendious and cheap manual." European 
Magazine, June, 1798. 

" Mr. Marfliall's obfervations on the modes of cultivating different 
articles, deferve the attention of the inexperienced Gardener." Critical 
Review, July, 1798. 

" This is one of the mcft complete works on the fubjecl; we remember 
to have feen ; and is a work both from its nature and execution, which 
every country gentleman ought to have in his poffeffion." Analytical 
Meview, October, 1798, 



CONTENTS. 



Section I. Praife of Gardening. 

2. Concerning Vegetation. 

3. The Formation of a Garden. 

4. The Cultivation of a Garden. 

5. Of Propagation. 
f>. Of a Nurfery. 
7. Of Graffing. 

S. Of Planting. 

9. Of Shrubs, Shrubberies, &c. 

10. Of Foreft Trees. 

11. Of Rural Gardening. 

12. Of Pruning. 

13. Of Hot-Beds. 

14. Of railing Cucumbers and Melons. 

15. Of Efculents, 
16'. Of Herbs, &c. 

17. Of Fruits. 

18. Of Flowers. 

19. Lifts of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers. 

20. A Calendar. 



The Alphabetical Lifts in Section 19, contain a great 
number of plants, and thofe trees, lhrubs, and flowers, 
which are not referred to in the Index, muft be looked for 
here; where is mentioned their Itature, time of flower- 
ing, colour, nature, and propagation; all which arrange- 
ments form a plan entirely new. Thofe who are led by the 
Index to any of the articles of obferx ation in Seel. 19, mould 
alio turn to the preceding Lift for the fame article, in ordep 
to complete their information. 
7 



SECTION I, 



THE PRAISE OF GARDEN* IN G# 



TT is of Importance to the welfare of any art, that 
* tho(e whofe tafte inclines towards it, fltould have 
a good opinion of its utility, and competent notions 
of its principles. It is therefore the defign of the 



the art of Gardening is worthy of ; and it is the object 
of the next, to affift in the acquiring that knowledge 
of Nature; upon which the art fo much depends. 

Not to enlarge upon the profits of gardening, its 
employments are certainly conducive^to health of body, 
and peace of mind ; and great indeed are the charms 
and recreations of a garden well ftocked, and well 
managed by the hand, or under the direftion of the 
turner himfelf : It at all times ferves him as a fource of 
rational amufement, and honeft fatisfaftion. 

The praife of gardening, it is prefumed, can hardly 
be too highly extolled ; and, as this has been fo well 
done by the beft of men, and moft refpe&able of . 
writers, it may better anfwer the prefent purpofe to 
produce their fentiments, than to attempt new ones. 

What we admire, we praife ; and when we praife, 
Advance it into notice, that its worth 
Acknowledged, others may admire it too, 




f ejlhnation that 



CowrsR, 



B 



The 



2 THE PRAISE OT SECt. Jjk 

The great Lord Bacon s opinion of gardening, given 
in the motto of the title page, is certainly both juft and 
honourable. The agreeable Cowley fpeaks of his darling 
nature as enjoyed in a garden^ thus : 

When God did man to his own likenefs make, 
, As much as clay, tho 5 of the pureft kind, 

{By the great potter's art refin'd) 

Could the divine imprefiion take, 
- He thought it fit to place him, where 

A kind of heaven too did appear, 
As faT as earth could fuch a likenefs bear ; 

Th2t man no happinefs might want, 
Which earth to her firft mailer could afford ; 

He did a garden for him plant, 
By the quick hand of his omnipotent word | 
As the chief help and joy of human life, 
He gave him the firft gift, — even before a wife* 

And well he knew, what place would befl agree^ 
With innocence and with felicity. 

And we elfewhere Hill feek for them in vain, 
If any part of either yet remain, 

. If any part of either we expect 

This may our judgment in the fearch direct ; 

God the firft garden made, and the firft city>—CttM* 

When Epicurus to the world had taught 

That pleafure was the chiefeft good, 
{And was perhaps i'th'right, if rightly underflood) 

His life he to his dodrine brought, 
And in a garden's made, that fovereign pleafure 
fought. 

Whoever a true epicure would be, 
May there find cheap and virtuous luxury* 

Nor does this happy place only difpenfe 

Such various pleafures to the fenfe, 

Here health itfelf does live, 
That fait of life, which does to all a relifh give, 



Its 



SECT, I. GARDENING. 5 

Its ftanding pleafure, and intrinfic worth, 
The body's virtue, and the foul's good fortune* 
health. 

Methinks I fee great Dioclejlan walk 

In the Salotzian garden's noble {hade, 
Which by his own imperial hands was made : 

I fee him fmile, methinks, as he does talk 

With the ambaffador, who came in vain 

T'entice him to a throne again : 
If I, my friends, faid he, mould to you (how 
- All the delights which in thefe gardens grow, 

'Tis likelier much that you mould with me flay* 

Than 'tis that you mould carry me away : 

And truft me not, my friends, if every day 
I walk not here with more delight 

Than ever after the moft happy fight, 

In triumph to the capitol I rod, 
To thank the Gods, and to be thought myfelf a God, 

Mr. Coivlev's paffion for retirement was indeed very 
Ilrong ; but might he not well fay, " Is there not a 
caufer" He had been converfant in high and public 
life, and was very glad to leave 

Thofe dangerous pofts, where cuftoms ill agree 
With virtuous rules, or found philofophy. 

As one reafon for his going out from Sodom (as he 
fpeaks) to his little Zoar> he afks, 

Who that has reafon and his fmell, 
Would not among rofes and jafmin dwell, 
^ Rather than all his fpirits choak 
With exhalations of dirt and fmoak ; 
And all th' uncleannefs which does drown 
In peftilential clouds a- populous town. 

Another poet (Ckricus) retiring from town to a co& 
tags and a garden^ fays, 

B % I ftraif 



1 



4 



THE PRAISE Of 



SECT. I, 



I ftrait betook myfelf to trace the laws 
Of nature, upwards to its fruitful cau fe 
And, digging mines of true philoiophy, 
The myftic ftone I found, whofe energy 
Apply'd, tranfmutes fome matter, fome fublimes. 
Drawing within my circle golden times. 

Often amufed with feats of gardening. 

Delightful exercife, I work and fing ! 

And moving cheerful feel not half my toil, 

Like fwains that whiftle, while they plough the foil* 

Should any difbelieve, I here invite 

Such infidels to come, and truft their fight. 

j — Uncorrupt and happy days were thofe 
When Roman Confuls exercifed their hoes ; 
Whofe leifure hours in country cares were fpent, 
And whofe diverfions all were innocent. 
Oft their own labours furniftVd out their feaft, 
And thus their fruits and fallads relifh'd beft. 

Art of Gardening. 

& # * * * * 

Mr. Evelyn, who had fo great knowledge and ex- 
perience in the way of gardening, fpeaks its praife in 
thefe words : Though the gardener's life be a labori- 
ous one, yet is it full of tranquillity and satisfa&ion. 
A condition furnifhed with the moft innocent, laudable 
and pureft of earthly felicities ; and fuch as does cer- 
tainly make the neareft approaches to that blefled Hate, 
where only they enjoy all things without pains. 

* # * # # * 

Mr. Addifon fays, I look upon the pleafure which 
we take in a garden, as one of the moft innocent de- 
lights of human life. A garden was the habitation of 
our firft parents before the fall. It is naturally apt to 
fill the mind with calmnefs and tranquillity, and to lay 



SECT. |i GARDENING. £ 

all its turbulent paffions at reft. It gives a great infigh- 
into the contrivance and wifdom of providence; and 
fuggefts innumerable fubjefts for meditation. 

# * * # #■ * 

Mr. HeKvey, in his Meditations, on return from a 
walk, having entered the flower garden, and called it 
a beautiful fpot, fays, " Mere nature always pleafing, 
every where lovely, appears with peculiar attrafiions. 
Yonder fhe feems dreffed in her defhabille ; grand, but 
irregular. Here ihe calls in her hand-maid art ; and 
Alines in all the delicate ornaments, that the niceft 
cultivation can convey. Thofe are her common apart- 
ments where fhe lodges her ordinary gueft s :- This is 
her cabinet of curioftties, where fhe entertains her in- 
timate acquaintance. My eye fhall often expatiate 
over thofe fcenes of univerLl fertility : My feet fhall 
fometimcs brufh through the thicket, or traverfe the 
lawn, or ftroll along the foreft glac:e ; but to this de- 
lightful retreat fhall be my chief refort. — Thither will 
I make excurfions, but here will I dwell." 

On the Kitchen Garden Mr. H. observes, " Here 
thofe celebrated qualities are eminently united, — the 
utmoft fimplicity with the greateft neatnefs : none of 
the productions afT^ft finery. If it be pleafing, to be- 
hold their orderly Ctuations, and their modeft beauties ; 
how delightful to confider the advantages they yield ! 
What a fund of choice accommodations here ! What 
a fource of wholefome dainties, and all for the enjoy- 
ment of man! Not one fpecies of all this is a cum- 
berer of the ground. Not a fingle plant but is good 
for food, or fome way falutary. And with fo bene- 
ficent an economy are the feveral periods of their 
miniflration fettled, that no portion of the year is left 
deftitute of fuch nourifhing efculents as are beft fuited 
to the temperature of the air, and the ftate of our 
bodies. — Oh ! why fhould the pofTeffor of fo valuable 
a fpot envy the condition of kings ? Since he may 

B $ .: daily 



THE QF 



SECT* |. 



daily walk arnidft rows of peaceable and obfequlous 
fubjecls ; every one of which tenders him fome agree- 
able prefent, and pays him a willing tribute. Such as 
as raoft excellently adapted, both to fupply his wants, 
and regale his talle ; to iurnifh him at once with both 
plenty and p-leafure." 

From the amiable Ccwper fomething on this fubjeft 
may be added . See tKt garden, in his Poem, enticed 
the Task* 

O friendly to the beft purfuits of man, 
Friendly to thought, to virtue and to peace* 
Domeftic life in rural leifure pafs'd. 

Scenes formed for contemplation, and to nurfe 
The growing feeds of wifdom * that f uggeft, 
By every pleanng image they prefent, 
Reflections fuch as meliorate the heart, 
Compofe the pafflons, and exalt the mind. 

Oh ! bleft feclufion from a jarring world, 
Which he, thus occupied, enjoys ! Retreat 
Cannot indeed to guilty man reft ore 
Loft innocence, or cancel follies paft, 
But it has peace, and much fecures the mind 
From all affauks of evil, proving iiill 
A faithful barrier, not o'erleap'd with eafe, 
By vicious cuftom raging uncontroul'd 
Abroad, and defolating public life. 

The morning finds the felf.fequefterM man, 

Frelh for his talk, intend what talk he may. 

—If the garden with its many cares, 

All well repaid, demand him, he attends 

The welcome call. 

Had I the choice of fublunary good, 

What could I wilh, that I poiTefs not here ? 

Sir William Temple commended the employment 
and care of a garden as his fettled choice, faying, — 
for my own part, as the coliritry life, and this pan of 

\ . ' it 



SECT, r. 



GARDENING, 



7 



it more particularly, were the inclination of my youth 
itfelf, fo they are the pleafures of my age, 

Le Plytehe jerftfy afferts, — Qf all the employments 
in life, none is more fimple, natural, and entertaining, 
than the cultivation of plants. 

Virgil of old, defcribes the happinefs of a cultivator 
of the ground in gardening and planting, as equalling 
all the opulence of kings, in the eafe, content, and 
freedom of his mind. This is one of the mod -allured 
truths ; and happy are they who are free from the en- 
tanglements of artificial life, and not over-burthened 
with honour and greatneis. 

' Gardening leads to planting and farming, of which, 
collectively, Mr. Coiv'ey prettily fpeaks. — It is one oi 
the bell natured delights of all others, for a rnan to 
look about him, and fee iferthing but the effecls and 
improvements of his own art. and diligence ; to be al- 
ways gathering of fome fruits of it, and at the fame 
time to behold others ripening, and others budding ; 
to fee all his fields and gardens covered with the beau- 
teous creatures of his own induftry ; and to fee, like 
God, that all his works are good. 

Of a country life in general, Mr. C, fays, " We are 
here among the vaft and noble fcenes of nature y where 
we walk in the light and open ways of the divino 
bounty, and whei:e our fenfes are feafted with the clear 
and genuine lafte of their objeftfu" 



B 4 SECTION 



CONCERNING 



SECT. II. 



SECTION II, 



CONCERNING VEGETATION, 

S a good GARDEN affords much pleatfure and prcfit f 
it deferves every attention ; and certainly the 
cultivation of it cannot be too rationally purfued. It 
is therefore that a fketch of the Nature of Vegetation 
is here attempted ; for the u'fe of thofe who are unac- 
quainted with the fubjecl to affift them in the purfuit 
of gardening wkh underftanding. 

Let the elements be firft confidered. 
Earth, as an element, confidered in itfelf, appears 
not to ferve to the fupport of man or beaft. Though 
from it all things fpring as from a common womb , 
yet independent of the other elements, or extraneous 
natter, it neither produces, nor affords, any thing like 
food. A (Tiffed however by thefe, there is a combina- 
tion of powers, the effects of which are equally bene- 
ficial and wonderful. 

It has been pretty much an opinion, that the earth 
a£ts only as a receptacle for nutriment ; and as a reft, 
ing place, or means of fupporting plants erectly ; to 
imbibe rain, dews, air, &c. needing continually to be 
replenifhed by manures, or from the atmofphere. In- 
deed, it is not to be conceived, how the earth, confi- 
dered as a folid, fhould pafs through the capillary 
parts of plants. Experiments have proved, that the 
earth is very little, if at all exhaufled, by the growth 
of plants, and confeqnently affords a prefumption that 
plants are not fed by it. 

r There 



-SECT. II. 



VEGETATION"-. 



There has been much controverfy about the food 
of plants. A refpeftable writer fays, The faline, 
unctuous, and fubtle flime, which the water feparaies 
from the coarfe earth, and keeps in a diffolved ftate, 
is the principal nutriment of plants. And indeed, this 
is the opinion of others, who have treated the fubjeft, 
and is juftified by enquiries into the nature of the fap 
of plants, by decompofition : 

Thofe who contend for an inherent power in earth 
*o nourifh plants, lay a ftrefs upon the circumfiance, 
that various earths have various qualities, fuited to 
different parts. But to this it may be faid, that the 
earth being more or lefs binding, or compofed of dif- 
ferently conftrufted particles, occafions the parting 
with the food committed to it, the more or lefs freely, 
or altered according to its various modes of percolation,, 
or ftraining. 

* * # * # * 

Water appears to have much to do in the fub*. 
iiftance of plants, for they con fume a great deal;, and 
either die, or are at a ftand, when they are deprived 
of it, or at leaft of humidity from the air. It is 
proved, that feeds and plants, and in ftiort all fub*. 
flances, confift chiefly of water, being reducible I* 
liquids in a great degree. 

Water (with refpeft to vegetation) has been defined 
to be, a mixed fluid, in which are all forts of par- 
ticles proper for the compofition of plantsv Rooted 
trees haw been fet in water at the fpring, (as a rofej 
and put forth leaves fair, though pale; and it is well 
known, that many flips and branches of plants will 
itrike root in water readily t and gathered flowers- net 
only keep frefh in it, but increafe in fize, and bud* 
alfo open. Hyacinths are very commonly blown in 
water in warm rooms for an early blow* AW feeds 
wilL germinate,, and fome grow iaiu 

E 5 TKe 



10 -CONCERNING SZCT.IU 

The natural ftate of water uninfluenced by heat is 
ice, and where very cold, it is too denCe a fluid to pafs 
through forae of the capillary veflels of plants; yet a 
fmall degree of heat rarifies it; and as its -globules are 
capable x)f being infinitely divided by a proportionate 
heat ; it is thus rendered fit to pafs through the fineft 
canals. It mixes with the nutritive properties that are 
lodged in the earth, and is (at leaftj the vehicle of the 
food of plants. In this relpeft alone, it is molt va- 
luable. Without it, nothing could be elaborated in 
nature, no fermentation be wrought, and animals and 
plants would die of thirft ! 

* # * *• # * 

AlR is found in a confiderable degree in water, in 
plants, and in fruits. It may be almoft demonftrated 
(fays one) that the vegetable nourishment is princi- 
pally in the air : The tree Sedum fufpended, lives and 
grows for years by air and its moifture. 

How necejjary this element of air is to man, the 
common eft observation evinces. Deprived of air, life 
is quickly loft, and in a depraved ftate of it, runs faft 
to ficknefs and death. Thus plants are found to flou- 
riih in a free and open air, and grow pale and languifh 
in the contrary. But air is not only ^neceffary for the 
leaves of plants to breathe in, but their roots require it : 
Plants will not do well if the foil is too much bound 
for the air to penetrate freely about them. 

The ficklinefs of houfed plants has been laid to be 
©wing greatly to want of motion. But the want of 
frefh air, is undoubtedly the chief caufe ; for pure air 
is fraught with animating principles, and by ^attenua- 
ting and elaftic properties, feparates the grofsjuices 3 
keeps the fap in motion, and the plants in health. 

Air conveys to the organs of fmelling, all thofe grate* 
ful fcents, which plants, ' flowers and fruits produce, 
and we are greatly regaled, and refreflied by them. 



SECT. II. 



VEGETATION. 



1] 



If it be afked, what air is, and of what it confifts ? 
It may be anfwered, Particles of wet and dry bodies 
volatilized, and rendered elaftic by fire. The air or at- 
mofphere that furrounds our earth, contains a mix- 
ture of all the active volatile parts of the whole habi- 
table world ; that is, of all vegetables, minerals and 
animals. Whatever perfpires, corrupts' or exhales, 
impregnates the air ; which, being afted upon by the 
folar fire, produces within itfelf, all forts of chemical 
operations, riifpenfes again thofe falts and fpirits in 
new generations, which it had received trom putre- 
iaftions, 

****** 

Fire, as it operates from the prime body of it the 
sun, gives life and energy to all, completing the pro- 
cefs of nature. There is no exilting without it. Its 
total abfence would prefently bring all animation to the 
coldnefs of death !' 

The fun by its warmth (conveyed by the air) fets 
forward that fermentation in the earth, and gives that 
fpirit to plants,, which effetts growth, and conco&s 
their juices to make them fruitful. 

It is by the rarefaction of the air and juices con- 
tained in the roots, and all the parts of a plant, that 
motion and expanfion are given to it ; and by its 
afcending- force, puffies into buds, le a** es, ilowers and 
fruits ; fending off fuperfluous and excrementitious 
moifture into the atmofphe r e, thus giving us the /cents 
peculiar to each. That the fun does this, is evident 
from what is experienced in artificial warmth, hurry- 
ing on the growth of plants, which is ever propor- 
tionate to the heat applied, provided there is a proper 
fupply of moifture. 

Without the, vivifying/zi«, the other elements would 
be inactive matter, and " no longer would the fig-tree 
bloffom, nor fruit be in the vine : The labour of the olive 
would fait and the fields yield no meat." The operative 
'power of the fun reaches the deepeft receffes, to beds 

B 6 . of 



CONCERNING 



SECT, II. 



*>f metals, and to u the place of fapphires ; and there is 
nothing hid from the heat thereof" 

What bleffings does this bounteous planet pour 
On the glad heart of man, when rolling round 
Kis azure road, he fcatters as he flies, 
To warm his raptur'd bofom, light and joy ! 

Newcomb. 

The sun is the fountain of light. This glori- 
ous i obj eft of creation, as a luminary, gives chearful- 
nefs both in nature and appearance to all things : If 
light is not fo neceflary to our exiftence as heat, life 
would yet be miferable without it. 

As to vegetation, we may obferve, without light 
plants get always fickly, and would not exift long if 
deprived of it. Light, philofophically confidered, is 
half their nourishment. All plants turn to the light 
as to a powerful attraction, or, as ff confcious how 
necefTary it is to their exiftence. Light at the fame 
time that it heats, doth wonderfully rarify and raife the 
fap. It is the fame with J&ther, and it fo mixes with 
other bodies, as to enter into their compofition, and 
encreafe their weight. The aromatic flavour of veget- 
ables feems to depend upon the fun's light as much as 
colours do. 

The phyfical properties of that eiherial fubftance, 
which is fo fubtle and pervading as light, we may well 
believe to be various and wonderful, though incon* 
ceiyable. 

Behold the light emitted from the fun, 
"What more familiar, and what more unknown ? 
While by its fpreading radiance it reveals 
All nature's face, it ft ill itfelf conceals. 
How fwift flr effulgent emanations fly- 
Thro* the blue gulph of interpofing fky ! 
Millions of miles j fo rapid is their race 
To cheer the earth, they in few moments pafs. 

Amazing 



SECT. XI. 



VEGETATION". 



13 



Amazing progrefs ! at its utmoft ftretch, 
What human mind can this fvvift motion reach ? 

Blackmore* 

How impreffively are we taught to value the felef- 
fing of light, by a view of day-break in a fine fummer's 
morn ! 

■ Thehour of morn returns, 

Unbars the gates of light, and opens wide 

A profpeft to the eye, which now unfolds 

Ten thoufand beauteous fcenes which lay conceal'd 

Before in darknefs : now the radiant heavens 

Glitter with azure pav'd, with rofes flrew'd. 

With lively verdure each green plain array'd, 

Each flower puts on a glow of richeft hue ; 

The wide creation now is feen adorned 

In all her rich attire and beauties bloom, 

View'd by each wand'ring eye with raptur'd joy ? 

All the rich pomp which theatres difplay 

Their mining ornaments, the Iuftres hung 

In the proud courts and palaces of kings, 

Lofe their diminimed light, and die away, 

Whene'er the fun unfolds his radiant beams ! 

Newcgmb, 

From this view of the elements it appears, that their 
offices are mutual, and that there is a harmony of them, 
neceffary to the %velrare of plants, in a view to which 
art may fometimes aflift nature. It is for this end that 
what is faid of them here is advanced, that the young 
gardener may convert to ufe his entertainment, 

****** 

Having feen a little intp the nature of the ele- 
ments, principally as they relate to the exigence of 
plants, let us proceed to confider the plants themfehjes* 
Their ftruflure has been examined by the greateft ge- 
niufes, and though able, (perhaps) to determine little of 

Nature's 



C"@'NG'£RNINa 



SE4PT.- IT. 



Nature's laws, yet has the pleafure and fatisfaftion they 
have reaped repaid them their trouble. Though after 
all our refearches, we are finally led to this- conclufion,. 
that God's works, like his ways, are " paft finding, 
out yet if there is* any fatisfa&ion in knowledge, or 
any confolation in piety, thefe gratifications are to be 
fought in, and will be reaped from attentive and mo- 
de ft enquiries into Nature. " The works of the Lord 
are great, fought cut of all them thai have pleafure 
toe rein. 

Nature is nothing but the art of God ; a bright 
difplay of that wifdofti, which demands an eternal tri- 
bute of wonder and worfiiip. 

The notions which arife from Nature's light 
As well adorn the mind as guide her right,, 
Enlarge her compafs, and improve her light. 
Thefe ne'er the breaft with vain ambition fire, 
But baniih pride, and modefl thoughts infpire,. 
By her informed we bleft religion learn, 
Its glorious object by her aid difcern^ 
The rolling worlds around us we furvey,. 
Th' alternate fov'reigns of the night and day £ 
View the wide earth adorn'd with hills and woodsy- 
Rich in her herds, and fertile in her floods. 
Walk through the deep apartments of the main r 
Afcend the air to vifit clouds and rain : 
And while we ravinYd gaze in Nature's face r 
Remark her order, and her motions trace. 
The long coherent chain of things we find 
Leads to a caufe supreme, a wife creating mind*. 

Blackmore* 

Seeds of plants ftand firft to be confidered, and 
they are truly wonderful. What large plants from 
feeds no bigger than a grain of fand? What a ftately 
$ak from a little acorn ? 



The 



SECT, II* 



VEGETATION 7 . 



15 



The feeds of fern, which by prolific heatv 
Cheer 'd and unfolded, form a plant fo great £ 
Are lefs a thoufand times than what the eye 
Can unaffifted by the tube defcry. 

Blackmore. 

Seeds contain in embryo (or miniature] the plant 
they are to produce, in all its parts, which they have 
preserved from age to age, feeds producing plants, and 
plants feeds, &c. 

They are covered with coats that are finely and 
clofely wrought, the better to keep the moifture of the 
earth from coming in too fuddenly upon the lobes, or 
the little plant, which might occafion their rotting, and 
we find that almoft every fort of feed, by means of 
thefe coverings, mull remain different lengths of time 
in the earth, before they begin to germinate. Some 
will not fpring in the natural ground till the fecond 
year after they are buried, while others will begin to 
ihoot in three days after fowing. This is owing to 
their requiring different degrees of moifture, heat and 
air, to make them germinate; i. e. bring them into a 
ftate of fermentation. 

The fubftance of feeds appears to be fpent firft in 
feeding the radicle, and then in the nourishment of 
the two firft, or feed leaves, which arc commonly of a 
different fize, fhape and fubftance from the proper 
leaves of the plant : From between thefe comes a 
fhoot bearing the true leaves. The lobes (or fubftance) 
of feed, confift of a farinous nutriment, adapted to 
the infant ftate of the plant, when foftened and dif- 
folved by the moifture oi the^arth, which extends and. 
unfolds the young plant (or plumule) in the fame 
manner, as the nourifhing juice in the eggs of ani- 
mals hatches their embryo. The feed leaves there- 
fore contain a fugary juice, which is evident from 
infefts fo greedily biting them, and their pleafant 
tafte in fallads, as thofe of turnips, cabbages, &c. They 
• 2 are 



16 



CONCERNING 



SECT. II* 



are thick and fucculent, calculated to imbibe air and 
inoifture from the atmofphere, for the fupport of the 
tender plant, that might other wife fuffer by drought : 
lor it mx\$t proceed in growth, or it would quickly die. 
When the radicle has ftruck downwards, the office of 
the feed is evidently to nourifh thefe leaves, as is feen 
by the feed coming above the ground with them, ex- 
hauited of its fubftance — a mere fhell flicking to the 
top of the leaves. 

But fome plants have no feed leaves properly fo 
called, as cam; which has therefore been deemed by 
fome, not ftriftly a feed, but a bud, or bulb, 

It has been doubted whether all plants have feed, 
becaufe fane forts have not been obferved to produce it. 
To conclude that they have, is however more agree- 
able to the uniformity ot the divine procedure, and al- 
together to reafon. 

Seed may be conceived fo fmall as not to he difcerned 
with the help of convex glaffes, as we know there are 
many not difcernible without them-; and with this mi. 
nutenefs, k may be extremely fugacious by its flight 
adhefion to the plant. 

The truth is, God originally ordained that plants 
ihould proceed from feed, and they do, (Gen. i. £.J 
It was long faid, that fern "bare no feed; but this is 
a demonftrable miftake. That Mujhrcoms produce 
feed, we need not doubt. Many of the moffes are fo 
fmall in the ftate of plants, that the micro/cope- only 
can difcover their flowers, and even in fome, the plants 
themfelves are but barely thus difcernible. A great 
variety of feeds are wafted about continually in the air, 
and produce their kind, whenever they light upon a 
proper matrix. Whatever has been objected there ap- 
pears good ground for believing, that there is no natural 
production, either in the vegetable or animal king, 
dom, but what comes from the feed, or egg of fome 
parent. 



*eci\ xi. 



VEGETATION. 



17 



As to certain plants appearing where none were be- 
fore, we know that fome feeds will keep many years, 
* when deep buried, and being afterwards brought to the 
furface, have vegetated, as the wild tnujiard, &c. Be- 
fides the wind carrying fome forts of feeds to a conft- 
derable diftance, birds alfo drop a great many, fo 
that plantations of oaks, &c. have fprung Bp by means 
of crows carrying the acorns, and dropping them in 
cracked ground. 

Plants follow feed, and we find them proceeding 
in a fteady unceafing progreffion towards ~ maturity, to 
their deftined end, i.e. production of the like, from 
which they fprung (feed) to preferve the fpecies. 
And the economy of nature is fo regular, that a cer- 
tain portion of time is invariably kept (allowing for 
accidental circumilances) for this bufinefs. So cer- 
tainly does Nature purfue her end in all refpefts, 
that the identical fpecies is always preferved, as to 
the diftinguifhing properties of each, though the foils 
in which feeds are fown are fo various. Altogether 
under the fame circumftances are produced the fweet 
fmelling flower, the nourifhing corn, and the poifonous 
plant, though differing much in ftrength, in figure, and 
other particulars. 

The juices in the veffels of plants undergo (accord- 
ing to their conformation) different fermentations, and 
thus become altered; in which chemiftry of nature, 
its powers and refults are wonderfully exaft. 

Peculiar pores peculiar juice receive. 
To this deny, to that admittance give. 
Hence various trees their various fruits produce. 
Some for delightful tafte, and fome for ufe, 
Hence fprouting plants enrich the plain and wood. 
For phyfic fome, and fome defign'd for food. 
Hence fragrant fiow'rs with different colours dy'd, 
On fmiling meads unfold their gaudy pride. 

Blackmore* 



The 



IS 



CONCERNING 



sect* rr. 



The roots of plants are to keep them fixed m 
the earth and to draw food from it; which they do 
(chiefly at leaft) ty their ends which have been there- 
lore called mouths: In general they affeft an horizontal 
growth, for the benefit of the fun and air, and never 
defcend above a certain depth from the furface. 

By means of the root, nourifhment proceeds through 
the pipes and capillary conduits of plants, continually 
from the earth, and by the aflion of the fun and air, 
circulates, rarifies, and diftributes itfelf. This juicy 
food, fwells the little bags, or cells (of which the- 
fubftance of plants is compofed) and following the 
different modifications thereof,, filtrates athwart the 
parts. For example* That which is mod pure and fine,, 
ferves to nourifh the flowers and fruits ; that which is 
not fupplies the branches, and leaves, and roots-; the 
moft grofsand earthy ferves for the bark; and the mofi 
oily is for gum and rofin* Juft the fame as we find it ir* 
animals, where the food they receive into the ftomach 
paffes afterwards into the blood, circulates into the vef~ 
fels, and purfuing its different degrees of attenuation, 
ferves to nourifh the different parts of the body. 

The stems or trunks of plants are for the fivpport 
of the head, and to convey juices from the roots up- 
wards for the leaves, branches, &c. and are compofed 
(as the roots) of bladders, and various conduits for 
air, fap, &c. perpendicular, fpiral, and horizontal from 
the pith to the bark. Thefe veffels may be fomewhat 
feen with the naked eye, as in flices of the young 
(hoots of nut, apple tree, and vine, but very evidently 
by a microfcope* It is obfervable, that fome plants 
which are weak and pipy have knots at proper diflances 
to ftrengthen them, and others have clafpers to hold 
them up ; while others are robuit enough in ilem to 
brave the fury of atempeft. 

The leaves of plants are very Tarioufly, but 
beautifully conftrufted in their form and fubilance; 
and if we confider them as attracting nourifhment 

from 



SKCT. II. 



VEGETATION* 



19 



from the root and the atmofphere, and as perfpiring 
and refpiring, they are more than commonly thought 
efTential to vegetation; and fo we find that if the ft ems, 
or branches of a plant, are confiderably deprived of 
them, it becomes ftunted and difeafed, and if any fruit 
appear, it proceeds flowiy in growth, and is ill fla- 
voured. The quantity of nutriment which a plant 
derives from the earth, is in proportion to the number 
and fize of its leaves; thus that they may uninterrupt- 
edly perform their offices, they are ctiftributed in a very 
diftincl: and feparate mode. 

The under and upper part of leaves are different, and 
have feparate offices; the under is rough and porous^ 
as if adapted to imbibe the rifing moifture of night 
dews; and the upper, or ciofer 3 to exclude the groffer 
j>arts of the atmofphere, and to imbibe fome finer 
food, as to 44 draw the live ether". Thus leaves will 
riot endure to be reverfed, as is feen by the certain and 
cjuick return to their right pofition, when forced from 
it, and till this is effefted, they perform not the proper 
funftions of nature. 

That the gloffy Jurface of leaves have an intimate 
connexion with the light is evident, as they rife and 
fall (in a degree, fome plants more and others lefs) as 
the fun moves. If they are turned from the light they 
twift themfelves towards it, as if they had enjoyment, 
and were conjclcus of the benefit. — The curious will 
meet with gratification relative to this fubjeft, by con- 
futing Hill's Traft On the Sleep cf Plants ; or hi* 
gardening for Oftober: — a large tolio. 

One of the offices of leaves, feems to be, te fubtilize* 
and give more fpirit to the abundance of nourifhing 
fap, and to convey it to the little buds at their foot Jlaik, 
to whofe welfare they are -efTential. 

If the texture of the leaves be fcrutinized, they are 
found cujrioufly ramified ; the ribs and fibres of each 
- teeming much like a fpreading plant. The ramifica- 
tions hold a clofe communication with each other; 



CONCERNING SECT. II ♦ 

fo that the principal rib fends out lateral ones lefs 
ftrong, and they again an infinite number of fine ones 
in all directions ; and thefe are veffels of two kinds, 
viz. for fap and air. As leaves throw off a great deal 
of excrementitiou£, fo do they imbibe a great deal of 
nutritious moifture, as is evident from the general re- 
frelhments received from dews. Yet we are not to 
conclude, that the other parts of plants do not the fame 
in a lefs degree ; and the rough bark of the trees, and 
the outer veffels, are well calculated to detain moifture, 
to convey to other parts. 

The branches of plants come next to be confi- 
dered. How beautifully do they fpread 5 and how uni- 
formly do they proceed, keeping up precifely the fame 
mode of growth, one from another throughout the 
whole; till the head of the plant, or tree, attains its 
cullomary fize, and own peculiar form ; which if it 
has grown with native liberty, proves always of an 
agreeable fymmetry. 

The texture of branches confifts of the fame kind 
of veffels as the ftem, or trunk ; but here it may be 
obferved, that there is yet a fpecific difference in the 
veffels of the various parts, as is concluded from their 
affording juices of a different flavour and effluvia in 
the bark, wood, leaves, flowers and feeds; fo that 
from the fame plant are extra&ed medical properties 
of very contrary nature. 

Buds are like feeds, as they contain the future 
growth of branches and fruit in miniature, fo that for 
mftance, in the buds of a currant-tree may be difco- 
vered (by a microfcope) even before winter, the woody- 
branch, and the bunches of fruit. The future fruit 
alfo has been viewed in the bud of a vine. In the 
fhort buds of pears ', which appear at Midfummer, an 
indifferent microfcope will (hew the bloffoms defigned 
for the April following. The buds of a Mezerion 
being examined at Midfurnmer, had the bloffoms difr 

covered 



SECT. II. VEGETATION. 21 

covered m them, though the time of their blow is not 
till February. 

Thus it appears, that the leaves, bloflbms, fruit, 
and branches, on all trees, are formed the year before; 
and fo their fruitfulnefs in the year they bear, is no 
otherwife the confequence of that feafon, than that 
nature has gone without any deftru&ive check in her 
progrefs, and particularly at the time of flowering, 
when many bloflbms are deftroyed by inclement wea- 
ther, and by wet only as much as any thing. 

„ * * * * * * 

The flowers of plants have not yet been particu- 
larly noticed, but of them fomething mull, and much- 
might, be faid. 

Go, mark the matchlefs workings of the power 
That Ihuts within the feed the future floixer; 
Bids thefe in elegance of form excel, 
In colour thefe, and thofe delight the fmell ; 
Sends nature forth, the daughter of the Ikies, 
To dance on earth, and charm all human eyes. 

CoWPER, 

Flowers have a general flruclure in fubftance, fimilar 
to the other parts of plants, as to veffels for fap, air, &c. 
only are fo much the more exquifitely formed, as the 
leaves are of fo delicate a texture. They are formed 
in the bud while in the pith, and fo confequently are 
the fruit and feed. 

The flowers of many proceed from a bud, or knot, 
the leaves or parts of which do firft cover the flower 
contained therein, whilft it is yet unable to bear the 
inconveniencies of the weather, and defend it from the 
fame; and after the flower is blown, they keep up its 
leaves, that they may not hang confufedly together, 
but regularly reprefent their beauties to the eyes of the 
beholders: This is exemplified in the carnation. 
Thefe flowers that have a cup to fuftain their leaves, 

are 



2£ CONCERNING SECT. II. 

are wea£ in their texture, and fo need this fupport ; 
but thofe that are ftronghave it not, as lilies, tulips, &c. 
Thofe that have no cup are, however, covered in the 
bud by fome Jheath, to preferve theia, while young, 
and yet too tender to be expofed. 

The leaves of flowers proteft and conceal the feed 
of thofe that bear it, where nature fecretly works to 
the great end of propagation. The feed is the natural 
offspring of the flower, and when this is once well 
formed, the feveral parts of the flower dwindle and 
difappear. So that while we are admiring the colour, 
fhape, and perfume of thefe delightful companions of 
our walks, they are kindly engaged to provide the 
means of perpetuating pleafure to us. 

The care which the author of nature has taken 
to preferve the feed of plants, by the flower leaves 
which contain the embryo, as in a matrix, is admirable ! 
The flowers themfelves come not forth till the feafon 
fuits their particular temperament ; many are hid till 
then under the coverture of the earth, and thofe that 
dare to continue above ground all the year, have yet 
their gems carefully locked up, and thus their fuccef- 
fion and their fruits are fecured to us. 

The flowers of plants have a remarkable property, 
when they begin to unfold, and the feed is yet young 
and tender; they obferve the courfe of the weather, 
day and night, opening and fhutting their flowers 
accordingly. There is alfo a property of fome flower 
plants, twining round folid bodies, or fixing themfelves 
to them by clafpers, laying fall hold of what may be 
in their way. Flow ers have many admirable properties 
and parts, that might be confidered diftinftly, if it 
were defigned to fpeak of them botanically. — 

From flowers (of which every month in the year 
has its beauties) we eventually gratify the palate, by a 
valuable ne£far y and from many we immediately reap 
agreeable odours: but it is for their colour to de- 
light 



SECT* II* 



VEGETATION* 



light the eye, that we chiefly cultivate them \ and in 
this refpeft we may exclaim with the poet, 

Who can paint like nature ? Can imagination boaft 
Amidft its gay creation, hues like her's ? 
Or can it mix them with that matchlefs ikill* 
And lofe them in each other, as appears 
In every bud that blows ? 

Thomson, 

But not only the colours delight the eye, the forms of 
Dowers are obje&s of admiration. The leaves of the 
plants (not to mention the {hades of their green and 
variegations of other colours) are of various fymmetry, 
fome plain, others indented, fome hard, fome foft, 
fmooth, hairy, &c. Flower's are compofed, fome of 
only one, others of feveral and numerous leaves. 
Here it appears like a large vefiel gracefully opening. 
There it forms fome grotefque figure, in imitation of a 
muzzle, head piece, or cowl. Here it is a butterfly, a 
ftar, a crown, a radiant fun. Some are fcattered on 
the plant without any art ; others compofe nofegays, 
globes, tufts of feathers, garlands, pyramids, &c— 
The feeds of plants too are as varioufly formed as their 
leaves and flowers. 

The following defcription of Flora s feflival and 
the month of May, may very well finifh the notice here 
taken of flowers. 

The good Pofthumhis chofe the firft of May y 
To Flora facred, and obferved the day 
With holy rural rites, that won by prayer 
She might diffufe her bleffing o'er the year ; 
His homely neighbourhood in green privet drefs'dj 
With flricl devotion keep the cheerful feaft, 
And crowned with chaplets, to fair Flora bring 
The firft and f rem eft beauties of the fpring. 
Gardens are now with choice perfumes fupplied, 
By thefe and thoufand namelefs fweets befide : 



£4 CONCERNING _ SECT., f$| 

'Tis the gay month of all the youthful year, 
When nature fmiies ferene, and calm the air; 
In the tail grafs the foft Favom'us plays, 
And nightingales repeat their tuneful' lays ; 
The flocks too frifking o'er the flowery vale, 
With eager joy the cheerful feafon hail. 

Rapin, 

In confidering the works of nature, it is hardly 
poffible but to reel both concern and indignation at 
the folly of Atheifm, and the abfurdity of the Atomic 
philofophy. Both have been well expofed by many 
writers, and completely fo by Sir Richard B/ackmore, 
in his Poem on the Creation; from which though fome 
cxtrafts have been already made, let the following be 
added, 

-How dark is human re a/on found, 

How vain the man with wit and learning crown'd; 
How feeble all his flrengthwhen lie e flays 
To trace dark nature , and detect her ways, 
Unlefshe calls its author to his aid 
Who ev'ry fecret fpring of motion laid ; 
Who over all his wond'rous works preiid«, 
And to their ufeful ends their caufes guides i 
Thefe paths in vain are by inquirers trod, 
There's no philofophy without a GOD. 
Th' eternal mind's exigence we fuftain, 
By proofs fo full, by evidence fo plain, 
That none of all the fciences have (hewn 
Such demonftration of the truths they own. 

Good heaven ! that men who vaunt difcerning fight, 
And arrogant from wifdom's diftant height,, 
Look down on vulgar mortals who revere 
A cause supreme, fhould their proud building 
rear, 

Without one prop the pond'rous pile to bear ! j 

Ye friends of Epicurus look around, 

All nature view with marks of prudence crown'd. 

3 Mind 



u ECT. III. 



VEGETATION. 



Mind the wife ends which proper means promote, 

See how the different parts for different ufe are wrought; 

Contemplate all this conducT and de/tgrt, 

Then own, and praife, the artificer" divine ! 

For feveral of the foregoing obferv'ations, and fome 
of the paffages on vegetation, Mr. M. thinks it pro- 
per to acknowledge, .that he is indebted to the excellent 
Mx+.Derham } and others. 



SECTION JIL 



OF THE FORMATION 01 A G A R D £ NV 



THE garden here meant, is one where vegetables* 
fruits and fiovbers are cultivated under the fame 
inclofure. Conlidering the profit and pleafure to be 
reaped from a good garden, it is certainly an object 
of great confequence j> the comfort of human life. It 
\vjfl not, therefore, be prudent in any one who has a 
garden to form, to be niggardly, either in allotting 
ground for it, or fparing in expence and trouble to 
prepare and lay it out in the left manner. 

The agreeable work of making a new garden can 
happen to few ; and when it cots, foil, filiation, and 
/pace, all favourable, are happy circumitan-ces not al- 
ways at command: It often indeed happens, however, 
that pieces of gfound are taken into ufe as additions^ 
and fome judgment mould be exercifed in the choice, 
that the bufinefs may be well done. 



26 



OF THE FORMATION 



SECT. Ill, 



To help towards refolving on the quantity of ground 
st may be prudent to cultivate as a garden, a general 
idea may be given in obferving, that an acre with wall- 
irees, hot beds, pots, &c. will furnifh employment for 
a man, who at fome bufy times will need affiftance. 
The Jize of the garden fhould, however, be propor- 
tioned to the houfe, as to the number of inhabitants it 
does, or may contain. This is naturally dictated ; but 
yet, it is better to have too much ground allotted than 
too little, and there is nothing monftrous in a large 
garden annexed to a final 1 houfe. 

Some families ufe few, others many vegetables, and 
it makes a great difference whether the owner is cu- 
rious to have a long feafon ot the fame production, or 
is content to have a fupply only at the more common 
times. But to give fome rule for the quantity of 
ground to be laid out, a family of four perfons (ex- 
clufive of fervants) may have a rood of good working 
open ground, and fo in proportion. 

But if poffible, let the garden be rather extenfive 
according to the family ; for then, a ufeful fprinkling 
of fruit trees can be planted in it, which may be ex- 
pected to do well, under the common culture of the 
ground about them ; a good portion of it alfo'may be 
allotted for that agreeable fruit the Jlrawherry in all its 
varieties; and the very difagreeable circumflance of 
being at any time fhort of vegetables^ will be avoided* 
It fhould be confidered alio, that artichokes, aiparagus^ 
. and along fucceflion oi peas and Leans, require a good 
deal of ground. Hot-beds will alfo take up much 
room, if any thing confiderahle be done in the way 
of raifing cucumbers, melons, flowers, &c* 

The fituation of a garden fhould be dry, but rather 
low than high, and as fheltered as can be from the 
North and Eajl winds. Thefe points of the compa/s, 
fhould be guarded ag inft by high a;>d good fences ; 
by a wall of at leaft ten feet high ; lower walls do not 
anfwer fo well for fruit-trees, thcugh one of eight may 

i do» 



SECT. LI I. 



OF A GARDEN. 



do. A garden flaould be fo fituated, to be as much 
warmer as poffible, than the general temper of the 
air is without, or ought to be made warmer by the 
ring, and fubdivifion fences: This advantage is ef- 
fential to the cxpeftation we have from a garden lo- 
cally confidered. 

As to trees planted without the wall, to break the 
wind, it is not to be expefted to reap much good this 
way, except from fomething more than a fingle row; 
i.e. a plantation. Yet the fall of the leaves by the 
autumnal winds is troublefome, and a high wall is 
therefore advifeable. Spruce firs have been ufed in 
clofe Jhorn hedges ; which as evergreens, are proper 
enough to plant for a fcreen in a fingle row, though 
not very near to the wall ; but the bell 'evergreens for 
this purpofe are the evergreen oak, and the cork tree* 
The witch elm, planted clofe, grows quick, and has a 
pretty fummer appearance behind a wall ; but is of 
little ufe then, as a fcreen, except to the Weji; where 
ftill, it may {hade too much (if planted near) as it 
mounts high : In a dry hungry foil, the beech alfo is 
very proper ; and both bear cutting. The great maple, 
commonly called the /yearns re, is handfome, of quick 
growth, and being fit to ftand the rudeft blafts, will 
proteft a garden well in a very expofed fituation : the 
wind to be chiefly guarded againft as to ftrength, in 
mod places, being the wefierly. 

The firm of a garden, may be a fquare, but an ob- 
long is to be preferred ; and the area rather a level ; 
or if there be any flope, it fhould be fouthward, a point 
either to the Eaji, or Weji not much fignifying, but 
not to the North, if it can be avoided, becaufe crops 
come in late, and plants do not ftand the winter fo well 
in fuch a fituation. A garden with a northern afpect, 
has, however, its advantages, being cooler for fome 
fummer productions, as Jlraivberries, fpring fown cau- 
liflower &c. and therefore to have a little ground 

C 2 under 



£8 



OF THE FORMATION SECT. III. 



under cultivation fo fituated, is defirable ; efpecially 
for late fucceffion crops. 

The foil that fuits general cultivation beft, is a loam ; 
rather the red than the black'; but there are good foils 
of various colours, and this muft be as it happens : The 
worft foil is a cold heavy clay, and the next a light 
land ; a moderate clay, however, is better than a verv 
light foil, though not fo pleafant to work. If the foil 
is not good ; i. e. too poor, too ftrong, or too light, 
it is to be carefully improved without delay. Let it 
fir ft, at leaft, be thoroughly broke, and cleaned of all 
rubbifh, to a regular level depth at bottom as well as 
top, fo as to give full eighteen inches of working 
mould, if the good foil will admit of it ; none that is 
bad fliould be thrown up for ufe, but rather moved 
away. This rule of bottom levelling is particularly 
neceffary when there is clay below, as it will fecretly 
hold up wet, which fhould not ftand in any part of the 
garden. When a piece of ground is cleared of roots, 
weeds, Hones, &c. it would be of advantage, to have 
the w r hole thrown into two feet wide trenches, and lay 
thus as long as conveniently may be. "The ground 
cannot be too well prepared; for when this bufmefs is 
not performed to the bottom at firft, it is often neg- 
lected, and is not conveniently done afterwards ; and 
fo it happens, that barely a fpade's depth (or lefs) is 
too often thought fufficient to go on with. There is 
this great advantage of a deep itaple, U it in the cul- 
tivation of it, the bottom may be brought to the top 
every other year, by double trenching, and being thus 
renewed, lefs dung wlU do, and fweeter vegetables be 
grow r n : Tap-rooted things as cirrots and par/hips re- 
quire a good depth of foiL 

The afpecl of the wall defigned for the beft fruits, 
may be full South, or rather inclining to the Eaji> by 
. which it will catch the fun's rays at its rife, the cold 
night dews be earlier and more gently diffipated, and 
the fcorching rays of the afternoon fummer's fun are 

fooner 



-SECT. III. 



OF A GARDEN, 



29 



fooner off. By thus having the walls of a garden not 
dire&ly to the four points, the North wall is greatly 
advantaged, by having more fun. 

The border next this wall mould be cf very good 
earth, about two feet deep, rifiiig a little towards the 
wall. A free moderate loam, or fome frefh maiden 
foil, not too light, is necefarj ; and if it is not natu- 
rally there, let no trouble be fpared to procure it, if it 
can be had, fo as to make all the borders promifmg 
good; and in order to this, it manure is irecelfary, let 
it rather be that of rotted vegetables, or turf with a 
fmall quantity of wood aihes^ or a lefs of foot, or fait ; 
for the roots of fruit-trees fhould not meet with much 
dung, at leait of horjes ; that of cows is the b'eft, or 
that of ftjeep or bogs} will do, well-rotted, and well 
mixed, Sec. being worked in the borders, as long as 
poilible before the trees are to be planted. Let the 
holes be fome time opened beforehand, that they may 
be improved by expofure to the atmofphere. Thus due 
care will be taken, and all things ready to go about the 
work of planting properly. 

The borders tor peaches, &c. cannot be too wide, 
for in a few years the roots will fpr^ad a confiderablc 
way; and that they may do it without impediment of 
rubbiih in the walks, and without meeting with a bad 
foil, is of the greateft confequence to the future health 
and fruitfulnefs of the trees. 

If a garden is large and fquare r a fecond South wall, 
running down the middle of it would be very ufeful ; 
and fo, if large and long, a crofs wall or two might 
be adopted, as giving opportunity for the cultivation of 
more trained fruit trees; and" if there is any idea of 
forcing fruits, thefe interfering walls, ranging Eaft and 
Weft, are proper for it (as fituated within the rincr 
fence) furnifhed with flues, &c. 

The left fruit border being prepared {ox peaches, nec- 
tarines and apricots, or vims and figs, the trees fhould 
take their refidence there (if the leaf is falling) about 

C 3 the 



30 €F THE FORMATION SECT. III. 

the latter end of Oclober, or as foon after as can be. 
If the middle of December be paft, February is then the 
time, though fome gardeners plant all winter, if the 
weather is open enough at the time to work the 
ground. March may do, or even [upon a pinch] the 
beginning of ApriL 

Wall-trees fhould not be ©Ider than tivo years from 
grafting, or budding. Much difappointment has been 
the confequence oi planting old trained trees , through 
their being accuftomed (perhaps) to a contrary foil, or 
by damage done the roots in taking the trees up ; and 
thus, inftead of faving time, it has frequently been loft, 
being obliged, (after years-) to be replaced with young 
ones. But if trained trees- are to be made ufe of, let 
them be planted as early, and with as full roots as 
poffible, and in a right good foil. Except in fine Iitua- 
tions, as to fun, flielter, and climate, never plant 
tarly and late peaches, as the firft may be cut off, and 
the latter not ripen : Ocleber peaches are generally poor 
fruit much North of London. 

The diftance to plant, fhould be about eight or nine 
inches from the wall, and let apricots, peaches, and 
nettarines be twen/y feet afunder, more or lefs, accord- 
ing to the height of the wall ; though for the fmall 
early forts fifteen or fixteen feet will do. As the larger 
apricots, however, grow freely, and do not well endure 
the knife* they ought to have twenty -five feet allowed 
them : This is for a wall of nine or ten feet high ; if 
higher, the diftance may be lefsf; and if lower, the 
contrary. This room may feem (to fome) too great ; 
but when trees are planted in too confined a fpace, after 
a few years it is troublefome to keep them pruned 
within bounds ; and the cutting they mift have, makes 
them run to wood, and thus to become lefs fruitful. 
Fig-trees require as much room as the apricot, or 
rather more, as they grow freely, and are to extend with- 
out fhortening. Though other trees are belt planted 
in Oclober, the Fk fhould not be till March, 

The 



SECT. Iir. OF A GARDEN. 31 

The intermediate fpaces between peaches, netlarines, 
and apricots, may have a vine % a di&arf-cherry, or cur* 
rant, or goofeberry tree, of the early forts, as the fmooth 
green and fraall red, to come in early ; and improved 
in the .beauty, fize, and flavour of their fruit, by the 
advantage of fituation. But wherefoever grapes can 
be expected to ripen, there let a young plant, or cut- 
ting, be fet, though the fpace be confined; for the 
vine (freely as it (hoots) bears the knife well to keep 
it within bounds. If the wall be high, the cherry, or 
plum, may be half-ftandards, which being alter a 
while kept above, will be more out of the w T ay of the 
principal trees : though dwarfs may be drained fo as 
not to interfere. Some have planted haif-itandards of 
the fame kind of fruit as the dwarfs : but which ever 
way is ufed, let the intermediate trees be pruned away 
below in good time, in order to accommodate the prin- 
cipals freely as they mount and extend. The better 
way however is, when the wall is tolerably covered, 
to extirpate the intermediate trees, as (when large) 
they impoverifh the border, and too much rob the 
principals of nutriment : If taken up well, in feafon, 
and pruned properly, they may be planted elfewhere. 
Something merely ornamental may occupy the vacan- 
cies alfo, as fome double blofjomed fruit tree, paffion tree, 
rcfes, &c. or in a fine fituation, a pomegranate ; any 
of which may be removed when their room is wanted. 
See feftion viii. On planting. 

Plums, cherries, and pears, may occupy the other 
walls, the two former at about fifteen, or it may be 
twenty feet afunder. Cherries, except the AforaYtf/will 
not do well in a full North afpeft ; but any fort 
of plum (rather a late one) and fummer pears, and alfo 
nut trees will, if you chufe to train them. There fhould 
always be fome currants and goofeberries in an E. and 
N. fituation, at the diftance of eight feet, where thev 
will be eafily matted, (when ripe,! to come in late, as 
October,. November^ or perhaps December. Pear trees 

C 4 \i 



i« OF THE FORMATION SECT. III. 

of free growth are hardly to be kept within tolerable 
compafs on low walls ; but if attempted, fhould have 
at leaft thirty feet allowed them. The beft forts of 
winter pears deferve ^Joutherly 'wall to ripen them well, 
and improve them in fize and flavour : The gable end 
of a houfe is well adapted for a pear-iree, as it affords 
room which they require. Apples may do on a wall, 
(and if any on a good wall, let it.be the golden pippin) 
yet the praclice is feldom adopted : The fame may be 
faid of mulberries, though -they come to bearing much 
fooner againft a wall ; but they need not have a South 
afpecl:, indeed it has been aflei ted, that they do the beft 
in a N&rth one. For furnifliing uwlfs, chufe trees of 
moderate wood, rather than ftrong, young, well rooted, 
clean, and healthy. 

When the planting of a garden is finifhed, it will 
be a good way to have a plan of it taken, with the 
names of every peculiar tree marked thereon > in their 
place, to be affured of the forts when they come to 
bear. Some have the names of the trees painted on 
Boards, and placed behind them, to which if added the 
time of ripening (fixed late enough) it would tend to 
prevent a premature plucking by vifitcrs, &c. 

Kere it may be obferyed, that, if any evergreen hedges 
are defired, in or about the garden, yew, box, alaternus, 
celajirus, phillyrea, and pyracaniha, may be kept low, 
and clipped in form, if fo defired : In addition to which, 
if a few rojes were intermixed* it would. have a pretty 
erfeft, A deciduous hedge for fubdivifion, or fcreen, &c. 
may be made of ehns or limes, fetting the larger plants 
at five feet afunder, and a fmaller one between. Or an 
ordinary fence, or fubdivifion, maybe q.uic.kly formed 
of elder cuttings, ftuck in at two feet afunder, which 
mav be kept cut within bounds.- 

The walls come next under confideration, and they 
are to be begun from the beft wall; the border of which 
being regularly levelled and fettled, the walk is to be 
governed by it, A wide border next the South (as was 

faid) 



$E€IMII. OF A GARDEN. 33 

laid) is belt for the trees, and moreover for the many 
nfes that may be made of it for the fmaller early, or late 
tender efculents, and a few early cauliflowers. For the 
fake of a pleafant flickered walk, to have the South 
border narrow may be deferable;, but on no account let 
it be within fix feet. Take care that this walk is not 
funk too much, and that it have a bottom of good 
earth, as deep as where the trees are planted. Let the 
body of gravel be thin, and then the roots of the trees 
will be admitted to run properly under the walk, and 
find wholefome nourifhrhentj where it they were flop- 
ped bv rubbifh, they would be apt to canker, and ir- 
recoverably difeafe the tree. 

The number and breadth of the walks muft in a 
meafure be determined by the quantity of allotted 
ground; exceeding in thefe particulars where there is 
room. But better be few and wide walks, than many 
and contrafied. If the garden is final], one good walk 
all round is fuflkient; and if long and narrow, the 
crofs walks mould not be many : fix, or eight feet walks,, 
are not too wide for a moderate fized garden. 

If the ground be laid out in Autumn, leave the walks 
alone till Spring, when the earth will be fettled.. 
Gravel laid towards Winter would be difturbed by the 
irofl, and the neceflary work about the quarters and 
borders. But whenever made, the garden ought to be 
firfl brought to an exacl level, or Hope ; then the walks 
fhould be ftumpt, keeping the tops of the flumps very 
level (as guides) to the true pitch of the quarters by a 
light line, made of good hemp, that will bear pulling 
tight. Proceed, to take the earth out of the alleys 
about eight inches deep, which may be thrown towards 
the middle of the quarters, to give diem, a fmall con- 
vexity, which makes them look well- 

Rake the bottom of the walk level,, and lay the 
gravel to within two inches of the top of the flumps.. 
The gravel will fettle a little, but the walks fhould 
always/ be about three or four inthes at their edge, 

C & below 



34* 



OF THE' FORMATION 



SECT. III. 



below the quarters, or thefe will have a flat, and fo a 
mean appearance. 

If Edgings are to be made, in order to fep^raie be- 
tween the earth and gravel, efpdtially if of ftone, or 
wood, or box, they mould be done firft, and they wilt 
be a good rule to lay the walks by. 

If plenty of Gravel, lay it moderately fine: if fcarce, 
fome final 1 ftones, or rubbifli of any kind, may be laid 
in firft, and rammed down level with a broad rammer ; 
but do not fpare for a little expence, if gravel can be 
had, as a thick coat of fine gravel, will bear relaying, 
or turning over, to refrelh it occafionally in the fpring. 
As the gravel is laid, let the operator neatly rake the 
larger parts down to the bottom leaving a fine furface, 
in a Jmall degree convex, i. e. juft barely fufficient to 
throw off wet : walks that lie high in the middleware 
tmpleafant to both eye and feet, and cannot be fo well 
rolled, and kept in order. 

When deep walks of gravel are defigned, for the fake 
of the mould dug out of the alleys, it fliould be for- 
borne,, and laid thin, if any trees are defigned to be 
planted near the edge; for if the roots of trees have 
not a good foil to ftrike into, when they reach the 
walks they will not (as has been obferved) profper. 
In laying gravel very thick, it is a good way to do it 
at two courfes;. the firft of which anay be rough as it 
comes from the pit, yet ftill raking the larger parts 
down, and then ramming or treading it; and the laft: 
courfe fhould be of all fcreened materials. 

It is beft to lay a few yards of gravel only at a time, 
before ramming or treading; after which it may be 
necefTary to go over it with a fine iron rake, tooth 
and back; and then a whole walk being finilhed, it 
fhould be repeatedly prefled with a moderately heavy 
roller; and again foon after the next rain that falls : fo 
will the walks become nicely level and firm, in which 
their excellence confifb, 

Grafs 



SECT. III. 



OF A GARDEN. 



35 



Grafs Walls may do where' gravel is fcarce; but 
the latter is fo clearly preferable, that except for a little 
variety in large gardens where there are many walks, 
they will hardly be made choice of. They are trouble- 
fome to keep in order, and if much ufed are apt to get 
bare, and out of level, efpecially when narrow; they^ 
are alfo frequently damp to the feet. 

Camomile, has been ufed alfo to form green er carpet 
walks, planting it in fets about nine or ten inches 
afunder; which naturally fpreading, the runners are 
fixed by walking on them, or rolling. 

Sand may be adopted for walks, and there is a 
binding fort of it, that does very well; but lay not any' 
of it too thick, as it is the lefs firm for it. Drift fand 
is a good fubftitute for gravel. 

Coal Ajhes ftrewed thinly in the alleys are better 
than nothing, as they at lead ferve to keep the feet 
dry and clean. If the garden be a firong foil, thefe 
allies (when worn down) may be thrown out of the 
walks, with a little of the earth, and will prove a good 
manure for the quarters. 

SeaSheh make very good walks. 

AW trees defigned to be planted, are to be thought of 
before winter. Thofe of the zvall have been fpoken, 
of ; and as to flandards they muft have a fair depth of 
good foil (not very dungy) to grow in, for it mould be 
remembered, that tree roots in a garden are prevented 
from running over the furface, as they do in an un- 
difturbed orchard. It is neceflary that fome caution 
mould be ufed not to dig the ground too near, and 
too deep about garden trees; left loofening the roots, 
they mould not be able to ftand the wind; and becaufe 
the nearer the furface any root grows, the more and 
choicer fruit, the tree bears. 

But the fewer Jlandard trees in a garden the better, 
as they take up much room, and by their (hade prevent 
the proper growth of vegetables that are any thing 
near them; fo that if a garden is fmall, there mould 

C 6 be 

i 



36 OF THE FORMATION SECTVni, 

be no trees except thofe of the wall The cafe is 
different where there is ample room ; and the bloffoms 
of fruit trees (apples particularly) are fo delightful, 
that if they produced nothing for the palate, there 
would be a fufficient inducement to plant them for 
ornament; but let them be dwarf ftandards, in pre- 
ference to efpaliers. 

Divarf-Jiandards occafion lefs trouble to keep them 
m order than efpaliers, and are (generally) more pro- 
ductive; for Efpalier trees are feldom managed well, 
and thus appear unfightly ; at beft they are ftiff and for- 
mal, and obilrucl the fight in viewing the quarters of 
a garden, which (if in order.) are worthy of coming 
under the eye : the violence done to nature, to keep 
efpaliers in form, is commonly paid by pains and dii- 
appointment. A writer of repute obferves, apples on 
French paradife flocks, planted at eight or nine feet 
diflance, pruned and kept in an eafy manner, make a 
fine appearance, and produce better fruit, and in 
greater quantities, than when they are in efpaliers l 
Dutch paradife flocks however laft longer,, and are. 
altogether fuperior. For managing Dwaf trees, fee 
Pruning. 

If Efpaliers are planted, let them be only fruit of 
the belt forts, and in Jpacious gardens, where they may 
have a good length and height allowed them to grow 
freely; and let it be refolved to do the bufmefs neatly. 
If they may have nothing better than poles or flakes to 
be trained to, let them at leaft be ftrait, and ot fome 
equality in Size, as to height and thicknefs, fmooth^. 
and not too clunr-y for the purpofe; ax them well "in 
the ground, upright, and about nine inches afunder 
at firft only lour feet from the ground, and raifed as. 
the trees advance in height. Apples on paradife Jlocis 
beft fuit for efpaliers in fmall gardens, and pears on 
quince "flocks, as they maintain a fmall fize; but they 
pfe apt to decay by the cutting they mult have, and fo 
tie not prove enduring trees. 

TJpalier 



SECT. III. OF A GARDENS 57 

Efpalter frees fhould rather be trained to Jawed ma- 
terials properly framed together, fmoothed and painted. 
But for a year or two, they may ' be fattened to light 
flakes, when they will have formed a head, to begin 
to train them forbearing in the neat manner propofed ; 
i. e. to Hips of deal joined to light oak polls as trelli/ej* 
Whether the flips be placed perpendicularly, or longi- 
tudinally, feem indifferent. If the longitudinal mode 
of training be the beft approved, ftrong iron wire 
may be recommended to run through the ports, in- 
ftead of flips of wood, as it fhades lefs and is ftronger 
and neater. If upright flips are ufed, they mould 
be flender, and trom fix to eight inches diftance, 
according to the greater or lefs freedom of the 
natural growth of the tree. The height may be alfo 
according to the nature of the tree, from five to flic 
feet; and it will not anfwer to have them lower. Only 
a moderate length of trellis fon each hand) need be 
fixed at firft, and fo additions made as the tree extends. 
The pofts maybe about four feet afimder, the firft 
on each hand being two feet, or a yard, from the ft em 
of the tree. 

Apples fhould be allowed twenty-four feet and pears 
thirty; except thofe grafted on paradife or quince 
flocks, for which lit tie more than half this diftance 
may do. Cherries and Plums fhoukl have about 
eighteen or twenty feet allowed them. Quinces, medlars, 
.mulberries, and filberds may alfo be efpaliered. The 
trees fhould be planted about a yard from the edge, but 
farther off -were better, if the walks lie deep of gravel 
or poor materials. 

The Breda, and Brujfeh apricots, have fueeeeded 
in efpaliers, as alfo in dwarf and full ftandards ; but 
the general climate of the place muff be mild, and the 
fituation they are planted in muff be very funny and 
well flickered : The fruit from ftandard apricots is very 
fine, and abundant; but they come not to bearing 
under feveral (fonaetimes ten, or twelve} years. 

Currants 



38 Oi THE FORMATION" -SECT. lit. 

Currants, goofeberrks and rafpberries, do well efpa- 
liered, as to a production of early and fine fruit. 

Trees of a more humble nature, and flirubs, next 
occupy attention in furnifliing a garden. Currants mid. 
goofeberrks' (as bufhes) mould be planted three- feet 
from the edge, and full fix feet afunder. Some of 
thefe very ufeful flirubs mould grow in every afpecl of 
the garden, in order to have a fucceffion of their fruits, 
as long as may be. Thofe who choofe to plant whole 
quarters of currants and goofeberrks, ought to do it at 
fix feet afunder in the rows, and the rows eight feet 
from one another. 

Rafpberries may be fet in plantations, in rows five 
feet afunder allowing three feet between the plants. 
Though thefe flirubs are beft by themfelves, yet here 
and there by the walks a detached bunch may be kept, 
or here and there one again ft a warm wall. Between 
rows of rafpberries planted at the above diftance, 
coleworts, early cabbages, cauliflowers, and lettuces may 
be fet, orfpinach fowed in drills, the rafpberries having 
had their pruning and drefling early in Autumn, for 
the purpofe. Every year a little fhort manure, dug in 
clofe about the roots, (and deeper as the plantation gets 
older) will infure fine fruit. Rafpberries are not very 
nice as to foil and fituation ; but the hvice bearing fort 
mould have a dry foil and warm birth to forward the 
crops, that the lafl may be in time: See that the plants 
to be fet have good brufliy roots, and two or three eyes- 
to each root near the ftems, for the next year's bearing. 
The fmooth wooded, or cane rafp, is to be preferred 
for a principal crop. 

Strawberries may be planted at the edges of borders 
and quarters, either in fingle or double rows, (rather 
the latter) for the convenience of gathering, and for 
ornament; but the common and beft way is, in four 
feet beds, with eighteen inch or two feet alleys, on 
which beds may be five rows of the wood and Alpine, 
four of the fcarlet and pine-apple three of the Ca- 

rdina % 



SECT. III. 



0F A G ART 1 3SF. 



rolraa, and two of the Chili \ ig the plants at the 
fame diftance in the rows, a« : e rows are from one 
another in what is called the q>dncunx order. In a 
good, cool, loamy foil, Which fuits them beft, a little 
more diftance may he allowed the four firft forts; and. 
in quite a dry light foil, fofiaewhat lefs, that they may- 
made one another the better Irom drought. 

The belt filiation for irr aw berries is an open and 
funny one, as thus they be^r more, and finer flavoured 
fruit. Some of the fcarlets fhould be planted under 
warm walls to com: early. The woo ds bear made as 
natural to them, and the alpines do tolerably well in it 5 
As lengthening the feafon of fruit is a defirable cir- 
cumftance; tor thefe three forts (at leaft) the fituation 
fhould be various. 

The rnoft proper time for planting the ftrawberry is 
the firft moift weather in September, (or even earlier) 
that they may be eftabliihed in the ground before 
winter, and they will bear the better the firft year; 
Froft is apt to throw up late planted ones, and injures, 
if not deitroys them. Thofe planted in fpring often 1 
fuffer from drought, and bear very little the firft year, 
except the alpines: Choofe forward runners for plant- 
ing, and let them be from beds in full bearing, i. e. of 
two or three years old; for plants from old beds are 
not fo fruitful: Take care alfo they come from beds 
producing fruit good in its kind, and true as to fort : 
Much depends on this, fee Nurfery. Prefs the mould 
to the roots, give them a watering, and again once or 
twice, if the weather proves dry. Some gardeners let 
them ran over the beds, which in a dry light foil, may 
be proper; but in this cafe, a greater diftance fhould be" 
allowed them at planting. 

If the alpine fort be planted on a warm border,' 
eighteen inches afunder, and fuffered to fpread, the 
firft runners will fruit the fame year, and fometimes 
this prolific flrawberry bears till November* 

Frefli 



40 



OF THE FORMATION 



Sect, uu 



Frefh plantations of ftrawberries fhould be made 
every fourth year, though ia-a good foil, and with good 
management they will continue longer ; fo that where 
they are fuffered to run, the plants being frequently 
renewed, and old ones removed, beds have borne tole- 
rably for ten years. Some gardeners infill that this 
fpreading mode is the bell way of cultivating the ftraw- 
berry. In a dry feafon, fuch full covered beds have 
the advantage; but in a zvet one, the fruit is apt to rot, 
though frill in fuch a feafon, it is cleaner than from 
plants growing in an open way; but this carries the 
appearance of, (and rather argues} neglefted culture. 
See the " fections, nurjery, pruning, and fruits. The 
method of keeping them in detached plants produces 
the largeft and belt ripened fruit, and on the whole is 
preferable; for which practice there cannot be a 
itronoer argument, than that thole follow it, who culti- 
vate the ftrawberry for fale. See feftion IT. 

The watering of ftrawberries fhould not be neglefted, 
doing it aimolt daily, when in flower and are fetting 
their fruit, if the weather proves dry, particularly to 
thofe under a warm wall; but this is not to be continued 
when the fruit is nearly ripe, which would fpoil the 
flavour, and difpofe them to. decay. 

Fhzvering Shrubs may be d if per fed about, and her- 
baceous perennial fiswers; but plant them not too near 
the edge, left they hangover the walks:- The hulbqufc 
forts may however be within fix inches. 

Afparagus and artichokes fhould be thought of, but 
they take up much room, and in fmall gardens may 
therefore be left out. It will be of little ufe to have 
Ids than fifty or fixty feet of afparagus beds, as there 
would be fo few heads to cut at a time;, and artichokes 
muft be planted wide, or they will not grow [a|ge and 
flefhy, in which their merit confifts* 

Let not pet herbs be forgot, but provide a general 
herbary in that part of the garden which, is molt con- 
tiguous fco the kitchen. 

9 Having 



sect. nr. 



OF A GARDEN'. 



41 



Having fpoken of ftafionary things, the routine of 
the feafons mult dictate the reft; arid the inclinations 
of the palate will refrefh the memory to take care of 
providing the Tnoft neceffary and agreeable efculents 
for dreiling, and raw fallads. 

Perennial flowers have been mentioned ; but \tt fancy 
direct, as many annuals, and biennials to be cultivated, 
as room can conveniently be found for, that the garden 
may be, as much as poffiMe, ornamented. 

In furnijhing a garden unth jhrubs and flowers, re- 
fpect. fhould be had to their ufual height, their bulk, 
colour and feafon, (fee fection 19) that the mixture 
rnav be properly varied, harmonious to the eye, and 
come in regular fucceffion; The latter end of the 
year is feldom provided for fo well as it might be; 
late flowers fhould be fet in warm fituations, as their 
proper place. In the moft dreary months, by judicious 
planting, evergreens in their neat and cheerful " winter 
liveries,'* ! may Be viewed from our windows, and ferve 
in Read of flowers. 

Thofe who garden upon a large fcale, fhould take 
care to have every thing proper and convenient libe- 
rally provided. Let there be a well fituated place for 
hot-beds, with fome building as a tool houje, and (if dry) 
for keeping bulbs, feeds, and herbs. Thofe alfo who 
garden even upon a fmall fcale will do well to have 
every needful implement: It is the way to fave time 
and labour, and have work done well. 

If water can be introduced, and kept clean with 
verdant banks around it, it would be found very ufeful 
where a garden is large : but let it be near the' center as 
poffible, as the moft convenient fituation. It fhould 
be fed from a fpring, and (if it could) be made to drip 
in the refervoir, becaufe its trickling noife is agreeable 
in a garden to moft ears. 

Mixed Gardening, ar comprehending the ufeful with 
the fweet — the prof table with the pie af ant, has been the 
fubjccl: hitherto ; but if the flower garden and the 

kitchen 



42 OF THE FORMATION SECT. 

litchen garden are to be diftin£i things, the cafe is alter- 
ed ^ not fo much indeed, but that ftill the kitchen garden 
fhould be adorned with a fprinkling of the more ordi- 
nary decorations, to flirt the quarters, chiefly thofe of 
the ffloft powerful fweet fcents, as rofes, fweet-briars t 
and honey -fuckles, zvail-fozvers, flocks, pinks, mlnionet, 
&c. in order to counteract the coarfer effluvia of vege- 
tables, or o{ dead leaves, which, however, fhould not lie 
fuffered to annoy. 

The fozver garden (properly fo called) fhould be 
rather jniall than large ; and if a feparate portion of 
ground be appropriated for this, only the choicejl gifts 
of Flora fhould be introduced, and no trouble fpared 
to cultivate them in the beji manner. The beds of this 
garden fhould be narrow, and confequently the walks 
numerous ; and not more than one half, or two thirds 
the width of the beds, except one principal walk all 
round, which may be a little wider. The gravel (or 
whatever the waits are made ofj fhould lie about four 
inches below the edge. The beds for tulips, hyacinths % 
amnionic s, ranwnculujes, &c. may be three and a half, 
or four feet wide, and thofe for fingle flowers the 
fame, or only two and a half fget wide in the borders; 
which was the moft ufual breadth in the old flower 
gardens. Let the beds lie rather rounded in the middle, 
but the walks flat. 

Figured parterres have got out of fafhion, as a tafle 
for open and extenfive gardening has prevailed; but 
when the beds are not too fanciful, but regular in their 
fliapes, and chiefly at right angles, (after the Chineje 
manner) an- affemblage of all forts of flowers, in a 
fancy fpot ot about fixty feet fquare, is a delightful 
home fource of pleafure, worthy ot purfuit. There 
fhould be neat edgings of box to thefe beds, or rather 
of neat inch boards, painted lead colour, to keep up 
the mould. Be fare to keep the box from the very firft 
(as foon as rooted; and always after, as low as poflible: 
Clip it twice a year, April and July. 

An 



SECT. III. OF A GARDEN^ . 4ji 

# # * # * w 

An orchard may befpokenof here; i. e. a fpot 
to plant Jiandard fruit trees in, which are forbidden a 
place in the garden; but it mull not be a fmall fpot. 
The front row, mould be half flandards, or before 
thefe may be a row ot dwarfs; obferving to plant the 
moil: towering forts (in kind) of the full flandards be- 
hind. The ground fhould be dag thoroughly as- low- 
as the proper foil is, and if not naturally good, let.it 
be improved by dung duly rotted, and worked well 
in a full fpade deep. In a ftrong foil, lime fhould make 
a part of the manure. If the ground be naturally un- 
even, it will not be proper to level it, as this would rob 
the higher parts, and needlefsly enrich the lower. A 
ftrong cool foil does beft for an orchard, but it rauft not 
be wet. If it holds up water, it fhould be well drained 
by deep covered trenches. 

A piece of ground defigned for an orchard, would 
be greatly improved by firft cultivating it as a kitchen 
garden for a year or two, manuring well at the time : 
Or f give it a good tillage; let it have a winter's 
froft, by deep trenching into high ridges, turned over 
in fpring, and fummer fallowed. The trees being 
planted, at proper diflances, the ground may be kept 
under fome fort of crop, for feveral years to come, 
with fome annual drefling. In a large orchard, the 
plough may be ufed for corn, potatoes, carrots r &c» 
If the foil is poor, frequent opportunity mould be taken 
to give it a little manure, that there may he proper food 
prepared for the roots, as f:iey extend: No doubt 
many orchards would bear mucj better, if the whole 
ground (as the roots extend far; v^ere before winter dug 
or ploughed over every fecond, or third year, and 
are fled, by digging in fome rotten dung, or fprinkling 
over the whole (when rough dug] foot and pigeon's 
dung, or that of any other poultry; this will wafh in by 

rains 



4* OF THE FORMATION SECT. Ill* 



rams and fnows, and do much good. Or if an orchard 
were ploughed, or rough dug, every year, immediately 
after the fall of the leaf without manuring, it would be 
very beneficial; for it is not advifeable to give trees 
much dung. 

The th inning of the branches of orchard trees, by 
an occasional ufe of the faw, bill, chizzel, or knife, 
fhould not be neglefted, that the air may have free 
courfe, and the fun accefs among the branches : This 
is more efpecially iieceffary in thick planted orchards,, 
and the benefit of proper pruning is very great, though 
it is much neglected. See Pruning of 'Standards, Section 
XII. 

To fucceed well, apples and pears fhould be planted 
from thirty to forty feet aiunder, and cherries and plums 
from twenty to thirty, according to the richnefs of the 
land. The walnut fhould be rather planted fingly; but 
if in a number together, ought to be forty feet afunder 
lot fruit, and thirty for timber. See Nurfery. Thefe 
diftances appear great, but it is necelfary, as after a few 
years elofer planting would be^ found evident. See 
planting and pruning, Seel;. 9, 12. 

If the intermediate ground is not cultivated, as before 
recommended, fome fort of fruit (as cherry, plum, or 
codling J or young fore ft trees may be planted, to be re- 
moved in time ; or currants, goofeberries, &c. it may 
be kept alio in grafs, the trees thorned, and final 1 cattle 
turned in; which grafs, as it comes early, will be found 
particularly ufeiul to thofe who have much flock. On 
this fubjeft, however, it may not be amifs to give the. 
inftru&ions of one of our bell gardeners. 

It is an error (fays he) to let turf cover the furface 
of the ground in an orchard. The trees fhould be at 
fuch diftances, that a plough may go between them, 
and in that cafe the trees thrive every way better ; 
the breaking of the ground ferves as manure without 
its ranknefs, and the fun and air have Iree paffage; 
which is very eifcntial to the good tafte and well ripen- 



SfcCT. IV. 



OF A GARDEN'. 



45 



ing of the fruit. Where the plough cannot be u fed, 
dig the ground a full fpade deep, picking out the roots 
ot weeds. 

The belt manure for an orchard, is a mixture of two 
parts dung and one part coal-foot. Let this be blended 
carefully, and fpread all over the ground, between the 
trees, not piled up in heaps jult about their items, 
according to the old praftice- 

The cultivation oi the ground about the trees in an 
orchard, is more neglected than any other part of the 
.gardener's buhnels, yet there is not any tiling more 
neceOaiy. Hill. 



HE cultivation of a garden includes the doing all 



X thofe things that are neceffary, in order to a 
reasonable and prolific production of the various vegeta- 
bles, fruits and flowers, we are difpofed to propagate. 

The foil muft be firft attended to, always to keep 
the fruit borders in heart, and the quarters in a proper 
/late for ufe, when called upon to receive either feeds 
or plants. Ground mould never lie long without 
ilirring ; for the ibii of a garden, fhould be in a free, 
fweet, and rich ftate, by proper digging, &c. or no 
great things can be done, as to forward, handfome, 
or well flavoured productions. It fhould be free, that. 

the 



SECTION IV. 



OF THE CULTIVATION OF A GARDEN. 




4$ OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV.\ 



the roots of plants may not be impeded in the queft 
of food ; fweet, that the food may be wholefome; and 
rich, that there may be no defeft of nutriment. 

Trenching the vacant ground in a garden, fe does good 
to all foils in the autumn and winter feafons, and that 
in proportion to its ftrength being indifpenfibly necef- 
fary for clays to feparate and ameliorate the parts : The 
light foils may do by being only rough dug, which is a 
method that ftronger foils will be alfo benefited by. 
f he foil would be Hill farther improved, by re-trench- 
ing, or rough-digging, once or twice more in the 
winter, if the opportunity offers, particularly if ftrong 
or ftubborn. Let the ridges lie E. and W. except the 
ground be a flope, when they may be in the direftion 
that does. 

When manure* \% applied, the ground is not to be 
glutted with dung; for a little at a time, well-rotted, 
is fufficient, fo that it comes often enough, as opportu- 
nity, and the nature of the cropping may diftate. It 
is indeed a fort of rule with gardeners, that ground 
fhould be dunged every fecond year; but circum- 
flances may make more or lefs of it neceiTary, and rules 
fhould never be indifcrimindtely applied. If dung is 
pretty well reduced (as it were to earth) much lefs will 
do, and let it not be buried too deep ; but if it is other- 
wife, lay it low, to be dug upwards another time, when 
it is more con fumed. 

It is an excellent way of manuring, efpecially where 
the fuperficial foil is much exhaufted, to fpread over 
rotten dung, late in autumn, in the winter, or early in 
fpring, and fo let it remain, till the ground is wanted, 
before it is dug in ; which fhould however be flightly 
dug before the manure is put on, or forked in a little 
afterwards. This method is particularly to be re- 
commended where crops of onions^ leeks, and fuch 
fuperficial rooting plants are to be. 

Du7ig ufed in great quantities, and lying in lamps, 
breeds worms, grubs, and infefts, and makes plants 

grow 



Sect. fv. 



OF A GARDEN. 



vt 



grow too rampant and rank flavoured. Carrots it 
cankers, and it difagrees with many things; it is apt 
alfo to make the ground parch, and burn the crops 
fown upon it in a hot fummer. On thefe accounts 
fome perfons have been induced to drefs their gardens 
only with rich frefh earth; which, if they do not over- 
crop, will do very well, being accompanied with good 
tillage; which alone is of much ule and is effential to 
due cultivation. Vegetables are always fweeter, the 
lefs dungisufed, and little need be ufed, when the 
natural foil is good and deep; for the earth may be* fa 
dug, that what is at the top one year may be at the 
bottom the next : which is a manoeuvre evidently advan- 
tageous, as a good part of the ftrength of the top foil 
wafhes downwards: The method juft recommended, 
of letting dung lie on the furface for a time, is good 
alfo, as it abates the ranknefs of it. 

If the ground is in proper heart, every fpot may be 
contrived to be conjlantly and fuceefs fully cropped. 
The common gardeners about London, and other great 
towns, who give high rents for their land, contrive 
(manuring well) a fuccejfion of crops, one under ano- 
ther very dcxterouily; and this fort of conduct Ihould 
be imitated by private perfons. Thus a little fpot, in 
fkilful and induftrious hands, (hall be tnuch more 
productive than a much greater under contrary ma- 
nagement: But when hard worked, the foil will not do 
without a good deal of dung. 

A caution muft be obferved, for if plants grow 
crowding thick, it defeats the end in view; and. fruit 
borders muft not be much cropped, furnifhing them 
chiefly with fmall plants, of fhort duration, and fu- 
perficial growth, left the roots of the trees be too much 
robbed and (haded. 

Have an eye on vacant ground, either forimmediate 
ufe, or to prepare it for future. 

In the occupation of ground, the change ? of crops 
will be proper, as each fort of plant draws a Jomewhai 

different 



48 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV, 



different nourishment: fo that after a full crop of one 
thing, one of another kind may often be immediately 
fown; but it fliould be contrived that a wide crop may 
follow a clofe one, and contrariwife. 

Cloje crops, as onions, leeks, carrots, &c. are con- 
veniently and neatly cultivated in beds of from four 
to five feet widths, with alleys of a foot to eighteen 
inches between them. 

The feafons proper for furnilhing the ground with 
every particular vegetable, fhould be well attended to, 
that .each may be obtained as early as its nature will 
permit ; and of the feeds and plants we ufc, care muft 
be taken to procure the beft of the kind, left after all 
the trouble of cultivation, difapp ointment as to quality 
fliould en fue.. 

The quantity fown and planted is (in a degree) to be 
determined by the poition of ground that can be fpared ; 
but it fliould be always a rule, to fow and plant more 
than probably enough, as more may happen to be 
wanted than expecled, and a crofs feafon or other 
accident, may occafion a failure. As exacl rules can- 
not be laid down, the exercife of a little judgment will 
be neceffary, in order to proportion crops aright; for to 
have too much of one thing, and too little of another, is 
difagreeable, and difcreditable. Refpeft fhould be paid 
to the natural duration of crops, fome going off foon, 
and others being lading, and that too according to the 
feafon they are propagated in. See, Of propagation, in 
the next leftion. 

Seeds and plants fliould be adapted as much as pof- 
fible to the foil and fttuation which beft fuks them ; for 
jp the fame garden fome difference will be found, not 
only as to fun and fhelter, but the earth; as fome will 
be richer, fome poorer, fome deeper, fome fhallower, 
and fome (perhaps) heavier, fome lighter, - in due atten- 
tion to which, advantage is to be reaped. 

Let the ground really on all ©ccafions be well dug* 

Weeding 



SECT. IV. 



05 A GARDEN. 



49 



Weeding in time is a material thing in culture, and 
Jlirring the ground about plants, as alfo earthing up 9 
where neceitary, mud be attended to ; and in fome 
cafes prefling the mould to the items of vegetables 
will be proper, for their better fupport. Earthing up 
well before winter froit fets in, preferves plants, for- 
wards, and improves them. Weeds exhauft the 
flrength of the ground, and if they are fuffered to feed 
and fow themfelves, may be truly called, " garden 
fins :" The hand and hoe are the inftruments for the 
purpofe; and where the trouble is not too much, the 
former will generally be the belt, when it is not 
thought neceilary to ftir the ground; which indeed 
may be done afterwards, when all is clean, to better 
purpofe. Digging, where the fpade can go, between 
the rows of plants is a good method of deilroying weeds, 
and as it cuts off the Itraggling fibres of growing roots, 
they flrike afreib, in numerous new moots, to the great 
benefit of the plants. Deep hoeing gives a degree of 
fertility to the earth. Breaking the furface will keep 
the foil in health ; for when it lies in a hard or bound 
Hate, enriching mowers run off, and the falubrious air 
cannot enter. 

The thinning of feedling crops iliould be done in 
time, before the young plants have drawn one another 
up too much. All plants grow ftronger, and ripen 
their juices better, when the air circulates freely round 
them, and the fun is not prevented from an immediate 
influence ; an attention to which iliould be paid from 
the firji appearance of plants breaking ground, 

In thinning elofe crops, as onions, carrots, turnip s % 
Sec. be fure that they are not left too near, for inftead 
of reaping a greater produce, there would affuredly 
be a lets. -When they ftand too clofe, they will make 
tall and large tops, but are prevented fweliing in their 
roots : better to err on \Sxt x wtde fide, for though there 
are fewer plants they will be finer. 



50 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV, 



In the pricking and planting out of crops, be fure to 
ieIo it as early as may be; let every thing be regular, 
(riot fparing to ufe the line) allowing always room enough 
for this work ; and being thus treated, vegetables will 
come forwarder, larger, and of a fupsrior flavour. 
Thefe advantages are Teen in all things, but in lettuces 
particularly, which often have not half the room al- 
lowed them they mould. Over cropping robs the 
ground of flrength to no purpofe, except increafing 
the dunghill ; it makes it alfo inconvenient to weed, 
rake and clean up, which in a private garden (at leaf!) 
it is proper frequently to do. 

Dibble planting, as being eafy and expeditious, is 
the common way of felting out plants by ; but (ex- 
cept indeed quite final! ones] they are belt put in by a 
iradXXfpacle or trowel. In the former method, the roots 
are frequently doubled and diftorted, fo as to receive 
(at leaftj a great check, if not to occafion a failure, 
when fo put out towards winter; but in the latter way 
the roots lie free and eafy, and prefently eftabJiih them- 
felves in, health and flrength. There is more in this 
than gardeners in general allow of. Ground defigned 
to be planted, is belt dug a cay or two before wanted. 

Watering is a thing of fome importance in cultiva* , 
tioir, though not fo much as many make it. It is. a 
moot point, whether more harm than good is not on 
the whole, done by it, when it is thought generally ne- 
ceflary in a dry feafon. In a large garden, it is an 
Herculean labour to water every thing, and fo the 
temptation generally prevails either wholly to neglefl 
it, or to tio it irregularly or defectively, To water 
nothing is too much on the dry fide : but there is fuch 
a thing as watering too much, which fpoils the flavour, 
and makes efculents lefs wholefome. 
" But watering will affurecily benefit fome things; as 
(fpanngly) new planted trees, flowers and vegetables. 
W. tenng is of ufe to fettle the earth about the roots 
of plants newly fet, for it is by a clofe union, (as it 
6 were) 



SECT. IV. 



OF A GARDEN. 



SI 



were) of the earth with them, that they profper. The 
watering of new planted things may be to be repeated, 
but it fhould not be done very often, as it is then apt 
to fickea, and rot the young roots. As foon as they 
are believed to have got hold of the ground, defifi from 
watering. When any plant is towards flowering then 
mo i flu re is more neceffaiy. 

Shading of new planted things, particularly flowers, 
is of much benefit, and that in proportion as the fea- 
fon is funny. So that the imitating a cloud by a made, 
is evidently proper, and frequently neceflary to the 
life of the plant, as neglecting this bufinefs has fre- 
quently proved : a£ a little water in a cloudy time does 
plants much good, fo when lhaded. 

Strawberries and Cauliflowers are generally watered 
in a dry feafon ; that is, the ftrawberries, when in bloom, 
in order to fet the fruit, and the cauliflowers; when they 
{hew fruit, in order to fwell the head : In a light foil 
this ought particularly to be done. In very dry wea- 
ther, afparagus feediings \ early turnips, carrots, radijhes, 
and jmali-jallads will need watering. Slips y cuttings^ 
and layers of any kind will need water. Pets of flowers 
mull have it frequently. 

When -watering is undertook, let it be a complete 
bufinefs; i.e. to the bottom and extent of the roots, 
as much as may be. The wetting only the fur face 
of the ground is of little itfe, and of fome certain 
harm, as it binds and cracks the earth, and fo ex- 
cludes the benefit of (bowers, dews, air and fun, from 
entering the foil, and benefitting the roots as they 
otherwife would do. Wetting the furface of the ground, 
(however) in a fummer's evening, as it makes a cool 
atmofphere, a dew is formed, which pervades the leaves, 
and helps to fill their exhaufted veffete. 

Watering the roots of wall-trees, (if dry weather) 
when the fruit is fetting, is by fome thought neceffary. 
The belt way to do this effectually^ is to make a few 
holes at fome diflance from the tree with -a frnoolh 

D 2 fiharp 



OF THE CULTIVATION 



SECT. IV. 



fharp pointed flake, the better to let the water down ; 
but this may wound the roots, and mould only be prac- 
ticed in a light foil, and very dry feafdh. To young 
trees only it can however be of life, for the roots of 
old ones run far and wide ; and it is the fmall fibres of 
thefe distant roots, on which the tree chiefly depends for 
food. Vines mould have no water till they are off 
bloflbm, [July) and the fruit as big as large pins heads ; 
and then if the feafon be very hot and dry, watering the 
roots twice a week will help the fruit to fwell. 

An engine to water the leaves of vines, and all other 
wall trees in a fummer evening, refrelhes them much, 
and helps to rid the trees and wail of in feci s and fi 
Late in the fummer, when the nights begin to get cold, 
it is time to leave off all watering, except tilings in pits, 
and frames^ which mould have it then only in the morn- 
ing. As watering is apt to make ground hide-bound 
and unfightiy, let the jurface be occafionally ftirred 
and raked, which will make future waterings enter the 
ground the better : when the ground is hard on the 
top, the water runs away from its proper place, and 
half the labour k loft. Many things are impatient of 
being kept wet about the fhanks, and therefore water- 
ing mould be generally at a little diftance. 

The quality of water ufed for refreihing plants is a 
material thing, and it is very various in its nature, ac- 
cording to the peculiar earths and mineral fub fiances, 
that it paiTes through. Rain water is by far the bell, 
as appears by the verdure and vivacity it gives : It is 
nou riming, as being full oi vegetable food. 

River water is next in fitnefs, and pond water fol- 
lows. Well water is of leaft account, though local 
circumftances occafion its life the mod, So that in 
forming a judgment concerning watering, it is not 
{imply to be confidered, whether plants Jhould be wa- 
tered ; but whether \s ith well water, and that too from 
a pump. Pump water, if ufed directly (to fay nothing 
of It's hardnefs) is fo cold in fummer, that the roots 

feel 



SECT. IV. 05 A GARDEN* 53 

feel an extreme fenfation ; for as they are then warm, 
through a lively fermentation in the earth, great cold 
fo contracts their veflels, that they perform their proper 
offices with difficulty, and become difeafed. 

Hard water is foftened by throwing in a little dung % 
lime, marie i or earth, and rather that of a loamy nature, 
or clay, which will greatly fit it for ufe. Someperfons 
keep chalk in wells, citterns, &c. to foften the water ; 
and others have kept hard water on bruifed oyfler-jhelh 
a few days in a tub, with a view to watering flowers, 
Sec. others have put a bag of barley in it, finding the 
water that h^s been ufed in malting, is rendered very 
foft, though ever fo hard when put on the grain. Frefti 
bran foftens water much, ftirring it up now and then 
for a day or two. At any rate, however, let hard 
water {land expofed to the fun and air, as long as may 
be ; a few hours will improve it, but a few days will 
better qualify it for vegetation. 

Water is fometimes enriched with dungs and falts. 
Some experiments of putting a fmall quantity of nitre 
into water to keep flowers flourifhing in phials, and 
rooted plants in pots, appear to prove beneficial. That 
coarfer way of impregnating water with dungs may 
be ufeful to pots of plants that are too full of roots, or 
to any thing growing in a poor foil ; but the water 
ffiould not be made too rank, or fufTered to touch the 
leaves; it fliould ftand alfo in the fun two or three days, 
and be ftirred up now and then. Sheep' s -dung for the 
purpofe, is to be preferred, though others may do. Let 
the rule be, to impregnate the water about an equivalent 
of an ounce of fea-falt to a gallon : A ftronger ihixture 
might do mifchief; yet a rich one poured plentifully 
on old afparagus beds in autumn and fpring would do 
much good. 

The management of a garden, as fomewhat 
diftinct from the cultivation of it, is an object of confe- 
quence; i.e. to keep it in fuch order, that it may not 
i ail in thofe general impreffions oipleafure it is caoable 

D 3 of 



54 



OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV, 



of affording, when things are ftewn in their bejl man- 
ner, A garden may be cultivated fo as to be profitable ; 
and yet not conducted fo as to he' agreeable to walk in, 
which in a private garden is a circumftance furely to be 
lamented : The proper appearance of a well managed 
one is expreffed by the word neat : Let all be done 
that can be in order to it. 

To be neat, weeding muft be induftrioufly followed 
up, and all litter that is made in working, quickly car- 
ried off. The ground alfo mould be frequently furred 
and raked between crops, and about the borders, to 
give all a frefh appearance. There is a pleafantnefs 
to the eye in new broken earth: and when there are no 
flowers left in the borders, this gives an air of cul- 
ture, and is always agreeable : The obfervation is par- 
ticularly meant to apply in autumn, that the garden 
may not become dreary too foon, and fo bring on winter 
before its time. An Afparagus fork is expeditious and 
ufeful in this cafe ; but it mult be (lightly ufed, left it 
difturb the roots of plants too much. Vegetables mould 
not be fuffered to rock themfelves by wind, fo as to 
form holes round their ft ems, but be well earthed up 
(49) or otherwife fupported. 

Trees and Jhrubs mould be conftantly freed from 
fuckers and dangling moots, and wall trees ought to 
be regularly kept in order agreeable to directions in the 
feftion, On pruning. 

Let gravel walks be kept free from weeds and rrwfs, 
often fwept, and well rolled after rain. If there is 
quantity of gravel enough in the walks to relay, or 
turn them up every fpring, or once in two years, it 
will thoroughly clean them, and make them appear 
lively. Mojs may be either fcraped off with a trowel, 
or fome fuch inftrument, or rubbed off by repeated 
ftrokes of a broom not quite new. 

Grafs plats and walks mould have their edges occa- 
fionally cut, and be mowed, as often as there is the 
leajl hold for the fcythe, for they lofe much of their 

^ beauty, 



SECT. IV. 



OF A GARDEN*. 



Bo 



beauty, when the grafs gets long ; leaves mould not 
be lunered to remain on them as it ftains the grafs ; 
and worm calls mould be cleared away. 

Edgings of all forts mould be kept in good order, 
as having a lingular neat effect in the appearance 01 a 
garden. The dead edgings will fometimes, and the 
live edgings often want putting to rights; either 
cutting, clipping, or making up complete. Where 
there are no edgings, or but weak ones, let the earth 
bordering on the walks be kept firm* and now and then 
worked up by a line in moift weather, beating it fmooth 
with the fpade. 

Some fruits may need fupport, by tying their we-;k 
branches when thev get heavy, to {takes, &c. Rows of 
rafpberries and beans are kept neatly up in their lines, by 
putting in here and there a flake, and ufing packthread 
lengthwife; and thus will they bear better, and be 
more conveniently gathered. Strawberries of fine heavy 
forts, will be prefer v d from getting dirty and rotten, 
by tying their items to little iticks ; by this practice 
the fruit alfo gets better ripened, and of a finer flavour : 
Some perfons lay tiles, or mofs round the plants, when 
the fruit is half grown ; but this is not (generally) fo 
well, only it has the advantage in keeping the ground 
cooler in a hot feafon. The rirft and fineft fcarlets bell 
defer ve this trouble. 

Flowers fhould be frequently feen to, to tie up, and 
trim off dead and dangling parts. Some of them can- 
not do without fupport, and many forts are made more 
fecure and beautiful by proper ties. If this bufinefs is 
neglected, a heavy rain or Arong wind may come, 
and lay all proftrate, efpeciaiiy about the equinoctial 
feafons ; but weaknefs or their own weight, will often 
bring flowers down. 

The Jiicks ufed for flowers, fhould be of fmooth 
wood, as hazle or fallow, or of neat painted flips of 
deal, with or without an ornamental head ; white is the 
be;t colour, on account of its contrail with the leaves. 

D 4 New 



56 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV. 

New bafs wetted, fine foft packthread, or green yarn are 
proper for the ties, which fhould be twilled firft round 
the ilick, and then round the flower : let the ends of the 
firing be cut oft clofe. The flicks fhould have froooth 
and fharps points, otherwife they may damage the foots, 
and will not hold fo fail in the ground ; thrult them in 
as far from the item as conveniently mav be. and let 
attention be paid to bullous roots not to go fo near as to 
wound them. Do not think of forcing all the branches 
of a large bufihy head to a {ingle flick ; but let two or 
more be ufed, as mav appear neceffarv, obferving that 
there is fomething of an equality ot fize in the flicks 
ufed to the fame flower. 

Some perfons are very incurious about their flower 
flicks, which may rather be called Jtakes, even when 
applied to the fmaller fort of plants. Sticks may alfo 
be too weak for large ones, and a disproportion is there- 
lore riecefikry to propriety and neatnefs. 

Decaying flowers ihould be timely trimmed or re- 
moved, and perennials mould be regularly freed from 
the parts running to feed, (except fo much as may be 
wanted) as the production of feeds weakens the root 
much ; fdmetimes even eaufirig death, and thus many 
curious perennials have been loft, especially the firft 
year of planting them. To preferve any particular 
fort therefore, let the ft cms be cut down as focn as 
the flowers appear to be going oflF, or to fecure the root 
in ftrength, let them not flower at #// the 'firft year. 

Vegetables decaying aie ofFenfive, and thole prema- 
turely fpindling, and fuperfiuous ones, fprouts, &c. 
running for feed, ihould not be fuffered to continue in 
the ground (as they often are) to exhaufi its ftrength, 
and look unfightly. 

The management of a garden (fummarily fpeaking) 
confifts in attention and application ; the firft Ihould be 
of that wary' and provident kind, as not only to do 
well in the prefent, but for the future ; and the latter 
Ihould be of fo diligent nature as (willingly) " Never 

to 



SECT* V. 



OF A GARDEN* 



57 



to defer that till id -morrow which may be done to day 

Procraflinatlon is of ferious confequence in 'gar* 

dening ; and negle£t of times and feafons is fruitful of 
di .appointment and complaint. It will often happen, 
indeed, that a gardener cannot do what he would ; but 
if he does not do what he can, he will be moft juftly 
blamed, and perhaps cenfured by none more than 

HIMSELF. 



SECTION V. 



OF PROPAGATION. 

PLANTS are propagated by feeds, fuckers, flips, off- 
fets, diviflons, cuttings, layers, and g raffs. 
By feed is the moft general method of propagation, 
and plants raifed any other way are feldom fo fine* 
Thofe plants from feed which have never been re- 
moved, are commonly handfomer, and come forwarder, 
than thofe that have been tranfplanted, provided they 
were fownin a proper foil and (ituation. 

As upon feed being right in kind and good in nature, 
depends the fuccefs, care fhould be taken to procure 
the belt, and no temptation fufrered to prevail for the 
life of an inferior kind, or of one only fufpected of 
being fo, if it can be helped ; for to cultivate a foil,, 
and ufe a w 7 rong or defective feed knowingly, is folly 
indeed! Large feeds may have the doubtful picked out. 

The largefi feed of the kind, plump and found, is- 
to be chofen, being w 7 eil ripenen and kept from injuries 

D 5 of 



58 



OF PROPAGATION. 



SECT. V. 



of weather and in feels : for, as the largeft animals pro- 
duce the _moft profitable flock, fo it is in vegetables; 
which directs the gardener always to fave feed only 
from the forwardeft and handfomeft uninjured plants. 
As in animals the young may be ftunted by bad ma- 
nagement, and defective food, fo in vegetables, the 
feed being good will not be alone fufficient, if the foil 
and culture be not right. 

Commonly fpeaking new feed is to be preferred to 
old, as growing the more luxuriantly, and coming up 
the furer and quicker. This circumftanee induces 
fome private perfons to fave their own feed that they 
may not be deceived in buying old for new feed ; a trick 
of trade, it is to be hoped, not praftifed by every 
feedfman : Yet a little mixture of old feed is fometimes 
proper, becaufe the new is peihaps cut off, and the old 
laved, by being a day or two later in coming up. 

It old feed is knowingly fown, fome allowance in 
point of time muft be made. Peas and beans of two 
years old, are by fome preferred to new, as not running 
fo much to ftraw. See cucumbers and melons, feftion 14. 

As to the age of feeds, at which they may be fown 
and germinate, it is uncertain, and depends very much 
fcoiv they are preferved. Seeds kept from the air and 
moifture by being buried deep in the ground will con- 
tinue a great many years without corruption. JPeas 
and beans will germinate very well at feven years of 
age ; but the feeds of lettuces and kidney beans, and 
fome others, are not to be depended upon after a year or 
two ; and though generally fpeaking the fmaller feeds 
are of the leait duration, yet their maintenance of 
vegetative power depends much upon the texture of the 
feed, with refpeft to its coat, and the oil it con- 
tains, &c. 

The favlng feed by private gardeners, is hardly to be 
recommended. Things running to feed give a garden a 
rude appearance, often occupying ground that is wanted, 
And might be tried to better purpofe \ and the cafe often 

is. 



SECT. V. 



OF PROPAGATION 



is, that feeding plants (in private gardens) are neglecled 
in fome meafare r or deftroyed by birds, and come to 
little at laft. Perhaps they are not faved from proper 
plants. It is a particular bufmefs to raife feeds for fale^ 
and (generally ) they are belt had from thofe whofe pro- 
vince it is to deal in them : befides, confider farther, 

Againft our awn feed, there is this to be obferved, 
that it is a received ??;axi?n to procure feeds of efculents 
from a different foil and fituation, or at leaft to change 
them, as being apt to alter or degenerate, if repeatedly 
fown in the fame place. It is proper, however, for 
private perfons to fave feed fometimcs, in order to fccure 
that of any particular fort, that it is judged may not 
be got fo true and good. Yet here perhaps the bufy 
bee or wind may interfere, and difappoint expecta- 
tion ; for if there is any thing of the like kind in a 
neighbouring garden, thefe inftruments may carry the 
Farina ot that to our charge, and contaminate it, fo 
as to produce a fpurious offspring, which is very fre- 
quently experienced in the cabbage tribe. Now this 
cannot in a great degree happen with thofe who raife 
feed in extenfive pieces ot ground occupied with the 
fame fort ot vegetable. 

Seed of vegetables mould be faved from fine forward 
plants, fecured from rocking about, when they get 
tall ; guard them againft birds, gather them regularly 
as they ripen, kit they Ihed and are loft, and keep 
them dry. Floiuers, it may be proper to fave the feed 
of, and it is little trouble. The forts may thus be 
better depended on, and the fmall quantity wanted ot* 
each kind makes it hardly worth while to buy r if we 
can raife them ourfelves, or get them of a friend ; no 
flngie flowers mould be fuffered to grow in a garden 
where there are double ones to bear feed, as lark/purs, 
and haly hocks, for the Farina of the Angles tranfport- 
ed by bee ox wind will fpoil the feed ot the doubles- 
Such fmgle flowers fhould be taken up as foon as ever 
difcoYeredto be fo, It fhould be a rule iox flower feeds 

©6 ' » 



60 



OF PROPAGATION. 



SECT. V. 



in general to be frefh from year to year ; though if 
kept dry, and from much air, many forts will grow that 
are older : curious flower feeds are kept well in vials : 
others may be in fmall drawers, and fome hung up, or 
kept on (helves in their pods. 

Seeds may be forwarded for fowing by various ways 
of procuring a germination before they are put into 
the ground. In fummer it has not been unufual to Jleep 
both broad and kidney beans in foft water, or milk and 
water, about twenty-four hours, to forward their 
growth, and to afcertain their vitality. If the ground 
is very dry when thefe feeds are committed to it, either 
fleeped, or not, it is a good way to make drills or 
trenches to plant them in, watering them well firft, 
and then preffing the feed in a little. Any fort of the 
broad beans, or even peas, may be forwarded, when 
ground is not for the prefent ready, by laying them in 
damp mould, in a garden pot, or otherwise, a layer of 
earth, and a layer of feeds, &c. and they may be put 
into drills or trenches (with care) when the radicle has 
got fome length, the mould being light, and the work 
fini fhed by a gentle watering. 

The-fmaller feeds, as carrots. Sec. may be prepared 
for fowing, by fimply mixing them in a little moid 
fand, or fine earth, taking care that they do not lie 
longer than the ufual time of their beginning to fprout : 
but this praftice need only be adopted for feeds that 
are long in coming up, and then there is fome advan- 
tage in having them to fow in a flate ready to flrike im- 
mediately, on frefh dug earth. 

The feafon for committing feeds to the ground, mould 
be as early as the nature of the plant to be cultivated 
will bear ; for the forward produftions whic 1 ^ come 
without forcing, are the beft as to fize, flavour, and 
iruitfulnefs, if they meet with no material check irom 
weather. It is the proper ambition of gardeners alfo, 
to have fome of ihz jirjl of each kind of vegetables and 
fruits, and thus to vie with others* 

Let 



SECT V. 



OF PROPAGATION. 



61 



Let this direction for early fowing be underftood, 
not only of fpring, but autumn crops ; that the plants 
defigned for winter life* or to ftand for fpring, may- 
be ftrong, and well eftablifhed in the ground : Though 
for thofe defigned for fprmg, it is advifable to have 
two or three different fowings; for lettuces (as an in- 
fiance) that are forward, will fometimes fail when 
backward plants fhall do well. 

To be Jure of a crop, and in fome things a fucceffion 
of crops, various fowings fhould be made through 
the year, at all times that are not too unnatural as to 
feafon ; for it is an object in gardening, not only to 
have early and late productions, but never to be with- 
out what may be produced. Every fowing that is 
made (the early ones in particular) fhould be noticed 
in time, whether it is likely to fucceed, that the work 
may be repeated. But a little caution is neceffary, that 
th ; s bufinefs be not over done ; for though there may 
feem to be a fufficient diftance ot time in fowing for 
fucceffion crops ; yet they tread fometimes upon the 
heete of one another fo faff as to occafion a difagree- 
able fuperfluity : This is often the cafe in peas and beans, 
in the height of fummer, and efpecially if a hot fea- 
fon : this caution is the more neceffary, where there is 
no ground to fpare, or but few hands to cultivate it. 
Labour with difcretion. 

Sowings mould be generally performed on frefh dug 
or fiirred ground. The digging fhould therefore" be 
done as near the time defigned to Jow as can be. There 
is a. nutricious moifture in frefh turned up foil, that 
foftens the feed to fwell and germinate quickly, and 
nouriihes it with proper aliment to proceed in its 
growth with vigour, but which is evaporated foon 
after from the furface. If the ground, indeed, turns up 
raw, or wet (as early in the fpring it is apt to do) a 
little time muff be allowed it to dry, and fo alfo if rain 
falls firft. In this cafe, feed mould be fown as foon as 
ever the ground may be trampled on not to hang to 



OF PROPAGATION* 



SECT. W 



the feet, for when the foil is too wet, it binds and 
does harm, efpecially heavy ground; thus in this work, 
and every other in the way of gardening, there is a 
nicety of time to be obferved, by thofe who would do 
their bufinefs well. It is to be obferved, however, 
that fowing in drills or on beds that are not to be 
trampled, the moifture of the ground is rather an 
advantage, provided, in the laft cafe, that the ground 
will admit a rake, and the foil is not too wet to - drop 
fomewhat loofely about the feeds. 

The proper depth at which feed mould be fown, is 
to be carefully obferved: if too deep, they will either 
rot, or not vegetate, or thrive well ; and if too (hallow, 
they are liable to be injurioufly affe&ed by froft, wind, 
drought, or birds; but of the two, rather too mallow, 
than too deep, is belt, and this we are taught by 
nature whole fowings are moftlv fuperScial. 

The fmaller the feed, the finer mould the foil- be, and 
the iefs alio the covering; fo that, while Tome, (as the 
feed of celery is to he but barely covered, others as 
peas and beans) may have a depth of two, three, or 
lour inches. But fome regard is to be had to idtfeafon 
and foil;— m a warm feafon, and light foil, fow deeper, 
and the contrary fhallower. 

The quantity, of feed fown, is a thing to be attended 
to with fome exatinefs. Small feeds, go a great way, 
and require a careful hand to- diftribute' them ; for 
though fowing a little too much be a trifle as to the 
value of feeds, yet to have them come up crowding thick 
is ui evil. To Cow evenh as to quantity, is an object 
of practice worthy of care, as it iecure* a better crop, 
and more eafily managed in the thinning. If the leed 
is fufpected^ fow thicker; poor land will require more 
feed than rich. 

It is not generally advifable to fow feveral forts of 
feed on the fame Ipot, as fome perfons are accuftomed 
to do. The gardeners about London follow the practice; 
as profit is their great object, and not neatnefs or pro- 
priety. 



SECT. V. 



OF PROPAGATION. 



63 



priety. On the fame piece, they fow radijhcs % lettuces, 
and 'carrots ; the radifhes are drawn young for the table, 
the lettuces to plant out, and a fufficient crop of carrots 
is left, for carrots mould not be very near to grow big : 
this is as reafonable a combination as any that is made; 
but (till, if not IhOFt of ground, each kind feparate 
will be found belt. x In defence of this mode of culture, 
it is faid, if one crop fails, the others may do, and there 
is no lofs of ground or time; and if all fucceed they do 
verv well. Radijhes and fpimch are commonly fown 
together by the common gardeners, and many ma- 
nxuvres of inter-cropping are made by them, as fow- 
iitg, or planting, 'between rows oi vegetables that are 
wide afunder, or presently to come off, or in the alleys 
of things cultivated on beds. But this crowding mode 
of gardening ^lll not be imitated by private families, 
except there is a want of room to bring in a proper 
fuccellion of crops. Some little things of this fort, 
however, may well be done; as, a piece of ground 
new planted with h&rfe- radijb may be top-cropped with 
radi fnes or fpinach, &c. A thin crop of onions upon 
new afparagr.s beds, may alfo take place, drawing them 
while young from about the plants. 

The proper covering for feeds at broad caff being 
determined on, as to depth, let the ground lay the 
rougher, the deeper the feed is to be buried; and if it 
is to be fcarcely covered, rake the ground firfl very 
level and fine. All feeds come up beft when- mode- 
rately prefTed with the earth; for if they lie too lightly 
in contact with it, cold and drought more eafily affect 
them, and when once feeds begin to germinate, they 
are impatient of both. To trample feeds in is on 
the whole better than any other preffure. According 
to the depth it is intended to cover feeds, the feet mould 
be fet wider or nearer, i. e. the clofer for the lefs co- 
vering. Begin to trample on the outfide, walking re- 
gularly, lightly, and fteadily round the piece, till the 
middle be arrived at in the finifli. This done, lay all 

immediately 



OF PROPAGATION. 



SECT. V. 



immediately and neatly level with a wide rake, draw- 
ing off ftones, &c. but do it lightly, to avoid driving in 
the teeth of the rake, which would remove the feed, 
and make it come up irregularly. 

Patches, or fin all pieces, are fometimes fown with- 
out trampling, particularly of flowers, by drawing fome 
of the mould on one fide, and then fowing and cover- 
ing the proper depth with what earth was drawn off, 
adding a little more, if neceffary. In this cafe, if the 
foil is not heavy and wet, prefs the furface with the 
rake head, fpade, or otherwife. Seeds fown in drills, 
or rmus\ are feldom preffed, but they mould be, 
efpecialiy if the foil be light; and even beans fet by a 
dibble, are beft to have the earth preffed about them 
with it, or afterwards with the rake head, and they 
will fupport themfelves more ereftly, for the leaft wind 
rocks them about when in loofe holes, and hurts the 
crop : In a light foil, the beft way is to lay them in a 
trench, and trample firmly in. 

Directions for thinning feedling crops, and pricking 
them out in time, were given in the lafl feftion. Let 
this bufinefs be done properly, and prick out enow, 
that there may be fome to fpare; perhaps a neighbour 
may be obliged thereby, and at any rate it is beft t a 
have plenty left accidents happen, 

Propagation by Juckers is a mode of culture rather 
peculiar to trees and Jhru.bs. The things to be obierved 
in this bufinefs are, to take them up with fome care 
from the mother plant, fo as not to injure its root, nor 
the fucker's own root, by pulling it up without pro- 
perly loofening it firfL The earth ihould be moved 
afide by a trowel, and then the fucker cut off by a 
knife, and not with z-fpade, as is common. Of thofe 
hardy things that there is. plenty of,, this rough way 
does not fignify much, as to the fucker, but it may 
injure the root too much that it comes from. Where- 
ever a root appears barked, the part below fhould be 
cut off. If it is defiled to fucceed well, in propagating 

by 



SECT* V. 



QF PROPAGATION. 



65 



bv fuckers, confider that all young roots are tender, 
let them be crimmed to form, and planted immediately, 
or at leaft let them be covered with earth or laid by 
the heels, as it is called. Suckers with poor roots, 
niuft have their heads reduced the more. 

Propagation by flips is of two forts, either from the 
root, or Jhm ; and feveral forts of flowers and herbs are 
increafed this way. When from the roots (if the whole 
is not taken up) move the earth carefully afide, and Hip 
off by a pre flu re of the thumb and finger, and be 
cautious of hurting the fibres of the (lips, planting with 
fine and good mould about them. Take off flips from 
the Jiem carefully by a pufli of the thumb, and not too 
many from the fame plant, as it is apt to injure the 
place by tearing off fome of the wood. Slips from the 
Item are to be confidered as cuttings, and treated accord- 
ingly. They take more certainly, and make better 
roots than cuttings. 

■Offset is a term fometimes applied to flips from 
fibrous roots; but more properly fb from bulbous roots, 
which put forth many offsets. Thefe are (lipped away 
at the time they are taken up for removal or replant- 
ing, and commonly take two or three years before 
they bear flowers: difpofe of them therefore in a 
nurjery^ where they may remain undifturbed while they 
come to a flowering ftate; keep them however clean 
from weeds, and ftir the ground a little. 

Divifion of the roots is a way of propagating many 
forts of plants. To this end (of courfej they muff be 
taken up, and then either carefully pulled, or cut 
afunder with a fharp inftrument; as the cafe may re- 
quire. It is not fafe, however, to divide fuch mots into 
very fmall pieces, (efpecially if cut), as then they are 
apt to die; but leave them of a fize fufhcient, not 
barely to fecure life, but to form immediately a hand- 
fome head. The general feafon for thus fplitting fibrous 
rooted plants, is Qclober, but it may be done' early in 
the fpring, as February. 

Cuttings 



66 m OF PROPAGATION. SECT. V. 

Cuttings cf a variety of woody plants will grow, 
and many trees and Ihrubs are propagated this way ; 
but their fap mtift be of a watery nature, as thofe plants 
that are gum my will not ftrike, (or rarely) though 
ever fo much care is bellowed, or time allowed them. 
The texture of the wood of cuttings mml be fome- 
what foft, as head wooded ones will not grow. Cuttings 
fhould be rather fhort than long, and kept fleady in the 
ground. If they are planted where there is any like- 
lihood of their being difturbed, they may be tied to a 
Hick, well fallened in the earth. 

Thsfeafon in letting flips and cuttings, is fpr fprne 
things fummer, as wall '-flowers and myrtles ; and for 
moll, from Oclober to March, but (in general) the 
fooner the better. It has however been faid, that 
fprlng is the belt time for a!L and that the fap fhould 
be in motion firft. This is at leaf! true of fome things, 
as cuttings of the vhex, or chafle tree, (though hardy ) 
are found to do belt in fpring; and all cuttings from 
plants of a delicate nature do fo. 

Cuttings fhould be of well ripened wood, and have 
the earth pre fled to them, the whole length that they 
are in the ground; i. e. from four to fix inches. Cut 
them with a lharp knife flopewife, and plant in a good 
foil, and in a fituation where they only have the morn- 
ing fun; and keep them cool (not wet) by occasional 
watering in dry weather. 

Laying of branches is a mode of propagation, that 
may be adopted for almoft all foreft trees, and feveral 
forts of fruit trees and fhrubs ; r. e. all that will grow 
from cuttings, and many that will not. Layers are 
lefs rampant, and more fruitful than fuckers; and 
" thofe who are curious, and find a feminal variety of 
any tree, or fhrub, that is remarkably different from the 
original, the only way to have it preferved genuine is 
to convert it into a jlool, (by cutting down) and railing 
plants by layers." They are made of the lower 
branches of the plant, and mull be young and pliable, 

to 



£ E C T . V. 



OF PROPAGATION. 



€7 



to bend down without breaking, to the depth of four, 
live or fix inches in the ground, fas the foil is light or 
heavy) at which they roilft he held fecurely by good 
pegs; and if they cannot be brought down fufficiently 
deep, fome earth may be raifed up to them. 

Let the ground about layers be kept cool by occa- 
fior.al waterings, and laying fome mcjs, turf, litter, or 
rather fmall pebbles about them, which will not harbour 
infects. The part out of ground may be fupported 
ereftly by a tie to a ftick. It is a good way to flit 
(with a (harp knife) the part at the peg, as in carnation 
layers, a little more than an inch,; and feme prick a 
few holes about the part (at a joint) with a blunt awl, 
to help the layer to ftrike root. For the harder woods, 
fome gardeners make feveral flits, or chips, in the part 
layered in the earth, and bind the layer rather tight, 
juft above it, with pliant wire; and foft wooded layers 
are fometimes twirled to crack the bark, in order to 
help the part to 'ftrike quickly. Generally layers 
fhould be fhortened to fix or eight inches above the 
ground; or do it to two eyes, be it more or lefs above 
ground. 

Where there are no branches low enough to be 
brought into the ground, (and it is not thought good 
to head down for the production of low (hoots, or 
fuckers) plants may be layered by fixing a broken pot, 
or a box, with a flit in the fide, to the height neceffary 
to lay in a branch. A branch alfo, if long enough, 
may be thruft through the hole of a garden pot upwards, 
then rilled with earth, and fupported by fome con- 
nivance, and fhaded by fome means, and in both cafes 
water frequently. Take care not to injure the buds in 
drawing through the hole of the pot, By this con- 
trivance rooted plants being procured in pots, may be 
turned out with the earth about their roots undifturbed. 
A branch of a vine thus layered in November, may be 
next year cut off, when the fruit is ripe, brought in 
the pot to table > and afterwards planted out. 

The 



63 



OF PROPAGATION. 



SECT. VI. 



The feafon for layers is (generally) the fame as for 
cuttings, and fome forts will be well rooted in a year, 
hut others will require two, and fometimes three 
years before they will be fit to be moved. Thofe, 
however, that are flow to ftrike fhouldbe layered as foon 
as ever young fhoots are forward enough, which may 
be in July or Auguft. This praftice is particularly 
recommended for the p hy lie rea and alaternus. Cut off 
the leaves of the part that goes into the ground, becaufe 
fuch young wood will not well bear itripping. For 
propagation of fruit trees by grajpngi fee the two next 
ie£lions. 



SECTION VI. 



OF A NURSERY-. 



THERE are fomany refpeflable nurfery-mcn ready- 
to fupply our wants, that the necejjiiy of anurfery 
is in a great meafure done away; it affords, however, 
employment, amufement, and an opportunity for exer- 
cifing ingenuity, and that particularly in the way of 
g raffing. 

By means of a nurjery, trees are ready upon the 
fpot, to be tranfplanted without damage to the roots 
from being long out of the ground, and the climate and 
foil being the fame in which they are raifed and are to 

grow. 



SECT. VI. 



OF A NURSERY. 



69 



grow, and to fruit, there is a fort of certainty of fuccefs, 
that could not otherwife be had. There is alfo a great 
advantage in railing trees, in a very materia 1 { poiftt, in 
an affurance of having fruit that we know we like, by 
getting gratis, or buds, from trees of which we have 
tarred and admired the fruit. 

In a nurfery, fioch may be raifed for fruit trees, 
fhrubs propagated by flickers, Jl'ips and cuttings, and 
flowers of the biennial and perennial forts may be fown, 
bulbous offsets planted, and thus a flock may be readily 
provided for furni filing any part ot the pleafure ground. 
For all, or fome of thefe objects, a fpot might be 
allotted, if it were only the cool corner of a large 
garden, having a good foil. 

Supposing even only a little fpot is made ufe of for 
a few flowers, jhrubs, &c. let them be duly attended, 
to weed, thin, water, trim into form, fupport, flielter, and 
in fhort nurfe, but yet not to bring any thing up 
tenderly, as too much, or long cover in winter, expofes 
to rifk when it is taken away; the plants not being able 
to bear then even a moderately cold air. A low part of 
the garden, that has not too much fun, is belt for a 
nurfery; if not overfhaded with trees. 

Suckers^ flips and cuttings of any kind, mould be 
attended to for forming a proper head; fhortening the 
fhoots, and keeping a clear ftem below, and the roots 
free from fuckers. Two years commonly fit fuckers 
for planting out, and three years flips and cuttings. But 
remember to faften the two latter, if not the former, to 
flicks, that the wind, &c. may not loofen them, and 
prevent their rooting. 

Large plants, as young trees, &c. mould be tied to 
flakes well fixed, at firft putting out for the fame reafon. 
Thefe fhould be feen to from time to time, that they 
remain faft ; as alfo, the mats or cloths, that may have 
been put over hoops to fhelter exotic feedlings, &c. 
from heavy rains, or fevere frofts, for the windlias great 
power over fuch coverings. 



TO OF A NURSERY. SECT. VI, 

The foil of a nurfery mould be dry, free and in 
heart; but not much enriched with dung, left a raisk- 
nefs of food give too great a freedom of growth, and a 
habit in the plants, which not being indulged by a like 
foil afterwards, difappointments enfue. A dungy foil 
alio encourages worms and infects, to the injury of 
feedlings, and makes young plants more liable to be 
cut off in a fharp winter; too rank a foil, alfo, prevents 
the juices of plants from being properly digefted, and 
fb they are lefs fruitful. 

On ground defigned to be fown, or planted in 
fpring, if it needs refrefhing, lay on a little well con- 
fumed dung towards winter. See page 46. 

A nurjery fhould be laid out into beds of about four 
feet wide, with alleys of about two; and thus all the 
work of it will be done conveniently, and the plants 
will have free air to firengthen them. In the alleys 
may be buried fame dung, which will be at band, and 
iiieful, when csnjumed by time and turning over, to 
drefs the beds as they may need it. 

Stacks for grafting fruit, are raifed from fucp.ers of 
plumbs, cherries, codlins, crabs, pears and quinces ; 
and fometimes from cuttings of codlins and quinces ; but 
thofe flocks raifed from feeds and Jiones are much heft 
tf we confult freedom of growth. Ir fucker ftocks 
grow ever fo well, they are apt to put forth fuckers, 
which is not only a troublefome circumftance, but 
exhaufls a tree, and prevents fruitrulnefs. It is to be 
imderftood, that the graff will (in fome meafure) partake 
of the nature of the flock; therefore foit, mealy fruit, 
ought to be propagated on auftere ftocks 5 and the con- 
trary; tender, delicious fruits defigned for forcing, 
fnould always be on fmart flavoured flocks, or they 
become infipid. 

Though crab flocks for apples are moflly ufed, yet 
the ripe black feeds of any other fmart eating apple 
may be fown, either in autumn or fpr'ng. Sow in 
autumn, ( October or November J > and if this fowing fails, 

the 



SECT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 71 

the fpring may be adopted towards the end of February* 
At thefe times, the well ripened Teens of pears, or 
Hones of plums, or cherries, may be fown. The 
{tones of any fort of plum, [damfons excepted)produce 
ilocks for apricots, peaches and neftttrirtes ; and though 
the white forts are dommonly preierred, the red wheat* 
plumb is excellent for the apricot ; ot black p lums the 
mufcle is the beft. 

Thofe feeds or [tones that are faved early, or are to 
be kept through the winter ior fpring fowiirg, [which 
many prefer), mould be preferred from air in dry 
fand : Uet them be put in a box layer upon layer, three 
or four courfes, covering the top three inches, and 
guard agaiuft mice. Nuts, acorns and chejnuts are put 
m the ground at the fame time, as alfo the feeds of 
various forts of Jhrubs and farejl trees. The tenderer 
forts of fhrubs and trees are indeed bed fown in March, 
or beginning of April ; and a gentle hot-bed would 
be 01 advantage, to bring up the feeds with cer- 
tainty. 

The feeds, or kernels of apples and pears may be 
fown in drills a full inch deep, a foot afunder, and 
fcattered thinly in them, preffing the ground a little to 
them; or fow at broad erf. But take care not to ufe 
the feeds of fruit that has grown on a hollow tree, tor 
they will not vegetate. 

The f ones of any fruit mould be fown at near two 
inches depth; and nuts, &c. at three cr four. Stones 
and nuts mull be fet thin, and rather (as of fome advan- 
tage) the fmall end upwards,- for here the moot pufhes 
out, or they may be laid fiat. If the beds are fown all 
over, cover the feed with mould previoufly drawn 
afide in the alleys; but drills have the neateft appear- 
ance, and fome little ufe may be made of the fpaces 
between them the firftyear. 

Prepare the beds by digging the foils well to a full 
foot in depth, and let the furface be made fine: thus 
will the roois &rike down freely to preferve themfeives 

frora 



72 OF A NURSERY. SECT. VI. 

from drought, wet will drain away, and the young 
plants pulh ftraight upward: four feet beds are bell. 

The enemies of feed beds mull be guarded againft, 
as poultry, birds, dogs, eats, mice and frojt; the latter 
by covering lightly with pea haulm or wheat firaw, 
-and the former by furze, thorns, or brum wood, and 
traps. If any bares, or rabbits, get at a nurfery, they 
make fad havock in (harp weather, by barking the 
young plants; therefore, guard agairft them, and larger 
animate, by good clofe fences, which will alfo keep 
out fharp winds. 

During thefi/jl year, they mould be kept moderately 
cool, by watering in dry feafons, or laying mojs, or 
feme fhort litter, over the beds. And as to weeding, 
though they muft not be fmothered, yet fome fmall 
weeds may be fuffered to grow in fummer, as they 
help to made the plants, and keep the ground cool. 
Seedling trees are very apt to fuffer by drought. Tbin~ 
them in the fummer, after rain, from two inches to 
three or four afunder, according to their nature; and 
at the end of the year (i. e. when a year old) thin to 
from nine inches to a foot afunder : thofe drawn may 
^be planted out at the fame diftancc, or at leaft the bell 
of them; and thofe left Ihould be re-planted the fecond 
year, left the roots ftrike too much downwards. The 
ferft winter, they ought to be protected from fevere 
f roils, by fome light dry litter, which remove in mild 
weather. At all times, except winter, it the roots of 
young plants are dillurbed by any means (as pulling up 
ftrong weeds, hoeing, &c.) fettle the mould about them 
by a good watering. 

S&cks defigned to grow for full ftandards, Ihould be 
fet in rows, three or four feet afunder, and at one foot 
and a half in the rows ; or if fet at the before-men- 
tioned diltances, they may be tranfplanted again, ano- 
ther year or two, wider. Rows for dwarfs need not 
be fo far afunder as thofe for ftandards: but before 
they are planted, the fide (hoots mull be trimmed off, 



*ECT. VI. 



OF A N f URSERY. 



73 



and the tap roots fhortened, in order to procure a clean 
ftrait flem, and a full root. 

Protect from fro/} all new planted trees, by laying 
peafe, bean, or ftrong wheat flraw between them ; 
which may be fecured by trampling or laying ftones 
over it, or by pegging down. Seedlings, or ftocks, 
planted out infprhig, mould be protected from drought 
alio in the lame manner, a month or two, (or longer,) 
and afterwards occafionally watered in dry weather. 

The fecund year, in October, thofe left at a ^ut a 
foot diilance in the rows, may either be taken up and 
re-planted, cutting the tap to make bufhy roots, or, 
taking out every other, left to grow of a fize fit to 
graff, or InoculcUe there. This year, only the ftronger 
fide-fhoots from the ftem mould be cutoff; for the 
weaker ones will help the ftem to thicken, by detain- 
ing the rifmg fap, and imbibing moifture from the at- 
mofphere to feed it ; and the getting a ftrong fhem is 
a material thing, efpecially for ftandard trees. Do not 
top the leading (hoot. 

Stocks of any kind will be three or four years grow, 
ing, or two or three from planting out, before they 
are fit for graffing ; and if ftrong flocks are wanted, 
(as for ftandard s,) more time will be neceffary ; The 
rule of fubftance may be from a quarter, to an inch, 
or more diameter. As dwarf trees are grafted, or ino- 
culated within five or fix inches of the ground, much 
lefs flocks will do for them, than {or ftandard trees, 
which are graffed at fo many feet high ; i. e, if for 
full-fized trees. 

Stocks that are naturally of a flow growth, are co- 
veted for dwarf trees, that they may not mount the 
wall, fill the efpalier, or increafe to a large head too 
faft. So for apples, inftead of crab flocks, which are 
commonly of free growth, thofe raifed from the feeds 
of the paradife apple are recommended as growing 
dwarf. Or flocks may be raifed from cuttings of the 
Kentijh Cedtin. 

E In 



74 



OF A NURSERY. 



SECT. VI. 



In default of thefe naturally dwarf-growing flocks, 
ihofe raifed from fuckers are fometimes ufed, as lefs 
likely to grow off freely than feedling flocks. Layers 
alfo are proper for dwarf flocks, and they are com- 
monly to be had from the codling all layers mufl be 
carefully taken up to preferve the roots. 

For pears, dwarf flocks are raifed from quince cut- 
tings, layers, or fuckers ; but as quince {hoots are 
commonly of a weak and crooked growth, the flocks 
from fear feed's are moflly ufed. $ut fuckers maybe 
obtained from pears, quinces, &c. by cutting down an 
old tree within a foot of the ground, and thefe being 
planted out for a year or two, become good flocks. 
If the fuckers, or fhoots, lay high, they may be 
earthed up to induce them to flrike. But fuckers will 
be often forced, by only cutting off the top of an old 
tree, which is an experiment to be recommended, (in 
pmrs particularly) as there will be formed a new head, 
and an opportunity given to graff for another, or a 
better fort. And if there are no fuckers, there may be 
low-placed fhoots proper for layers, of thofe trees that 
will thus flrike, and mofl trees will, if not the firfl, 
perhaps the fecond year. 

Stocks froixi fuckers, for dwarf plums and cherries, 
are in one fenfe better than thofe raifed from flones, as 
being lefs free in their growth : and the common red 
cherry and the black are to be preferred for flocks, whe- 
ther as to fuckers or feedlings. If fuckers of any tree 
grow at a proper dijiance from the parent flock, they 
may be graffed or inoculated without removal, till 
wanted to plant out for fruiting, i. e. in a year or two. 
Suckers that are for flocks, fhould always be planted 
out in autumn, and fland (at leaf!) to the following 
fpring or fummer, twelvemonths before they are ufed. 
Apricots, peaches and nellarines are graffed by inocu- 
lation on plum flocks, but rather on thofe raifed from 
flones. except for apricots it hardly fignifies. Stocks of 
the wheat plum, or the mufcle are the belt. Figs, quinces > 



SECT. VI. 



bF A NURSERY. 



75 



and mulberries (as fometirhes cod! ins) are raifed from 
fuckers, layers, and cuttings, without graffing ; but 
from layers is the bed method, being more fare than 
cuttings, and more fruitful than fuckers, and in one 
year they will be rooted. The feafon for both cuttings 
and layers (a little before or after) is Oclober, though 
February is rather better for the fig. The layers from 
fig trees muft not be taken off" till the beginning of 
March, as when planted in autumn are apt to die; let 
other layers, however, be then removed. 

Medlars are graffed on pear or crab, or fervice-tree 
flocks; but more commonly upon medlar and white 
thorn frocks ; though the fruit (on the laft at leaft) is 
not reckoned fo good. 

Grape vines are generally raifed from cuttings and 
layers, (fometimes from buds) either in autumn or 
fp'ring ; but for cuttings rather the latter; and if the 
vines are pruned in Februan, or before, lay the cut- 
tings by in dry mould or iand, till March or April. 
Place the layers in the ground, about four or five inches 
deep, leaving two or three eyes out. The cuttings 
fhould have three in the ground, and only one or two 
out, or be about a foot or fifteen inches long, and 
placed a little aflant : chufe the. moft fhort jointed. 
Cuttings fhould have a knot of the old wood at bottom, 
for thofe cut off above, though they may flrike, will 
not produce fo good, or fruitful plants ; they are alfo 
beft taken from the lower part of the tree, the wood 
there being the moft ripened. Vines are be/i raifed 
where they are to grow, by opening a hole, and placing 
two cuttings in, one of which is likely to anfwer* 
Keep it to one {hoot, and cut down to two eyes in au- 
tumn. Keep to two fhoots the next fummer, and 
prune down to two or three eyes in autumn, and then 
the vine will proceed with vigour, and bear well, 

Che/nuts are raifed by fowing thofe that are imported* 
three inches deep, and four afunder, in rows fix-inches 
apart ; where growing two years, let them be planted 

E 2 ov\i 



©F A NURSERY. 



SECT. VI. 



out half a yard apart, in rows a yard afunder. When 
fiye or fix feet high, thev may be moved where they 
are to remain : If the feed is good, it will fink in water. 

Walnuts are raifed from well-ripened nuts, (own 
cither in autumn or fpring ; and if the latter (which 
may be rather beft) p refer ve the nuts in their outer 
coats, in dry fand. Thefe trees are beft but once 
moved, and their tap root preferved, if for timber, with 
•the head as entire as poftible ; but if ior fruit, the tap 
root fhould be fhortened, to prevent the tree mounting, 
and the head may be cut, to accommodate it to the 
root, as to fize. The walnut likes a*dry foil, and if 
gravelly, it does beft ; and though walnut trees are 
many years before they come to bear, yet if it were 
only for the wood, pofterity would have reafon to 
commend the planter of them. 

Filberds are raifed from nuts, or fuckers, and layers, 
the latter of which is the beft method ; or they may be 
grafted on the common nut tree. The nuts fown in 
autumn, or kept dry in fand till February, produce fine 
trees, but generally differ a little from the forts fown, 
and make a variety generally for the worfe. Nuts 
fruit beft in a cool foil. 

Currants and goofeberries are raifed principally from 
fuckers, flips and cuttings, but beft from the latter. 
When from feed, it is with a view of obtaining varie- 
ties, and hence the many forts of goofeberries in fome 
catalogues. Ufe cuttings-, or flips, of the laft year's 
wood, from fruitful trees, about nine or ten inches 
long, and fet them four or five in the ground, half a 
yard afunder; train them to one moot, (or at the molt 
two,) the firft year, and the next head them down to 
fix orfeven eyes, when a fine head will be formed the 
following year, and in the autumn they may be moved 
where they are to fruit. 

Barberries are raifed from fuckers, layers, cuttings, or 
feed fown in autumn or fpring. The latter mode of 
propagation produces the fineit ftirubs, with the largeft; 

fruit, 



5.RCT. VI. 



OF A NURSERY* 



fruit,, though it is feldom pra&ifed, fuckers being ge- 
nerally plenty. 

Rajpberries are almoft univerfally propagated from 
fuckers, being always abundant ; and as this faves a 
year, and feed produces varieties not defirable^ fowing 
is not to be recommended : This ihrub is rarely brought 
into the nurfery to obtain ftrength. 

Strawberries- are raifed from jeed, offsets,, and runners* 
but almoit univerfally from the laft ; plants from feed 
produce the fined fruit, and fometimes a variety that is 
fuperior to the original. It fhould be fawn in pots, 
or boxes in March, or April. This method is particu- 
larly to be recommended for the alpine y chufing the 
largeft and moll conical fruit for feed. 

The young offsets of the puefent year,, flipped in 
autumn, or thofe of the lalt year (which will be better 
rooted) flipped in fpring, will do for plants, cutting off 
the flicky parts ; but the firft runners are more com- 
monly and properly ufed ; and to have thefe fine, the 
runners beyond (hould be pinched off in time. Offsets^ 
early in fpring, and forward runners in fummer, (as 
foon as rooted in June,) may be planted out in cool 
ground, at fix inches diftance> by way of a nurfery,. 
in order for making new plantations towards the end of 
September, or in October^ This is thought a good way 
by many, but it is feldom praftifed : Let the fummei: 
plants be well watered till rooted,, and fuffer no runners 
to proceed trom them. The common method is to let 
the runners remain till September, and then,, as early 
in the month as may be, to drefs. the beds, and fele£c 
the ftrongand moll bufhy- rooted fets for forming new 
beds : It would,, however, be an advantage both to the 
old ftools, and the young plants, to fuffer only the firft 
or fecond runners to remain for the purpofe :. Thus their 
own beds will be the nurfery for them ; and except the 
foil is worn out (perhaps,) the belt. 

* * # # * * 

E. 3 Tfe 



OF A NURSERY, 



SECT. VI. 



The railing of forest trees is rather befide the 
purpofe of this book. They have been mentioned as 
to the time oi f Giving, and their treatment is in a great 
meafure the fame as for raifing flocks for fruit trees ; 
fo that to thofe who would do only a little in this way, 
much more need not be faid. 

. Forejl trees are often left to grow thick on the feed 
bed, and only thinned a little in the autumn following, 
and fo from time to time as they get bigger ; but a 
little thinning fhould take place in the fummer, by draw* 
irig, when the ground is moift. If the foil that feed- 
ling trees are to be planted in be poor, let them be 
raifed in earth fomewhat fandy, and at any rate not in 
a rich dunged foil. 

When young men take to gardening and planting, k 
is an happy circumftance, and they fhould lofe no time 
in the bufinefs ; for it is a thing that perfons advanced 
in years have often repented of. It produces confider- 
able fatisfaftion, and a peculiar pleafure in the evening 
of life, when a man can point at good trees, and fay, 
44 Thefe are of my own planting VI — but it were a 
fuperior thing to add, 44 And of my own raifing too." 
Young planters would wifely refolve, therefore, to raife 
their own trees, efpecially of the forejl kind. 44 There 
is no better, or cheaper way of raifing woods and 
plantations, than by fowing the mails or nuts of timber 
trees, where they are always to remain, and this is 
beft done in fpring" 

It is to be obferved, that the wild fervice, haivihorn, 
holly, and ajh keys come up the fecond year ; but moll 
other feeds of trees the firft. Ajh keys, however, (and 
probably the others,) if they are buried in a pit with 
coal allies fifted fine, or in a fandy earth for a year s 
will cerae up the firft year they are fown. 

To have good feed of the various kinds, is a thing 
too little attended to ; but on which evidently depends 
much. It fhould be well-ripened, and the produce of 
fine healthy trees from the top, or outfide branches ; 

withal r 



SECT. VII. 



OF GRAFFIN G. 



79 



withal, not growing near dottrel, ill-conditioned ones, 
the farina from the flowers of which might impregnate 
thofe of the good tree, and give its feed a degree of 
degeneracy. Let oak acorns be thrown into water, 
and thofe only ufed which fink quickly ; — they fhould 
be kept a while to harden, but not too long out of 
ground, as they foon fprout. 

In the management of a nurfery, the young plants of 
trees and fhrubs fhould be dug round once a year, by 
a downright cut of a fharp fpade, a little diftance from 
the Items, nearer or farther off according to their age, 
to lhorten ftraggling roots, and produce new ones more 
at home : Let this be done in Oclober or February \ the 
former time is beft for the older plants, and the latter 
lor young ones. The fpade alfo may be drove under 
them to cut off the tap roots, where it is not an ob- 
ject to preferve them. By this practice, a good, full, 
brufhy root will be obtained, fitting plants for a prof- 
perous removal ; but it fhould be done a year before 
tranfplanting : It improves alfo the i oil. Evergreens: 
in particular w T ould be fafer to move, being thus treated ; 
and if only to be moved from one part of the grounds 
to another, balls of earth in this cafe will hold well to 
them. Immediately after the operation, a found wa- 
tering will be proper to fettle the earth to the roots, 
except the ground be quite moift ; but this work of 
digging a nurfery is beft done when the ground is dry* 



SECTION VII. 



OF GRAFFING. 

/^RAFFING, (or grafting,) is the infertion of a^/W 
^ into a flock* orjtem, raifed for the purpofe, and is 
neceffary to the enfuring of good fruit ; i.e. to have 



hO OF GRAFTING. SECT. VII. 

the fame (or at leafl with little difference) pr@duced on 
the new tree, as that of the old one from whence the 
graff was taken : It is fometimes performed on the 
branches of trees, and may be on the roots, a piece 
being raifed out of the ground for the purpofe. 

If the feeds of fruit were left to grow up to trees 
without grafting, they would produce a different kind 
from that they came from ; by chance a better, but 
mod commonly a worfe. The varieties of fruit we 
have, were obtained partly from feedling flocks, with- 
out grafting, and partly by an accidental difference, 
that the flock, or foil, may have given. 

Grafting is like planting upon a plant, for though 
there is a union of the parts, there is in fafl little 
other communication than a root has with the ground. 
The cion, or bud, draws nourifhment from the flock, 
hut no other than is properly adapted to its own pecu- 
liar pores, which by a chemical procefs (fuppofe by 
fermentation in its little bladders, or cells) it alters, fo 
as to become exclufively its own. A great variety of 
fruit is produced by graff-planting from the fame kind 
of flock, (and that perhaps a mere crabj']x\& as a great 
variety of plants are from the fame foil: By this means 
alfo, fomeforeft, and many ornamental trees and Ihrubs 
are propagated, and thus their particular varieties pre- 
ferved, as in all the variegated forts, &c. 

The art of grafting is a very curious difcovery, and 
though it requires fome ingenuity to perform it, a few 
trials may make it familiar, and it will prove an agree- 
able fource of amufement and fatista&ion. By being 
able to graff, young trees may be always at hand for 
replacing old, or unfuccefsful ones; and the pleafure 
of obliging a friend from our flock in this way, is 
peculiarly gratifying. 

Skill in this ingenious art is clearly befl obtained by 
feeing the work performed ; and at firfl trial, to have 
an adept at the elbow, would be a great advantage. 
There are few gardeners, (even by profeflion,) how- 
ever, 



SECT. Vlf. 



OF GRAFF I KG. 



ever, that practice this work, owing to the great 
number of nurferymen ready to fupply trees. But 
though they raife fine trees, much difappointment has 
often happened in dealing with them (particularly in the 
fort) which might be avoided, by a man's bein^ able 
to raife good trees for himfelf. Directions precifely 
defcriptive of the bufinefs- of grafting, are therefore 
here atteinped, and if once underitood, trials fhould' 
be made without minding the difcouragement of a few 
failures ; for practice will make perfect. 

Proper flocks being ready, and cions, or buds pro- 
cured, there will be wanting a good fharp narrow- 
bladed pert-knife, and a lharp fmooth-edged pruning- 
knife, with fome well wrought loam, or day. and fome 
good new bafs, or flrong yarn. The clay mould be 
made up as morter, mixed with fhort hair, or fine 
chopt hay, with a little horfe dung, and prepared st 
day or two befcre-hand; or longer the better, being 
beat up afrefh with a little water every day. 

The firfl thing to be done is, to cut off the head of 
the flock at the proper height, and in a fair part of the 
bark, making a fmooth flat top : If the flock is toa 
flrong for the knife, and a faiu is ufed, it mud be 
fmoothed with the knife after. The properefl fize for 
Hocks, is from half an inch to an inch diameter, a 
little more or lefs, however, may do. When a flock 
is too little, the cion is apt to overgrow it, and when- 
too big, the cion does not fo we!!, or fo foon, cover 
the flock, as might be wifhed : vet itocks of any fize 
can be ufed by one mode of grafting or other. 

Dwarf trees are to be gratfed within fix inches of 
the ground, and flandards as high as the flock will 
well bear, confidering whether tnev are to be half or 
full flandards ; the former at about three or four feet, 
the latter at five or fix. But trees defigned for flandards, 
may be graffed, or inoculated at a lower height, the 
graff being trained to the defired length., by keeping it 
to a fingle Hem. 

E 5 The 



82 



OF GRAFFINO. 



SECT. VII, 



The Hons fhould be healthy and Jlrong, (not however 
of a foft, feppy, luxuriant growth,) and taken from 
the outjides of fruitful trees, where the juices of the 
wood have been properly digefted by fun and air : they 
fhould be taken (if it may be) from trees ju ft in their 
prime, or at full bearing, and not before. Let them be 
cut two or three weeks fooner than wanted, and if kept 
longer they may not hurt, for they had better be cut a 
little too foon, than too late, at full length, without any 
fide (hoots. 

Let the cions of pears, plums, and cherries be cut from 
the middle to the end of January, and at farther! not 
beyond the middle of February ; the feafon muft, how- 
ever, fomewhat govern. Keep them all over in dry 
mould, clofe under a fouth wall, or fome fhelter, 
covering them with ftraw in wet or fevere weather. 
Some preferve them in a cool room, where they will do 
without mould, but it would be better to fet them up 
an end in a garden-pot, half their length, with mould, 
or faftd, nearly dry. 

Cions cut early are prevented from getting too for- 
ward in bud; and if the buds begin to ftart, and look 
white, they feldom take. By having them as long as 
they may be kept before ufed, the fap of the flock 
gets in forwardnefs ; for it' muft firft begin to ftir, and 
fo b e ready to pufh itfelf quickly into the cion, (now 
fomewhat exhaufted,} to form a union with it. 

The middle of cions is fitteft for the purpofe; but do 
not cut off the tops till they are brought out to graft, 
for they keep fjeft in length. If cions are to be trans- 
ported to any diftance, let their ends be ftuck two or 
three inches in clay, and fo matted round in a^bundle ; 
or, if wrapped round with a fine hay rope, and fm eared 
over with cow dung, clay, or a ftrong earth, they will 
not foon wither. 

Some gardeners fay, cions fnould be only of the laft 
year's growth, and others, that the wood of the year 
before is beft; but it is fo far a matter of indifference, 

that 



SECT. VI r. 



OF GRAFF TNG. 



that they will take much older, though (perhaps) not 
fo certainly. As a medium way, if a little of the 
former years wood he cut w T ith a cion of the laft, and 
this elder wood be ufed for the part graffed, it will be 
found to anfwer, in covering the flock fooner ; though 
k mull be acknowledged, that all new wood is the 
common practice of thofe who raife trees tor fale ; 
which circumftance is ordinarily a prefumptive proof 
of right. However, if w^ood of a year's growth is 
not jlrong' enough, then, at lea ft, fome of the old wood 
ought to be cut with it : and thebiowr the flock is, the 
more this pra&ice commends itfelf, a& the barks wilt' 
be fomewhat more equal in thicknefs* 

Proceeding to gruff, take off a little of the lower 
end of the cioii firil, and then cut it in length, fo as to 
have three or four eyes to appear above the claying : 
two eyes will be fufficient for a ftandard, but four is 
better for a dwarf that is to be trained.. In cutting, 
cions into lengths, let the top eye be jufl in front, or 
juil behind, but rather the former, Ufe not, (except 
upon neceffity) the upper part of a cion, as the wood 
is too raw for the purpofe, and will be fhri veiled ; yet 
ftrong cions (properly inferted) feldom mifs through 
drought : indeed they will take fooner than if quite- 
rrefh cut and full of fap- 

The time for graffing is ufually from 'Mid-February 
to Mid-March ; but in a forward feafon fooner, and 
in a backward one fometimes later. 

Cleft-Graf flng has been the mofl common 
method of propagation, and though it is not the neatefl, 
yet it is a certain and eafy way to young practitioners, 
The flocks for this mode of graffing mould be flrong, 
about three quarters of an inch diameter, or more if it 
fo happen ; but it may be ufed with very young, flocks, 
having cions of like thicknefs^ 

Cut off the head, as* before dire&ed, fo as to have 
(on the funny fide) a fmooth part in the flock, where 
the cion is to be placed, and cutting a part of the ilock 

E6 off 



84 



OF GRAFTING. 



SECT. VII, 



off flopewife, oppofite to this place, leave the top, or 
the crown of the ftock, about half an inch wide. 

Then cleave the ftock with a ftrong knife, or thin 
lharp chifel, about two inches deep, as near the mid- 
dle as poflible, fo as not to divide the pith, and if any 
roughnefs appears in the flit, fmooth it off with a 
pen-knife ; but fomething of the wedge kind muft be 
put into the flit to keep it open to receive the cion, 
leaving proper room to put it in. Cut the cion on 
each fide to the form of a wedge at bottom, an inch 
or more long, making that fide which is to be placed 
inwards in the ftock, thinner by about one third. Put 
the cion in, fo that its bark, and that of the Jioch be 
level : and if the bark of the ftock be thick, let the 
bark of the cion fink in a trifle, as the current of fap 
that unites them, runs betwixt the bark and woodr- The 
cion being placed, take the wedge out that kept the 
ftock open; yet if the ftock be fo ftrong as to pinch 
the cion too hard, eafe it by a little bit of dry wood to 
be left in the cleft ; fo, however, as not to loofen the 
graff, which muft be held firmly : or if the ftock be 
very ftrong, the wedge of the cion may be nearly of 
equal thicknefs, infide and out, which eafes the barked 
part. 

The graff muft be nicely whipped round with vet 
bafs pulled tight, and the whole clayed over to an inch 
above and halt an inch below, fmoothing it off taper, 
with a trowel, or knife, dipped in water. And as this 
is done with a view to keep out wet, fun and air, if the 
clay falls off, or cracks, it muft be immediately re- 
paired, till the feafon comes to take off the bandage, 
which is about Midfummer, or rather fooner : yet at 
this time fome clay mould be ftill kept on the top, to 
fecure the cleft from wet, and fo continued till the 
cleft is grown up. 

If it is defired to put in two cions, to form a tree for 
the wall, or efpalier, there fhould be two clefts paral- 
lel to one another, one on each fide the pith. Some 



SECT. VII. 



OF GRAFFING. 



85 



put in two cions, merely in cafe one fhould mifs ; but 
it is not advifeable. It need hardly be obferved, that in 
this cafe the crown muft be left whole. 

With refpeft to the time of performing this work, 
remember that what has been faid relates to pears, 
plums and cherries : apples cannot be graffed till the 
beginning of March, or later, as the feafoR is, even 
into April, for the fapmuft be on the move. 

Whip-graffing has the advantage of cleft- 
graffing in neatnefs, and not requiring the flocks to be 
fo old by a year or two, as very fmall ones will do in 
this way ; for the ftock is directly covered by the 
cion, and it takes with certainty if properly performed. 
Cions fuitable to proper flocks cannot however always 
be had. Stock and cion are to be both of a Jize, or 
rather nearly fo, is better, the ftock having the ad- 
vantage in bignefs ; for thus it is not fo likely to be 
overgrown, as it happens when the cion is of a more 
free nature. When the ftock is overgrown by the 
cion, it will give it fome opportunity to thicken, by 
flitting the bark through downwards, in two or three 
places. This circumltance is not, however, material 
in dwarf trees. 

Having cut the head of the ftock off, and the cion 
to its proper length, Jlope the lower end of the cion 
about an inch and a half, and to a point; then cut the 
ftock to anfwer it, (the cut of the ftock however may 
be a trifle wider and longer) bark againft bark, and lie 
them together exaclly to their place, and clay it. But 
for the greater certainty of keeping a cion to the part, 
cut it fo as to leave a fmall Jhoulder at the top of the 
Hope, and the ftock fo as to leave a narrow bit of its 
crown to anfwer it, and to hold it. 

There is a fort of whip-graffing that has been deno- 
minated Jlicing, or packing, which differs only from 
the one juft defcribed, in that the ftock is of any fize; 
and this is performed by cutting the cion to a face, as 
before, and then taking off a flice from the (beheaded) 

ftock, 



86 



OF GRAFFING. 



SECT. Vll.r 



ftock, choofing a gibbous part of it fo as exaftly to 
correfpond with the cut-furface of the cion, taking 
care to fit them fo that the cion may Hand erecT: (or 
nearly) when clapped to. Shouldering is commonly 
praclifed alfo in this way. 

Graffing in the bark, which is fometimes 
called crown graffing, is perhaps as good a way as any, 
both for eafe of operation and certainty of fuccefs; but 
it will hardly fuifc any other -fruit than apples or pears ^ 
as other cions will be paft ufe (molt likely) before the 
bark of the flocks will peel, as the time for this bu- 
finefs is towards the end of March y or beginning of 
April. 

The head being cut off, make a {trait flit down and" 
through the bark from the top, at the place deftined: 
for the graff, which mould be rather Jauiherly or 
wejlerly. This fcore down the bark fliould be nearly 
as long as the Dope cut of the cion, which may be 
one and a half, or two inches. Loofen the bark a little 
at the top of the fcore ^ and then with fome fmooth 
inftrument rather of dry hard wood, ivory, bone, or 
filver, than iron or fteel, open the bark fufficiently ta 
receive the cion,. by puihing the inftrument down a 
trifle below the bottom of the ilk. This inftrument 
fliould be thin, tapered and rounded towards the pointy 
to fuit the fhape 01 the cion's face; one fide of it flat*, 
and the other a little convex, the flat fide being ap- 
plied to the wood of the ftock ; let it be rather nar- 
rower -than the cion ? . that it may not loofen the bark- 
too wide. 

Cut a bit of the lark of the cion fmooth off at the- 
bottom that it may not turn up in puihing down. It 
will be proper to cut the cion with a fmall Jhoulder, to 
reft upon the ftock. And becaufe when the cion is in* 
it will bear the bark up hollow from the ftock, fcore 
the bark on each fide the cion, fo that it may fall 
clofe to the ftock, and to the edges of the cion. Bind 
and clay neatly. In this way of graffing there is a. 



SECT. VII. 



OF GRAFTING. 



87 



fort of agreement between the cion and flock neceffary; 
the cion not being too big, or the ftock too fmail, to 
prevent a proper bedding. If more than one cion be 
not put in, the ftock on the oppofite fide to the cion 
{hould be doped up about two inches in length, to 
half its thicknefs. 

This way of grafting is gfcd mod properly with 
Jlrong flocks; and fometimes is applied to large 
branches, and even trunks of old trees, to change the 
forts, or renew the wood. In proportion to the large- 
nefs of which, from two to five or fix cions are put in, 
and fometimes of different forts; and it the ftock be 
large, the more the better, as it heals over the fooner, 
and as they infure the life of the ftock, by receiving 
and earn ing off the fap ; in which refpect a fmgle 
branch of the head of an old ftock may be left on, 
for the fap to pafs off by when it begins to ilir. 

Having inferred the cions, and bound them, clay the 
top of the ftock well, fo as to fhoot off the wet. Li 
tins way of grafting, the cions are liable to be difturbed^ 
or moved from their places by ftrong winds, and the 
beft preventative is to tie fmall long flicks to the flocks, 
and then the cions to them, taking care to place the 
flicks fo as not to force the cions; and as the ihoots 
proceed to pufh they may be fallened to the flicks alio, 
and fo grow two years, when nature will need no 
farther aftiftance. 

Side-graffixg is done in the hark, much like 
imculaticn, a cion being inferted inftead of a hud : 
bur remember, there muft be a fluent fap fir ft, i. e, 
the bark muft part readily from the wood, before this 
mode of grafting is attempted. The bead oi the ftock 
is Ufit to be cut off, only thinned a little if it be big, 
and the fide ihoots taken awav. The bark of the ftock, 
where the infertion of the cion is to be, muft be cut 
through in the form of the letter T, as wide and as 
long as is fufEcient to receive the cion, cut as be- 
fore ? with a flope face of at kaft an inch long, taking 
6 advantage^ 



88 



OF GRAFTING. 



SECT. VII, 



advantage, if (it may be) of a part of the flock, that 
is a little gibbous. Let the bark of the ffock be 
neatly railed to receive it, but yet no- more than 
neceffary; a little bit of the bark may be fliced off the 
part that is over the crofs cut, to receive the cion the 
better. 

Approach graffing, or inarching, is per- 
formed (in April or May J when the ftock we would 
graff, and the tree we would propagate, grows fo near 
together, as to be brought conveniently into contaft, 
and the nearer the graff and the ftock are of a fize the 
better. This mode of propagation is efteemed the 
Jure/} of all, as it will conjoin branches of trees which 
are fcarcely congenerous in their nature ; and in- truth, 
fome things cannot be fo well propagated any other 
way. It is a method that is, or can be, feldom ufed 
for common fruit trees ; but if any one wimes to try the 
experiment, the Jlock or ftocks muft be planted at leaft 
a year before, firft making the foil good, as it may 
need it, being fo near another tree, for it of courfe muft 
be clofe. 

Plants in pots or tubs being eafily brought together, 
are frequently propagated this way ; fo that inarching 
is ufed much in green-houjes and hot-houfes for various 
things, as oranges, lemons, pomegranates, jaf mines and 
vines fometimes : oranges and lemons thus treated in 
May will be united by Augujl. 

The method of inarching is, bend the beft fituated 
young branch of the tree or Jhrub to be propagated, 
to the ftock to be grafted, and having determined on 
the part at which moft conveniently to fix the Ihoot; 
cut the bark of that part of the fhoot off, with nearly 
half the wood, (not to touch the pith J to the length of 
about three inches for a ftrong-branch, or lefs for a 
weaker. Then cut exa&ly fo much of the bark and 
wood of the ftock off, as will receive the cut part of the ** 
branch, or ihoot, fo as to bring bark and bark in contaft 
in every part \ and if the contrivance of lipping be ufed, 

it 



SECT. VII. 



OF GRAFFING. 



89 



it will fecure them better together. Bind and clay, 
and if in open ground, fix a ftake to tie the work fo that 
the wind may have no power over it ; a tie alfo to a neat 
flick may be proper for thofe inarched in pots, &c. 

As foon as the graff has taken, which will be pro- 
bably in four months, (except in the harder woods,) 
let the head of the flock be fteadily cut off with a keen 
knife, three or four inches above the binding, which 
then removing, bind and clay again, to remain about a 
month. In March following, cut off the branch from 
the parent clofe to the graffing, and alfo the flub of the 
ftock that was left. The head of the ftock is fome- 
times cut off before graffing, in which cafe a floping 
cut half way the thicknefs of the ftock, is to receive 
the cion; but here the graff and the ftock muft be 
both of a fize, or nearly fo. There has been this 
dijlinclion made, to call it inarching when the head is 
cut off, and approach graffing when it is not. Gar- 
deners moftly prefer the former method. 

Budding or inoculation, though here lafl 
mentioned, is the molt confiderable mode of propaga- 
tion, and is a pretty fummer bufinefs. Apricots, peaches, 
and neclarines are always propagated this way, and 
plu?ns and cherries may be. Pears are fometimes 
budded, and apples have been, but the fuccefs is un- 
certain. Not only fruit, but forejl, and ornamental 
trees and fhrubs are inoculated. The branches alfo of 
trees as well as ftems are fometimes budded, which is 
bell done on two years wood, though it may be on both 
younger and older. 

Inoculation begins as foon as good fhoots with good 
eyes, oi the prefent year can be had, (o that the feafon 
may be reckoned from Mid-June to Mid-Auguji ; but 
about Old Midfummer, or rather after, is the ufual and 
bell time for the work : it fhould be done in a morning 
or evening, (the latter rather beft), except the day be 
cloudy, when any part of it will do. 

Apr i cat i 



90 OF GRAF FINGj SECT. Vlf. 

Apricots being firft ready, the budding feafon begins 
with them. The flocks to be ufed are thofe of the plum 
fraifed from ftones or fuckers) when half an inch 
thick, a little under or over, and the operation is to 
take place from four to eight inches from the ground. 

Peaches and neclarines are propagated on the fame 
fort of ftocks ; but if the plum ftock is firft budded with 
an apricot (very low), and when of proper fize budded 
with a peach, and efpecially a nectarine, the advantage 
is reckoned that it takes beft fo, and comes to a better 
bearing, producing an improved fruit, and particularly 
the red Roman nectarine. Apricots may be expected to 
be lefs luxuriant by double -budding, in which cafe the 
firft bud fhould be of the Bruffels fort. 

Plums and cherries may be inoculated on fucker 
ftocks of any kind ; yet if a free growth is required, 
(as tor ftandards,) ftocks raifed from ftones are beft ; 
i. e. plums on plums, and cherries on cherries, though 
they will take upon each other. 

Pears, if for ftandards, fhould be inoculated on pear 
ftocks, and on thofe raifed from feed, rather than 
fuckers, but if for dwarfs, quince flocks may be beft 
ufed, to keep the trees from growing off too faft, and 
fo getting foon too big for their allotted fpace; white 
thorn ftocks are fometimes ufed with the fame view* 
but the fruit gets flony, 

Stocks for budding dwarfs fhould be three years old ; 
but for Jlandards four or more, though fmail ftocks. 
may be budded for ftandards alfo, (as mentioned before) 
if the fhoot proceeding from the bud be trained to a 
fingle ftem, till of fufficient height to be topped in 
order to form a head. Standards ihould be from three 
to feven feet high, before they are topped, according 
to the height they are defired to be of, as half or full 
fized; but dwarfs for training can hardly branch off 
too low, being budded at five or fix inches, or lefs 
from the ground, the fhoot from the bud fnould be 
{hortened fat a year's growth) to five or fix eyes, or 

to.. 



SECT. VII. OF GRAFFING. 9l 

to four that are well placed ; i. e. with a lateral direc- 
tion for the wall. 

Though the longer inoculation is deferred, the riper 
die fhoots will be for furnifhing buds; yet there is this 
advantage in beginning as early as may be, that if the 
budding appears not to have taken, the work may be 
done again before the feafon is out. Or, to injure 
fuccefs, two buds may be inferted in the fame flock, 
(but not in a dire&ion under one another) and it both 
fail this year, the Hocks may do again the next, as the 
heads in grafting by inoculation are not to be cut off 
till the fpring following, becaufe the inferted buds do 
notpufh till then, when they will grow off apace: In 
a very early inoculation, the bud may fhoot the fame 
year ; but it then comes weak, and will hardly endure 
a fevere winter* 

Let the cions to procure buds for inoculation, be 
taken oniy from the outfide branches of healthy and 
Jruitjul trees. If early b idding be attempted, it will 
be proper to cut off fome fpare fhoot, (not fit for the 
purpofe,) to try firft whether the bark will yet readily 
part from the wood. 

Thejeajon being right, and the cions at hand, having 
a fharp narrow bladed knije, and neat tough wet bajs, 
fet about the work adroitly, for the quicker it is done 
the better ; but " make no more hafte than good 
fpeed." Keep the bud, as much as may be, from Jun 
and wind: they muff not be taken from the upper part 
of the cions, as the bark and buds there are too raw. 
If cions, or buds, be brought from any diftance, they 
fhould be conveyed in damp (not wet) mofs, or grafs, 
and never kept above a day and night, but the fooner 
they are ufed the better. 

Before the buds are prepared, get the ftock ready to 
receive them, by taking off lateral fhoots, leaving an 
uncut fingle ftem. At the part fixed on for the inocu- 
lation, (which fhould be fmooth, and rather on the 

north 



§2 



OF GRAFFING. 



SECT. VII* 



north fide) cut the bark through to the wood, in form 
thus, T, the crofs and the down flit being of the length 
neceffary to take in the bad, which may be cut with 
from one to two inches of bark; putting the point of a 
knife (or fome inftrument rather not of iron or fteelj 
in to the top of the down cut of the flock, raife the 
bark all the way to the bottom, fo that it will/'//? re- 
ceive the bud eafily. There are knives made on pur- 
pofe for budding with flat ivory hafts. 

To procure proper buds+^ut your knife in (fuppofe) 
about three fourths of an inch above the eve, and with 
a Hope downwards cut the cion half through, then do it 
at the fame diftance below the eye, and doping it up- 
wards cut up the middle of the wood, till the knife 
meets the upper incifion, fo the eye, or bud,, will be 
dire&ly in the middle. 

The next ftep is r to feparate the wood from the 
bark, which is to be done thus : with your nail, or the 
point of a knife, loofen the bark at the top, and ftrip it 
from the wood ; or rather with a fwan or large goofe 
quill, made in the torm of an apple fcoop, (having a re- 
gular fmooth edge) pufh it down between the bark and 
wood, preffing it againfl the wood. 

Examine the iufide of the bark v and if there is a 
cavity juft behind the eye > or bud* it is good for nothing, 
and another mull be procured ; for the cavity fhews^ 
that the rati of the bud is with the wood, inftead of 
being with the bark. 

The leaf that grows by the eye is to be cut down to 
near its footftpjik, fo as to leave only a little bit of it to 
hold the bud by while inserting it in the flocks 

See that the bark of the ftock is loofened a proper 
length and breadth, and if, when the bud is put in, it 
fhould prove a little too long, cut the fpare part off; 
fo that the top of the bud (being fquared) falls in ftrait 
with the crofs cut of the ftock, Thus fixed, b:na it 
moderately tight in its place with the wet bafs, begin- 
ning at the bottom, and paffing by the bud, go on to 

the 



S^CTe VII. 



OF GRAFF I N G. \ 



the top, or rather above it. Care muft be taken that 
the bud is not hurt, and it is to be left only juft flatting 
out between the bafs : This is the mode ot inoculation 
commonly ufed. 

Some gardeners infift, that it is beft to cut the bark 
of the fteck thus j y , and fo infert the bud by pufhing it 
upward inftead of downward, becaufe by this method it 
fhoots off wet effeclually. 

Others fquaring the bud to an oblong, clap it to the 
place to be inoculated, and fcoring the flock to its fize, 
cut out the b.u*k of the Hock from within the lines, and 
having put the bud to the place, bind it in : but great 
exaclncfs muft in this way be obferved, that the edges of 
the bark do regularly touch. 

Another way, and perhaps as good as any, is this : — 
clap the bud to the ftock, (the bud being firft fquared) 
and rather before it is feparated from the wood, and 
fcore the bark on each fide, and aero fs the top; and 
inftead of fcoring the bark at the bottom, do it a 
quarter of an isch (or rather more) above the bottom 
ends of the fide lines; then take off the bark between 
the lines, and place the bud, by pufhing it down this 
piece of bark, (being firft loofened) which will ferve 
to hold it. Bind clofe, but not over tight. If in this 
method the bud fits exaclly, it is a very fure and neat 
way of inoculating. As the fcoring of the ftock is 
beft done before the barking of the bud, a little allow- 
ance muft be made, as when the bud is feparated from 
its wood, it will fpread a trifle wider. 

If the buds have taken, it will be feen in about three 
weeks, or a month, by their appearing//*^ and plump. 
As often as any fhoots appear below the budding, cut 
them off, and alfo fome of the fhoots above, if there are 
many of them ; for it is not proper that an inoculated 
ftock fhould have a large head. In a month loofen the 
bandage, by taking it off, and putting it on gently 
again, for another month, 

In 



i 



9* 



OF GRAFF I N G. 



SECT. VII, 



In March, cut the head of the ftock off with a keen 
knife, clofe behind the budding, in a fl oping direction; 
fome leave three or four inches of the liock above the 
bud till the following fpring, and it will ferve to tie the 
new (hoot to, in order to keep it to a proper erect di- 
rection. Suffer no fhoots from the ftock, but rub the 
buds off as foon as they appear. It may be of ufe to 
Jhade inoculated buds a few days by a leaf, or a bit of 
paper. 

# 4k £ * # * 



Perfons defigning to graff, are apt to negleft cutting' 
their cions till they get too forward, therefore remem- 
ber to be in time, To do the work well, there mull be 
good tools, &c. and particularly a keen knife. Choofe 
as good a day as can reafonably be expefted, for bad 
weather occafions hurry and embarraiTment ; but. defer 
not too long on account of the weather. In handling 
cions, take care of their eyes, that nothing bruifes them, 
and particularly of the buds ufed for inoculation. 

Some motion of the Jap is proper at the time of all 
grafting, but a. free motion is necelfary for the mode of 
grafting in the bark, and as on the funny fide of the ftock 
it moves freeft, and is the beft afpefl as to weather, 
infertion of o-r^}, though not buds, if it can be avoided, 
fhould be always on a part of the ftock inclining to the 
Weft. Remember to take off, or at leaft to loofen, the 
bandages on grafts, as foon as they have taken, Silver 
(as a fruit knife) is beft to raife the bark with, or any 
thing is preferable to iron. 

Though inoculation may feem the floweft mode of 
propagating fruit-trees, it proves eventually the quicks 
eft ; and is the moft certain way to produce free grow- 
ing treei, with a well covered flock* The infertion of 

a hud 



SECT. VIII. 



OF PLANTING. 



05 



a bud has aifo the advantage of a clon, as a failure does 
not hurt the ftock fo much. Avoid this work in very 
hot, dry weather. 

Many words have been ncceffarily employed in direct- 
ing to the bufinefs of graffing , but let not that circum- 
llance deter ingenuity from letting about the work; or 
a few failures prevent perfeverance, which will at 
length be crowned with fuccefs, and the atchieve- 
ment be a pleafing reward. Make proper marks, or 
memorandums, to be allured hereafter of the forts. 

Lipping, mentioned page 88, is cutting the dope- 
face of the cion fo as to leave a rib down the middle ; 
and then cutting out a notch in the part of the flock 
that is to receive it. 

Double-budding, mentioned page 90, is twice-bud- 
ding, firit the ftock, and then t e moot when it is 
grown big enough, which is in two years. 



SECTION VIII. 



OF PLANTING. 

A S io much depends upon proper planting, every 
attention ought to be paid to it. This bufinefs 
maybe arranged under thef'e feveral heads, 1. The 
choice of plants. 2. The act of planting. 3, The 
foil. 4. The fituation. 5 . The feafon. 

l. As 



96 



OF PLANTING. 



SECT. VIII. 



1. As to the. choice of plants. Trees ought to be 
the bejl of the kind; and therefore no care in raijing 9 
or caution and expence \n pur chafing, fhould be fpared, 
that at lead there may be a fair projpecl of fatisfa&ion. 
To plant, and after waiting a long time, to be difap- 
pointed, is rather a ferious misfortune; efpecially when 
the work is to be begun again late in life. 

Having fome confidence that the fort is right and 
good, the plants muft be feen to, that they art healthy; 
they mould appear found as to any external injury. If 
they are of a fquat, weak, bufhy growth, there can be 
little expectation of their becoming good plants; though 
it may fometimes happen that a tree of poor promife 
will rally. 

Trees graffed on old Jlunted flocks, or that have often 
been removed, or frequently cut down, feldom grow off 
well in any foil, and mould be rejected. Let thofe that 
are purchafedbe feen to, as nurfery?nen often have fucb 
trees, having remained long on hand. 

Good young trees have a fmooth, bright, and ftrait 
appearance, rather of a robuft growth than otherwife; 
though the moft luxuriant are not to be preferred, for 
their wood is raw, and wants that firmnefs which is 
neceflary to fruitfulnefs; they may get off this crude 
ftate in time, but the moderately free-growers are 
belt. 

Young fruit-trees are the beft to plant; tor though 
old ones may fometimes fucceed with good manage- 
ment, yet they are liable to Hunt, and dwindle off; 
whereas the former eftablifh their roots quickly, and 
grow off apace; fo that young trees planted at the 
fame time with old ones, generally overtake them in a 
few years, and are fuperior. 

To have moderate mooting trees for the wall, or 
efpaller, chufe fuch whofe twigs are rather flender, 
provided they are healthy : they will not only be kept 
eafier within co'mpafs, but in general prove more 
fruitful. 

2. The 



SECT. VIII. 



OF PLANTING. 



£. The ACT of planting. Tree3 taken up for 
planting mould be dug carefully, with (as much as pof- 
fible) their full roots. Many a good tree has failed 
merely by being taken up badly, and then planted fo. 
The roots of fruit-trees are often not only mangled, 
and too few, but are alfo pat into the ground without 
any drefling or care. 

The lefs roots are expofed to the mr the better, and 
the fooner trees are planted after being taken up, the 
more likely they are to fucceed well. Trees properly 
packed (i.e. the roots well covered) may live out of 
ground ten days or a fortnight, in autumn, or early in 
the fpring; but nothing except mcejjity will juftify the 
keeping a tree out of ground a day longer than can be 
heiped, for the fine roots dry off apace. 

If it be determined for any length of time before hand, 
when and where to plant, the opening the ground, and 
expofing the holes to the fun and air, (and if it may be 
to frofi alfo) will both correft crudities in the foil, and 
enrich it from the various flares of the atmofphere ; 
this opening mould be as wide and deep as convenient, 
that the benefits of the air may be extended. 

Some people do the w$rk of planting very idly, as if 
it were fufficient to fee that a tree has a root, and that 
it was only neceffary to hide it in the ground. Every 
one who plants trees fliould ftand by himfelf, or have 
fome truity perlbn to fee the work done, or the necef- 
fary labour may not be bellowed. It is frequently the 
way (for inftance) to dig a hole m bigger than will 
receive the roots of a tree twilled and forced in ; but 
being thus cramped, and the veffels of their roots dif- 
torted and broke, it cannot ba expefted that fuch itnna* 
rural treatment fhould anfwer* 

But the above vkknce is not ail j, the roots are con- 
fined as in a prifon, (in a tub or a Won) which, if the 
foil is itrong, detains wet, and chilla and -cankers, if 
not rots the fibres, To plant wallj the rmn a! a tree 
iiould have liberty to ftrike out freely every way, 



93 



Or PL AK TING. 



SECT. VIII, 



the ground well brake for their eafy progrefs. Let the 
hole for a tree be loofened about two feet deep, and as 
wide as will be much more than fufficient to receive 
the roots in their full fpread as they grow, with little or 
no direction give:: contrary to the original one. 

Wheq the tree is to be planted, take out the earth a 
little lower than neceffary tor the roots, at the depth 
the tree is defigned to (land ; then dig the bottom to the 
full fpade's depth. Trim any dead or damaged part of 
the root clean off; thin it of the finer fibres where 
withered, or matted thick, 5 and the more, according to 
the time the tree has been out of the ground, for the 
fine, //dead, ought not to be on. Trees moved onlv 
from one pan of the garden to another, need 'have but 
few fibres cut off, but fimt amputations are neceffary 
to help the fooher to new roots, which (hortening al- 
ways forces out. If the root has a tap, (or downright 
fpur) it mould be cut to the general level of the other 
roots, and never be left longer than a foot from the 
higheft part of the root.. Thofe great roots that lay 
aukward, or crollmg. mould be judicioufly rectified 
with a [harp knife; be cautious, however, of taking 
off much, for the head will produce itronger 
branches in proportion to the goodnefs of the root. 
Though it be little practiced, it may be very well to 
apply ibme mixture, as of rofin and bees wax, to large 
amputations ; Bow dung may do. 

The head of a tree mould be fomewhat conformed 
to the root. Some reduction of the head may take 
place at the time of planting : yet not all that may be 
thought neceffary mould be taken off at firff: but let 
alone till the fap ftirs at fpring, and then care fhould 
be taken to proportion the head to the root • and not 
leave on a tree too many buds, far a few ftout branches 
are preferable to many weak Dnes. This is the or- 
dinal-}' practice with refpecl: to wall trees, and why 
not of all others? See articles, Orchard and Pruning, 
Sect, Q and IS, 

The 



SECT. VIII. 



CF PLANTING, 



99 



The hole being made as directed, form a little hillock 
in the middle of it to lay the roots on and round ; clap 
the tree upon it, and having thrown on a little good and 
well-broke mould, give the tree a gentle fhakmg lift, 
which will let the earth in clofe among the roots, and 
bring the tree up towards its proper height ; by not 
doing this, the roots are fometimes turned up at the 
ends, inftead of laying rather downwards: Set the 
tree high enough to allow for a fettling of the earth, in 
proportion to the depth it was loofened. Young trees, 
however, fhould have their roots nearly upon a level, 
and fo mufi have their ends raifed with the hand, if 
they are fufpe&ed to be too much depreffed. The 
mould fhould be thrown on gently, a little at a time; 
and it fome that is finer and richer than the reft be put 
about the roots, juft to cover them, it would well an- 
fwer the trouble, helping the tree to ftrike frefh roots, 
and grow off the falter. 

Trample the mould gently about the roots, beginning 
at the outfide of the hole, and fo towards the Hera, 
Finally, leave the ground a little hollow on the top, %m 
receive runs or waterings. 

As to depth, trees in a light dry foil may have the 
top of their roots fettled at about five or fix inches be- 
low the furface, and in a Jlrong foil about three inches ; 
or it may be a general rule to plant a tree no deeper 
than it was before : for trees planted too deep never do 
well. Always keep the roots of a tree above a heavy 
clay, for the making trenches in it will not anfwer, and 
an unhealthy tree may be looked for* See next article 
SoiL If the good foil is thin, the roots fhould be almoft 
planted in fight, raifing the earth about them. Take 
care to protect the roots of all, but efpecially of high fet 
trees, from froft the firft winter, and drought the furft 
iirmmer. This covering of new planted trees about 
their roots from extremes of weather, maybe either 
with good {olid turfy Utter with times on it, or fimds 
alone, which by their weight help to hold the tree fafh 
- F g Litter 



100 



OF PLANTING. 



SECT. VIII. 



Litter fhouldbe laid near a yard round, and five or fix 
inches thick, to keep -off fevere weather. Where plenty 
of mofs is to be had, it is a neat material to lay about 
xoots to keep them from drought. If litter alone i-s laid 
about trees, (particularly againft an old wall) mice are 
apt to harbour in it, and bark them : where fuch cover- 
ing rs ufed for winter, move it early in the fpring, and 
fupply the place with turf, which will be proper to con- 
tinue all fummer. 

Watering is to take place if trees are planted early in 
-autumn, which fettles the mould about the roots, but 
let them not be fodden with it. Laic in fpring water 
will be fafely and necefTarily applied, and muft be re- 
peated alfo if dry weather ; but yet with caution, for 
many new planted trees have been injured (if not killed) 
by keeping the roots wet. Late planted trees fhould 
be occasionally watered throughout the fummer : thofe 
planted in winter need none., if the fpring be not very 
<iry. 

In planting watt trees, (the "budded part outwards) 
try in the hole which way they will belt Hand againlt 
the wall ; and if they have a head defigned to remain for 
training, place it carefully for the branches to be laid to ; 
but keep the tree as far from the wall as may be, (fup- 
pofe eight inches) that the roots may have the more 
room to ftrike behind ; cut off, or fhorten much, ail 
roots whofe direttion is ftraight towards the wall. Nail 
the tree to it, that wind may not difturb the roots* 

In planting Jlandards, it will be proper to fix a Jiake 
near the ftem to fallen the tree, in order to prevent the 
roots being difturbed by wind, which prevents their 
ftrikitig out new fibres ; rockingabout opens the ground 
alfo about the ftem s and admits frolt, by. which a tree 
is foraetimes loft, or fucceeds badly* This flaking is 
beft done while the holes are open, and the roots of 
the ires feen, as by driving a flake in afterwards, it 
might damage fome' principal root, and the hurting si 
root is to be avoided as much as bruifmg a branch. 

Take 



SECT. vnr. 



OF PLANTING- 



Take care to fix the flake firmly, and to tie the tree fo 
with a hayband, that it may not eafily get galled. 
Twill the band elofe round the tree firft, and then round 
the Itake and tree. 

In late fpring planting it will be found- of goodufe to 
make a mixture (in a barrow) of frejh caw dung and 
fine mould, half and halt, to put about the roots, which 
will greatly help to keep- them cool, and plentifully to 
nourilh them. In default of cow-dung, a puddle of 
fine fifted mould and water will do. Or, if the foil is 
light, mix half mud from a pond -or ditch, 

Circumftances may occur to mdke Jummer planting 
defirable, if it could be fately done. It is certain that 
roots quickly ftrike in fummer, and if the head of the 
tree is a little reduced, and fome {hading, contrived for a 
while, even wall trees may be then planted with cow- 
dung. But the greatejl point in this bufinefs is, that 
the tree be not out of the ground fo long as to dry the 
roots ; by fome means they {hould be kept cool, and if 
dried, put into pond water a few hours before plantings 
Trees thus planted will not need watering for a long 
time, and mult not have it, for over mo ill u re might rot 
the delicate new fibres. 

3. The soil for planting fruit trees fhould be good, 
or nothing pleafing can be expe&ed : It {hould be 
fweet and nourishing ; and therefore if not naturally fo, 
it is to be improved by art and labour. Tillage or 
breaking up a foil, to expofe it to the atmofphere, is of 
much benefit. See article Soil, in the Formation of a 
Garden, Seel. 5. 

If nothing more can be done at the prefent, at lea ft 
make the ground fairly good where the tree is to be. 
fet. Two or three barrows of freft earth, if of a good 
quality, is far preferable to- dung ; but if the foil really 
needs manure, let it be well incorporated by the fpade; 
and work fome rotten dung in deep, below the roots,, 
which will be properly coniumed before the new roots 
reach it ; much rauft not be ufed- 

F * la 



102 



OF PLANTING. 



S£CT. VIII, 



In the cafe of only making the foil good for the pre* 
fent % the firft opportunity, (or at leaft before the roots 
fpread far) fhould be taken to extend the benefit as far 
as may be, even to feveral yards round, and let this 
work be done deep enough, or as low as the part 
made good for firft planting, i. e. two feet, or as near 
trpon it as the cafe will allow. In a few years this at- 
tention fhould be extended (in bad foils) to where it may 
bethought poffible for the roots to have reached. For 
•want of this, a tree fometimes fails when juft come to 
its lull fize and principal time for bearing. When 
roots reach a weak, ill-conditioned, poifonous foil, the 
tree mujl fail ; and it fhould be remembered, that the 
extreme branches of the root are what chiefly nourifh a 
plant, and not thofe about the ftem. 

Fruit trees (though they like a rather ftrong foil) 
"will not profper, or hardly grow, im cold clay; but 
in a foil that is tolerable above, they may be planted, 
by improving, or raifmg this, as the cafe may require, 
and cautioufiy avoiding going into the clav. Some 
perfons have laid flat itones, or tiles, below the root to 
aconfiderable diftance, which perhaps may anfwer ; but 
it feems advifable only to do it about a foot fquare, (or a 
little more) as this may give the roots a definable hori- 
zontal direction. It has been recommended to do this 
in all kinds of foil, in order to infure a more fuperficial 
fpread, than without fuch contrivance could be expefted. 
If the foil be good, (at the fame time ftrong) above any 
bad foil, and the roots take to run towards the furiace, 
it is furprifing how trees will thus profper. 

When planting takes place fuperficially, let a hillock 
of earth be laid round the roots, and the tree fecured by 
a flake for two or three years to hold it Heady ; and 
keep turf 'or mofs about the root till the tree is well 
eftablifhed. The hill may be from fix inches to half a 
yard high ; in the latter cafe, lowering it a few inches 
every year in autumn till within fix of the root. 



la 



3 E CTj VIII. OF PLANTING. 



10$ 



In a foil that trees are found to canker m T and get 
otherwife difeafecl, it is of no ufe (generally fpeaking) 
to •wait their getting better ;. but if there is any fpot of 
a more promifing quality, thofe that are not too old and 
far gone may be removed there, and perhaps recover; 
but let the root be examined, well as the head, to cut 
out any difeafed part. If the fhoots fhould be weak the 
firft year, prune down clofe the fecond* and flrong 
wood may poiTibly follow. 

With refpeft to the foil that fuits every •particular 
kind of tree, there is fome variety of opinions. Gene- 
rally fpeaking, a true loam fuits every thing. See 
Formation of a Garden, Seft. 3. 

The following particulars feem to have a pretty 
common confent. Vines love a rich dry foil, gravelly 
or fandy, if it does not bind. Figs like much the fame 
foil, though they need not fo rich a one: allies are good 
in the foil for figs. Apricots flourifh in a light loam; 
but peaches and neclarines fhould have a fomewhat 
flrong loam, and the latter needs the warmer or richer 
foil of the two. Pears like a flrong but dry foil; apples 
a flrong and a cool one, if it is not wet. Cherries \ 
plums, walnuts, and mulberries, prefer a dry, fandy t 
gravelly, or light foil, though they will grow in a 
ftronger ; plums do very well in a moift foil, and pro- 
duce the larger fruit in it, but the flavour is inferior. 
Quinces flourifh moll in a rich and moift foil, as by a 
brook or river's fide, or where a rich wafh from finks, 
or dunghills, runs occafionally about their roots : in a 
dry foil their fruit is fmall, though higher flavoured : It. 
is an univerfal rule, that fruits are forwarder and more 
grateful in dry foils, but of lefs fize. 

Though the vine be planted in a right foil, yet it 
will require to be fed and enlivened with fome fpiri- 
tous manure, either in autumn or fpring. For this 
purpofe water impregnated with foe eft s dung and frefh 
urine has been ufed. The top fdil being removed, 
hullocksy or which is beft, hogs bloody is fometimes 
F 4* applied; 



104. 



OF PLANTING. 



SECT. VIII, 



applied; or it may be let in by making holes with a 
fmooth fharp-pointed flake, not too near the Hem, A 
little jheep's dung, or that of poultry, dug in regularly 
every autumn, is a good, neat, ftanding rule. 

4. The situation propereft lor planting any 
particular kind of tree is. to be confidered; for fome 
like a low, fome a high, fome a moifl, fome a dry fitua- 
tion ; but it is fpoken here chiefly of fruit trees. Par- 
ticularly obferve that pears grafted on quince flocks, 
jnuft have amoift foil, or they will not do well. 

The general fituation of a country will in a meafurc 
rule; for though England be but an ifland it has many 
climates in it, and certain plants will do better in one 
place than another, (even w T ithin the fpace of a few 
miles) as to effefts from weather. The difference 
between hill and valley in the fame place, is fomething, 
fo that in the latter the tender bloffoms of trees (hall 
efcape, when in the former, unkind winds fhall cut 
them off: — not that valleys are always fafe, for they 
have fometimes definitive blafls from mifts. 

Peas fown to fland the winter, in a garden on a hill, 
and in another only a hundred yards below, in a vale, 
the former expofed, and the latter well fheltered, will 
demonllrate \^\\?X fituation will do; for the peas below 
will live when the others are cut off, and perhaps come 
in a week earlier, when both furvive the winter unin- 
jured. 

In very expofed places, efpecially northwards, little 
fruit can be expeflied from the more delicate wall trees; 
it is prudent therefore to avoid planting in cold places 
the tenderejl, or the earlieft, or the lateft forts. The 
difference of latitude between Middlefex and Northa?np- 
ton/hire makes commonly a fortnight in the coming in 
ef many things; fo that, generally fpeaking, what is 
called an Oclober peach, is oi little worth in the latter 
county, though in the former it may do well : Without 
plenty of walling for experiment, therefore, do not plant 
late fruit far northwards of London* 

The 



SECT. VI.II.* 



OF PLANTING* 



10S 



The farther north, however, is not a certain rule 
for the produ&ions of the garden being proportionally 
later; for in fome parts of Yorkfnre they produce ve- 
getables and fruits,- nearly a* early as about London. 
This has been afcribed to fubterraneous heat from coal 
beds, or minerals,, afting as natural 1 hot-beds; but it 
may be attributed duply to a rich, warm, and deep foil, 
having gravel below it, efpecially when in a valley 
fheltered by wind* on the cold fide. 

With regard to filiation, we fhould confider the: 
garden itfelf. and not plant choice fruits in a cold or 
lhaded part of it : the afpecl muft be good for them as- 
well as the foiL From an error of this fort, Vines liave 
frequently, been planted and pruned for years, produc- 
ing nothings but wood and leaves. 

Figs and vines, nectarines and peaches, (as natives of 
hot climates] fhould have a full fun here, or little fruit 
can be expected from them ; and Apricots ought to have 
a good fhare of it, though they do very well (in fome 
places) againfl an eaji wall, and perhaps againft a weft. 
An cafl afpecfc is not fo fafeas- & faith one, as to the 
embryo fruit at the time ot blolfoming, nor does it 
bring the apricots fo forward; but the fruit i» com- 
monly better : it has the earlieft fun all the morning, 
and the benefit of a gentle warmth afterwards, by the 
wall, (the fun fhining hot on the other fide) if the tree 
is nailed properly clofe. See Formation of a Garden^. 
articles Situation and Afpecl. 

From what has been faid on filiation, the young; 
gardener, will be led to make fome difcrimination in 
planting, and not hope to fucceed when working againft 
nature. It his garden is fmall, let him contract his 
defires, and proceed upon fare grounds : but if large,, 
experiments and rifks are not of much coiifequence* 
Favourable and unfavourable feafons make a great 
difference ; but hope fhould have a foundation, and we 
cannot expeft a profperous end* without the ufe of pro- 
bable means,. 

F5 5. The- 



106 



OF PLANTING. 



SECT. VIII. 



5. The SEASON for planting is a matter of confe- 
quence, though fome perfons are apt to neglect it, who 
ihould, and do, know better. The proper rule is, to 
plant as early in the feafon as can be; fo that if the 
ground is ready, trees had belt be put in when the leaves 
begin to fall, i. e. in October ; yet fome good planters 
have recommended even an earlier time than this; and 
fcruple not to plant all the latter half of Sepetember % 
though the leaves be full on. Some trees will form 
fresh roots in the winter ; and thofe which do not, yet 
get fo united with the earth, and prepared for ftarting 
in the fpring, that they are ready to anfwer a fupply of 
juices much more freely than when late planted; and 
confequently the new {hoots viuji be ftronger. Let 
nothing but necefhty put ofT planting in autumn, ex- 
cept indeed the foil be a cold one, and then the work 
done early in fpring is proper. 

The feafon for planting in a dry foil may be all winter 
for deciduous trees, i. e. thofe that lofe their leaves; 
but all evergreens, (except the Scotch fir, which may be 
planted at any time) mould be moved early in autumn, 
or late in fpring, and rather the latter, as they are fome- 
what uncertain in taking kindly to the ground, efpeci- 
ally if the weather is unfavourable at the time of plant- 
ing. The oak and larch (though deciduous) are re- 
moved fafeft in the fpring. In fpring-planting give a 
found watering at the time, and if late in the fpring, 
repeat it once a week or ten days, in dry weather. 

Let even the meanefl trees and fhrubs, as currants, 
geojeberries and rafpberries, have the like attention paid 
to them as to their fuperiors ; for their fruit will prove 
the finer, and the argument is cogent for an Oclober 
planting of thefe, as they are expecled to bear the next 
ieafon. Let them be taken up, and planted with care ; 
tor the he/l way of doing every thing ought to be the 
rule of praftice inallxafes, and a gardener ihould follow 
it above all perfons. 

SECT, 



SECT. IX. OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 107 



SECTION IX. 



OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 

WE are indebted to shrubs for iriuch of the. 
pleafure we enjoy in our gardens and planta- 
tions, and they juftly merit every care, though they 
produce us no (or few) edible fruits. They aflift in 
forming an agreeable fhade, they afford a great variety 
of flowers with leaves differently tinged, and are ftand- 
ard ornaments that give us no great trouble. 

Of fhrubs too little care (however) in general is 
taken to plant them properly, or even to choofe good 
plants for the purpofe; and hence they often fail to 
llourifh, and are mortifying us with a dwindling growth, 
and unhealthy appearance, when they mould have be- 
come objects of admiration. 

Many fhrubs are raifed horn' fuckers, others from 
layers, fome from cuttings, and mpft may be propa- 
gated from feeds, which, though the floweft method, 
generally produces the finefl plants. Before they are 
planted out for ornaments, they fhould be trained two or 
three years in a nurfery, to be formed into a full and 
regular fliaped head. 

Though deciduous fhrubs may be planted almoft at 
any time, yet October is much the beft month, efpecially 
if amoift feafon ; the exception being made as to a cold 
wet foil, in which all forts of planting (as obferved 
before) is befl done in fpring. 

Evergreen fhrubs muft be cautioufly planted and 
fhould not be ventured upon in winter, and even in 
F 6 autumn 



108 OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. SECT, IX. 



autumn and fpring ought not to be meddled with in 
harfh weather: drying winds are apt prefently to in- 
jure their roots. It is a good rule, let the weather 
be what it will, and the forts what they may, to expofe 
the roots to the air no longer than can be helped ; ever- 
greens fhould therefore be immediately planted after 
they are taken up, and their roots alfo very carefully 
preferved whole. And if the fhrubs are fmall, and it 
can be, let them be removed with balls of earth to 
them, trimming off projefting ends. 

As jhrubberies, clumps, &c. are often made on poor 
or indifferent ground, the foil fhould be previoufly 
cleared, well dug, and trenched, and that as long before 
planting as may be. For fpring planting, this prepara- 
tion work ought to be done in autumn or in winter, that 
the foil may have the benefit of frofts, and other helps 
from the atmofphere, which is a circumftance of much 
confequence in the cafe. 

Tillage not only faves manure, but is fuperior to it, 
where time can be allowed exhaufted ground. In 
planting Jhrubs and trees, it is defirable to do without 
dung, as much as poffible; and therefore a little foot, 
or turf-ajhes, &c. fprinkled over the ridges of trenched 
ground, is good ; and if the trenches were turned over 
once a month, the advantage in fuccefs would be fully 
anfwerable to the trouble. 

As fpring is, on the whole, rather the fitteft time 
for moving evergreen fhrubs, and as the deciduous forts 
do then alfo very well, Jhrubberries and clumps will 
properly enough be the work of March i , a little earlier 
or later, according to the foil and feafon. Light fandy 
foils fliould always be planted in good time, and any 
fair weather that appears fettled, fliould not be neg~ 
lefted : the beginning of April, however, is by fome 
Teckoned the bed feafon for planting fhrubs. A good 
n.edium way is to plant the deciduous forts the begin- 
ning of March; and, leaving places for the evergreen 
kinds, plant them the end of March or the beginning 



SECT. IK. OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, Sec. lOf 

of -April But it were Hill a better way (if the ground 
is in order) to plant deciduous fhrubs in autumn, and the 
evergreen foils in fpring. 

If autumn be the feafon fixed for planting, it will be 
proper, before the froft comes in, to cover the roots 
of fhrubs, and efpecially of evergreens, with litter, and 
indeed at fpring it mould be fo; for neither froji nor 
drought mould be fuffered to affeft new planted trees, 
or fhrubs. Let the outfide plants of a new fhrubbery, 
towards the fun, be covered about the roots all fum- 
mer: Turf will be neateft. 

What has been faid of the^ (or method) of planting 
fruit trees, fhould be obferved of Jhrubs. In drefling 
the roots of flirubs, fhorten them moderately, prune 
the heads fo as to form them handfomely. Settle the 
ground to the roots by watering, and leave a little 
hollow round about them for future watering, if the 
lieafon fltould require it. Let the taller plants be tied 
to flakes, as the wind is apt to diilurb them, and hinder 
their fpeedy rooting. 

The proper difpeftion of fhrubs, where there are 
many to be planted, ihould be confidered in feveral 
particulars; for the beauty and profperity of a plan* 
tation depends greatly upon it. 

The dijiances muft be according to the fize they 
ufually attain. Some grow off flow at firft, but after- 
wards get large; but flilj thefe fhould be rather con- 
fidered in a middling way, otherwife the ground will 
be a long time naked. Some forts will require not 
more than a three feet diftance, others four, five or fix; 
but as they are fmall, when planted, and perhaps much 
of a fize, the future height and fpread are frequently not 
confidered. See Se£t. 19. 

The Jituation, to accommodate them as well as may 
be* according to their tender or hardy nature, fhould 
be attended to ; not to plant evergreen fhrubs, or the 
more delicate deciduous forts, on the outfide towards 
the N* or N* E, and as there may be an irregularity in 

the 



110 OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. SECT. IX. 



the ground, the lower parts and deeper foil will be more 
fuitable to fbme, and the higher and fhalicwer may do 
very well for others. 

Tender fhrubs fhould not only be fheltered for 
protection, but be planted in a dry fpot open to the fun: 
Some things will live abroad in a dry and poor foil, 
that would feldom furvive a winter in a rich and moift 
one. The more towering forts muft be placed behind, 
and the lefs fo before them, gradually declining to the 
low growing ones, in a fort of theatrical order : This 
is necefTary in a fhrubbery, and indeed all plantations, 
but more fo in the difpofition of plants in dumps, keep- 
ing the center high, and falling gradually towards the 
edge. Thus the Items, and naked parts of the higher 
plants are hid by thofe before them, and the whole 
appears to the eye a full fcene of verdure. 

The feafon of fhrubs flowering and leafing is a 
material point to provide for, by a proper di-ftribution, 
that there may be a fprinkling of decoration every 
month, in every part. And in this bufinefs, an equally 
difperfed mixture of the evergreen, and deciduous forts, 
is necefTary to be obferved. See Seel. 19. 

As to the proportion of this mixture, it will depend 
upon tafle, and the opportunity of procuring the one 
fort, or the other; but the circumftance may direct (in 
a meafure) whether the plantation of fhrubs be about 
the houfe, or at a diftance from it. In the former cafe, 
more evergreens fhould be made ufe of, as in fight in 
w r inter: generally fpeaking, perhaps, one evergreen, 
and two deciduous fhrubs, or one and three may form 
an agreeable fhrubbery at all times. 

A regularity in planting fhrubs is not necefTary as to 
lines, but is rather to be avoided, except juft in the 
front, where there fhould always be fome low ones, 
and a border {oxfiovjers, chiefly of thefpring, as fum- 
mer ones are apt to be drawn up weak, if the fhrubbery 
walks are not very wide. The flowers fhould be of 
the lowefl growth, and rather bulbous rooted. To- 
6 wards 



SECT. IX. OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, 8cC. Ill 



wards the edge may be planted aconites, f now -drops ^ 
crocuffes, primrafeSi violets, polyanthufes, hepaticas, wood 
anemonies, daffodils, cowjlips, &c. In open fhrubberies 
an edging of Jlrawberries is proper, and the hautboy 
preferable, on account of its fuperior Chow when in 
flower; but in thefe fituations the wood ftrawberry is 
more commonly planted, as it will produce fruit with 
lefs fun and air than any other fort. 

The management of a plantation of fhrubs comes next 
to be confidered. It mould be kept clean, or much of 
its beauty is loft. Let it be frequently hoed and raked, 
to give it afrefh appearance, and prevent the growth of 
mofs, which fp reads apace from the ground up the Hems 
of plants, and thus injures them much. The ufual 
time for pruning and digging about fhrubs is Spring; 
but autumn (and early in it J is better, if the plants are 
well eftabliihed in the ground, and efpecially when old 
and full of roots. The pruning mould not be late, 
(October bell) as feme forts are apt to lie down; thefe, 
however, might be left to fpring, or only fhortened in 
pare : They mould conftantly be kept free from fuckers 
and luxuriant wood. See pruning of fhrubs. An autumn 
drefling is particularly to be recommended as letfening 
the work of fpring, the hurry of which feafon fome- 
times occafions inrubberies to be neglefted too long, 
and to be but partially attended to. 

The fuckers, or young pla?its, found in digging and 
dreffing about fhrubs, are often left carelefsly on the 
ground, but if likely to be wanted, ought to have their 
roots buried as foon as poffible : Why mould they be 
fuffered to wither, becaufe they may recover? 

For hedges about a plantation, (i. e. for the divijions 
of it) the laurel, yew, and holly, are the principal ever- 
greens; the former as a lofty and open fence, the fecond 
as clofe and moderate in height, and to be cut to any- 
thing, the laft as trainable by judicious pruning to an 
impregnable and beautiful fence. Deciduous divifions 
are belt made with the fmall leaved elm, or the hop 

hornbeam, 



tl* OF FOREST TREES. SECT. X. 

v 

hornbeam, as they are Unfile, and of a peculiar neat 
foliage to the very bottom,. If. a lofty hedge is wanted, 
the beech makes a good one,. 

Old walls and pales- are feme what unfightly,. and if 
covered with plants> are rendered agreeable. The ever- 
greens to be recommended for hiding them^ are the 
laurel,, phyllyrea^ alaternus, pyracantha, yew, box, and 
laurujiinus ; but if the afpeft of the wall beiV. let them 
be planted late in fpring.. Ivy,, b&x-thom, and other 
climbing fhrubs, anfwer the purpofe :. the white and 
yellow flriped Ivy are beautitul.. If a mere Jammer 
covering be defired,.and the wall is* high,, hornbeam^ 
(rather the hop) and witch elm, do very well when 
planted clofe : lilacs, or even black currants, aifo may 
do,, and will foon come to a cover : Bat whatever is- 
planted for the purpofe, let it be kept regularly trim- 
med, and trained clofe as may be to the wall. Thegable 
end of a building may be covered with a pear-tree, ox a 
vine, for though the vine fhould not bear, it will anfwer 
its prime &nd s and looks wjellwhen in fullleaf* 



section x* 



OF FOR E; S T TREE St 

PLANTING of fmjt trees,, in fome extent or 
other, may be an obje& with fome young gar- 
deners; and thofe who have a tafte this way, and 
ground to exereife it on, will amufe themfelves in a 

very 



SECT. X. OF FOREST TREES. 2lS 



very refpeSfabk manner by fo doing;. Let the work be 
fet about with all fpeed and refolution ; {ox every year 
loft to planting is to be lamented, both in a public and 
private view. 

What if forejl trees produce nothing for the table, 
or no immediate profit, they afford, in their raifing, 
planting, and nurfing, prefent entertainment of a very 
grateful kind : they may ever after be viewed as objeftf 
of fatisfa&ion, m&pofterity will have reafon to praife 
the work, and the planter. 

Plantations of foreft trees do very much ornament a 
country, and there are fome grounds peculiarly fituated 
to become obje&s of delight in this refpeft, which 
could not be better employed. A place without trees 
being deftitute of one of the molt ufeful materials for 
buildings, utenfils, &c. is in tnjth to^be lamented as 
unfurnifhed and forlorn. The demand for wsod is 
perpetual, and the confumption is great : and therefore 
a provifion for generations to come, by planting of 
forefl trees, mull afford the fincereft (becaufe mod difin- 
terefted) gratifications of pleafure to the mind. 

Though every one has not ground to form plantations 
of any confiderable extent, yet if it were only a fingle 
tree here and there, i. e. to do what little might be 
in this way, it would fhew a worthy fpirit, and make 
a man an honourable benefaftor to fociety. Corners of 
fields might have little clumps conveniently planted, 
without much expence of fencing. A few trees might 
be planted in, or rather juft without, hedge rows ; but 
thefe (hould be chiefly oaks. It is a practice with fome, 
to plant trees in hedges when firft made ; but they are 
commonly too fm&Jl, and fo the quick choaks them, 
and they never thrivfe. 

But the planting 6$ forejl trees is profitahle as welt 
as pleafing and refpe£t&ble; and a young planter may 
live to reap much reward from his labour*. or he may- 
leave a valuable inheritance to his children,. " The 

plantation 



114 OF FOREST TREES* SECT. X # 

plantation and care of timber is like buying the rever- 
fion of an eiiate — for a little money expended, we be- 
come heirs to great fums. — In countries fcarce of 
firing, and where poles and rails are wanted, under- 
wood will pay the proprietor triple more value than the 
bell fields of corn, and the oaks among it remain a 
great eftate to fucceeding generations." Poor land, 
that does not anfwer for earn,, would be profitably 
cultivated in wood? but fuch ground mould be /own, 
rather than planted. Wet places may be advantageoufly 
planted with the amphibious tribe, as willow, fallozv, 
withy, ofier, &c. 

For thofe who may be difpofed to plant forcjl trees* 
the following directions are offered: — The manual 
work proper to this bufmefs, may be gathered from 
what has been already faid on planting fruit trees and 
'Jhrubs ; and though plantations of for eft trees need not 
be fo nicely attended to as fruit trees, yet the better the 
work is performed, the fairer is the profpefl in growing 
good timber: a check by an error at firft planting is a 
lofs of time, and a damage done to trees which is 
fometimes never recovered. To give an inftance : — the 
mould is often thrown on the roots of a foreft tree in 
lumps, when if a little ftfted earth were ufed, fo as juft 
to cover them with fine mould, the trouble would be 
amply repaid by the quick ftriking, and future ftrength 
of the tree. 

Ground deftgned for planting mould be prepared as 
long as it can beforehand,, by the ufe of the plough or 
fpade; and if fome fort of previous cultivation, either 
in corn or vegetables, were adopted, the foil- would be 
better fitted to receive the trees. At any rate, the 
places where the trees are to be fet, fhould be pre- 
viously dug fomewhat deep, and cleared of rubbifli, 
perennial weeds, twitch, &c* If wet, let it be properly 
drained, for none but aquatics can do well in a cold 
and very moift foil. 

. In 



SECT. X. OF FOREST TREES, i!5 

In open planting for timber, to make only the holes 
good where the trees are fet, is fufficient, if the foil is 
not ftrong, (which generally fpeaking however _ it 
fliould be,) and in fuch plantations the plough being 
ufed for corn, or fome fort of crop to be carried on 7 , 
the whole foil will be prepared for the trees' roots to 
fpread. A plantation of this fort may be conftantly 
under the plough, till the trees {hade too much, and 
then it may be fown down for grafs, which laying 
warm, and coming early, would be found ufeful. The 
opportunity given to improve a foil by this cultivation, 
would infure very fine timber. 

But a -plantation of trees being made (as fuppofe of 
oaks J at due diftances, and the ground ploughed tor two 
or three years, while they got a little a-head, then it 
might be foivn profitably, with nuts, keys and feeds for 
underwood, observing to thin the plants the fecond year, 
and again the third, till two or three feet afunder ifi 
poor ground, and to three or four feet diftance if rich. 
In fourteen or fifteen years, (or much fooner for fome 
purpofes), the a/b poles, &c. will be fine, and meet with 
a ready fale as ufeful fluff: Afterwards the underwood 
will be fit to cut, in a ftrong ftate, every eleven or 
twelve years. In the management of underwood, 
fome have thinned the plants while young, to three 
feet afunder, and cut them down at three years, to 
about fix inches, in order to form /loots, which in about 
ten years are cut, having produced feveral flems from 
each. Some perfons have cut feedling trees down at 
this age to three inches for timber, leaving only one 
ftrong (hoot to grow from each ftool; and thus finer 
trees are frequently (or rather certainly) produced, 
than from feedlings not cut down. 

The diftances of the timber plants, may be from 
twenty-five to thirty-five feet, according to the foil, 
or Qpinion of the planter. If no view to underwood, the 
above open planting may he made clofe, by fetting firft 
the principals (which fhould be fine plants) and then 

filling 



116 OF FOREST TREES. SECT. X. 

filling up with others that are worfe, to within about 
eight or nine feet of one another. They will at this- 
diftance come to fair timber, or may be thinned at 
pleafure; and even among thefe, a final! crop of un- 
derwood might be had w T hich would fhelter the timber 
plants, and help to draw them up ftrait.. 

As to little plantations, of thickets, coppices, clumps y 
and rows of trees, they are to be fet clofe according to 
their nature, and the particular view the planter has, 
who will take care to confider the ufual jfize they 
attain, and their mode of growth.. An advantage at 
home for made or fhelter,. and a more diftant objeft 
of fight, will make a difference- For fome immediate 
advantage, very clofe planting may take place, but 
good trees cannot be thus expected; yet if thinned in 
time, a ftrait tall ftem is thus procured, which after- 
wards is of great advantage, 

JFor little duwp&i or grwpei of foreft trees, (as elms) 
there may be planted three or four in a fpot, within 
five or fix feet of one another ; and thus be eafily 
fenced : having the air freely all round, and a good 
foil, filch clumps produce fine timber. 

Single trees of every fort, grow off apace, and are 
more beautiful than when in the neighbourhood of 
others, and particularly firs, pines, larches, limes,, 
walnuts and chef nuts: the edible fruited chefnut is- only 
good for timber; but the horfe is very ornamental, 
flourifliing however only on high dry ground. As to , 
rows of trees, whether fingle or double, when planted 
for afcreen, they may be fet about feven or eight feet 
afunder, upon an average, according to their nature, 
taking care to prune them occafionally, from too gall- 
ing an interference. 

Avenues are now feldom planted^ but when they 
are, two good rows of elms,, limes, chefnufs, &c. fhould 
be fet at the width of thehoufe, at full thirty feet diftance 
in the rows : to thicken which, intermediate plants 
way be fet; and alfo. art inner. row, to be removed 

when 



SECT. X. 



3F FOREST TREES. 



117 



AN'hen the principal trees are full grown. Avenues to 
profpefils, mould be fifty or fixty feet wide. 

The beft feafon for planting the deciduous kinds of 
foreft trees, is the latter end of Oclober, and evergreen 
forts, the latter end of March; though the foil, whe- 
ther -light and dry, or heavy and wet, fhould fome- 
what direct; evergreen trees being to be planted gene- 
rally with fafety, early in autumn, if the foil is warm ; 
but in all cafes trees mould be planted in dry weather, 
that the mould may be loofe to drop in, and he clofe 
between the roots, which is a material thing : Trees 
planted in rain or milts, are injured by the moifture 
moulding the roots. 

Foreji trees for planting are generally preferred 
rather large, and being fa, ihould not be taken up idfy 9 
but with as much ol an uninjured fpread of roots as 
poffible: yet, free growing plants of about three or four 
feet high, promife in the end to make finer trees than 
thofe that are planted larger. Some fay they are beft 
at this fize from the feed bed; and others^ to have been 
once planted out., having had their tap roots then cut, 
and generally fpeaking, this is the cafe, as they have a 
more bulhy and horizontal root. 

In the acl of planting, let every thing be done as 
directed for fruit trees; i. C the hole dug w r ide and deep, 
the ground well broken, or rather 'lifted, to lay imme- 
diately about the roots, &c. Let the trees be made 
fait by /takes, and litter laid about their roots to keep 
out froft and drought. It is of much confequence to 
take care that the roots (efpecially of evergreen trees) 
do not get withered before planted. Evergreens do beft 
in a dry, but deciduous foreli trees (generally) in a moift 
foil, if it is not wet, Oaks in particular, though at 
firft they may appear to do poorly, grow well in ftrong 
moift ground^ and make the beft timber. 

Fencing is the laft thing to be confidered. If trees 
are planted where cattle go, their items muft be pro- 
tefted from barking and rubbing* The common way 

4i 



IIS 



OF FOREST TREES. 



SECT. X. 



of fmall polls and little rails is well known; but if 
large cattle are not fed where the trees are, good thorns 
ftuck round them, and tied to them, is fufficient. and 
indeed this might do in almoft all cafes. There are 
various ways, ordinarily known, but whatever -mode is 
ufed, let it be at firft.well executed, and afterwards 
repaired in time, as often as there is need. Something 
concerning the raifing of foreft trees will be found at 
page 78. 

Whoever plants foreft trees, fhould take care to drefs 
them by proper pruning, and fuffering no fuckers to 
remain about their roots. Their tops fhould be kept 
equal, and not permitted to fpread too much in heavy 
branches, but trained in a light and fpiral way; always 
preferving the leading {hoot, to encourage mountings 
which is the perfection of a forefl tree. TheJ?e-ns of 
all trees defigned for timber, fhould be conftantly, and 
timely attended to, as it is neceflary to rub off buds, or 
to cut off the fide {hoots, except here and there a fmall 
one, which may ferve to detain the fap to the fwelling 
of. the trunk; but branches being left on of any 
ftrength, keep the tree from mounting, and draw it 
crooked, and fuch branches, if cut off when large, 
occafion knots, and fometimes a decay at the part. 

Plantations, growing thick, fhould he thinned in 
time ; but not too much at once, efpecially in hilly 
fituations; for as thofe trees which remain, come 
fuddenly to be expofed, (after having been brought up 
under the fhelter of others,) fuffer much ; getting 
crooked, {tunted, and bufliy, inftead of having their 
defirable ereft form, without which they are not 
adapted for fuperior ufes, or agreeable to the eye, 

Ornamental trees * as the crab, black cherry, mountain 
ajh % &c* may prove profitable, as well as agreeable, 
here and there' one amongft foreft trees, and {hould 
therefore not be omitted; The wood is good. 



SECT, 



SECT. XI. 



OF RURAL GARDENING, 



SECTION XI. 



OF RURAL AND EXTENSIVE GARDENING, 

URAL and extenfroe gardening is naturally connected 
with a tafte for planting forejl trees; and an idea of 
the picturefque fliould ever accompany the work of 
planting. Merely for the fake of objecls to gratify 
the eye, planting is very often pursued, and where- 
ever trees can be introduced ro improve a view from 
the houje, or accuftomed walks, there a man, having it 
in his power, as proprietor of the land, ought certainly 
to plant. 

If to planting in clumps, coppices, groves, avenues, 
and ivoods, be added levelling of ground, improving of 
water courts, and paftures, making lawns, &c. the 
expence incurred would be honourable, and anfwered 
by pleafures of the fincereft kind ! There are ways of 
ipending money, that could be named, which are found 
mifchievous in the extreme, and are therefore deferv- 
edly branded with difgrace; but he who diftributes 
wealth into the hands of induftrs, working to ufeful 
purpofes, andthat delegable end of making the country 
about him a garden, does it in wifdcm. 

Yet here fome caution may be neceffary, " Do 
nothing too much** 1 is a wife maxim. Building, plant- 
ing, and gardening, upon a large feate, have been fome- 
times attended with jertous confequences, as when a 
- man's fortune has not- been equal to the undertaking. 



OF RURAL GARDENING. SECT. XI* 



It were defirable to be able to perfuade to great things 
in this way ; but prudence mufi guide. 

Thofe who would do much in rural and extenjive 
gardening, fhould not be forward to trull their own 
tafte altogether, though they may be ingenious. In 
this bufmefs there is no making experiments , but all 
fhould be executed, as much as poffible, upon certain- 
ty. There are profejjional men in this way, wliofe pe- 
culiar practice, and appropriate talents, will enable them 
to conceive improvements, and the bell manner of ex- 
ecuting them, which would fcarcaly be projected by 
any private perfon. There is a variety of works and 
decorations in extenfive gardening which injudicioufly 
introduced, might create a wafteful expence. This is 
an error that ought to be avoided, and moft probably 
would be, by thofe who have been in the habit of 
ftudying nature, and the powers of art, as her fubraif- 
five handmaid. 

Artificial decorations are at this time much lefs made 
ufe of than formerly, and the grandeur of paft times in 
the way of gardening would now be thought trifling 
and mean. Witnefs (heard trees-, ftatues, vafes, water 
works, figured parterres, &c. in that ityleof gardening, 
imitated irom the Dutch , which has been long deemed a 
mere burlefque upon Nature, the grand characterises 
of which are eafe mdjimpliciry* 

The pleafure we feek in laying ml gardens, is no\tf 
juftly founded upon the principles of concealed art % 
which appears like Nature 5 butflill, whether ingenious 
contrivances and decorations, (altogether artificial,) 
fhould be fo entirely laid afide as they are, may deferve 
to be confidered* Gardens were formerly loaded with 
jlatue$ % and great improprieties were committed ia 
placing them, as Neptune in a grove, and Vulcan 
at a fountain p large figures in fmall garden* , and 
fmall in large, &c* but perhaps works of ( the 
tuary might ftiU be introduced, and the meeting with 
Ekra % Ceres % or Fmwe 9 &e* well executed* 



SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDENING. IZV 

in proper places, could hardly give offence. A terrace 
as a boundary, is now feldom formed, but in forte 
lituations, fuch an eminence however might in fey era! 
refpe&s be agreeable. 

It would certainly be too much to attempt here par- 
ticular directions for extenfive gardening. Thepeculiar 
capabilities of any place mull fuggeft what may be done, 
and much judgment is neceffary to plan aright. It 
is prefumed only to give a few hints to thofe private 
perfons who would do fomething in this way, which - . 
they may confider as they pleafe. 

If trees are -planted injudicioufly, the error is a trifle; 
but if cut down fo, the confequence is ferious, and ha* 
often been forely lamented ; extirpation Ihould there- 
fore be well thought of before it is executed; efpecially 
trees about houfes, lor many dwellings have been thus 
too haftily expofed, and deprived of comfortable ' 
ihelrer and fhade. And why.ibouid a tafte have pre- 
vailed for fo judden a tranfition, as no fooner out of the 
houfe than to arrive in the open country, or why. 
ihould an extenfive garden be thrown as much as pof- 
fible into a Jingle view, when meeting with new object* 
in our walks is fo agreeable ? 

Hilly [pots that are in view of the houfe ihould be 
planted with firs, as pleafant noble looking trees, and 
very hardy. Beech does well on high ground, efpe- 
cially, if chalky. In low ground, not to mention 
aldersMnd that tribe, the birch, and even the oak, ihould 
not be forgot, where the wet does not long ftand. 

About the houfe fome JJjady walks ought always to 
be provided, by thick planting, if not of trees, yet of 
flowering fhrubs, and evergreens, of which the laurel 
will be found the mo-ft ufeful. Here Ihould be alfo a 
good portion of grafs plat, or lawn, which fo delights 
the eye when neatly kept, alfo borders of fhewy flowers, 
which if backed by any kind of fence, it ihould be hid 
with evergreens, or at leaft with deciduous fhrubs, that 
the fcene may be as much as poffible vivacious. 

G If 



U2 €>F RURAL GARDENING. SECT. XI. 

If there is good room, Jingle trees of the fir kind, at due 
diftances, are admirable ornaments about a honfe, and 
clumps of flirubs all of the fame kind have a good 

Thofe who have much fpace of ground to decorate, 
do well to plant trees and flirubs of every kind, as 
enlarging the fources of amufement, and affording 
opportunities for observation; but if the allotment of 
ground for this purpofe is contracted, then, of courfe, 
thofe only mould be planted, which by their neat foliage, 
natural fymmetry, and gay flowers, may be truly efteem- 
ed ornamental. 1 hey mould be fuch as ftrike the eye 
of perfons in general though they have nothing of 
Angularity to engage the attention of the curious in 
plants. It too often happens, that good old forts of 
trees, flirubs, and Sowers, are excluded for nezv ones, 
but if the latter are not more elegant, and generally 
pieafmg, the practice is furely not a wife one : in 
ornamental gardening, on a J mall fcale, great care 
ihould be taken, in the choice of what is really pretty, 
that nothing dull or rambling be introduced. 

In the moft fneitered place, near the houfe, there 
fhould be an inclojure of a compaft nature, as fuppole 
oiyezv, dwarf, elm, ox hornbeam, (rather the former) open 
only to the South, as a neceffary apartment to place 
things in trom the greenhouje, or occafionally the hot- 
Ihwje, tender annuals, or any hardy curitiUs potted 
plants, for a fummer refidence. Spruce firs anfwer 
very well for a fcreen, being kept* dipt a little after 
Midfummer. For this purpofe, or for hedges to Sepa- 
rate, or divide, any fpot of ground, the hop hornbeam is 
better than the common fort, which holds its dead leaves 
on all the winter, and makes a litter at fpring. This 
bufinefs may alfo be eafily effefted by planting elder 
cuttings at a foot afunder, which will grow up quickly, 
being kept moinv 

The ivalks fhcmld always be wide, feme (in general) 
Terpentine, and contrived as much as poflible upon a 

level f 



SECT. XI. 



OF RURAL GARDENING. 



level, as walking up and down hills can hardly be called 
pleafure. That they may be extenfive, they fhould 
fkirt the grounds, and feldom go acrofs them. In 
fmall pleafure grounds the edges of the walks fhoitH be 
regularly planted with flowers, and long ones occafion- 
ally fo, or with the mo ft dwarf flirubs; and neat fhel- 
tcred compartments of flowers, (every now and then 
to be met with) have a pietty effeft. If the walks 
arc extended to diftant plantations of for eft trees, every 
Opportunity fhould be taken, to introduce fomethin 
of the herbaceous Jlowery kind, which will prove the 
more pleafing, as found in unexpected fituations : The. 
outer walk of pleafure grounds and plantations, fhould 
every now and then break into open views of the 
country, and to parts ot the internal fpace, made pleaf- 
ing, if not ftriking, by forne work ot art, or decoration 
of nature. 

Water fhould only be introduced where it will nm 
itfelf clear, or may be eafify kept fo, as alfo in full 
fight, and fome fall of it fhould be contrived, (if 
pofliblc,) for the lake of giving it motion and found, 
becaufe a lively fcene ot this element is alwavs much 
more pleafant than a dead one. Every faring of water 
fhould be made the molt of, and though fountains, &c» 
are out of fafhion, fomething of this kind is agreeable 
enough. Near fome pieces of -water, as a cool retreat, 
it is defirable that there fhould be fomething of the 
fummer-houfe kind, and why not the fi mple ruflic 
arbour, embowered with the woodbine, the fwcetbriar, 
the jafmine and the rofe. Pole arbours are tied well 
together with bark or ozier twigs. 

" Before the defign of a rural and extenfive garden 
be put in execution, it ought to be confidered, or 
anticipated, what it will be in twenty or thirty years 
time 5 for it often happens, that a defign which looks 
handfome when it is firft planted, and in good propor- 
tion, becomes fo fmall and ridiculous in procefs of 
time, that there is a neceffity either to alter it, or 
G 2 deftroy 



OF RURAL GARDENING., 



SECT. XT* 



deflroy it entirely, and fo plant it anew/' This obfer- 
vation of Mr. Miller s, juftifies the advice given of 
employing the mod Jkiljid in planning and directing 
pleafure grounds. To proporti^iithe breadth of wafe, 
the fize of carpets, calling and levelling of grounds, 
parterres, &c. The difpofal of fountains, flatues, vafes, 
dials, and other decorations of magnificence to moft ad- 
vantage, xe^uires a particular addrefs, fays Mr. Evelyn, 
or to fpeak more emphatically, a prophetic eye ; and 
though the tafteisnot now what it was in Mr. Evelyn 's 
time, yet, perhaps, the only difference is that more 
•ikill is requifite. 

What has been faid of the difficulty of rural and ex- 
tenfive gardening, is meant only as advice to proceed 
with cautious fteps. The work is truly of the moll 
worthy nature, and a tafle for it deferves to be cherifh- 
ed. Mr. Shenjlone, in an ode on rural elegmcc, defends 
his favourite employment thus : 

And oh I the tranfport, mod ally'd to fong, 
In fome fair villa's peaceful bound, 
To catch loft hints from Nature's tongue, 
And bid Arcadia bloom around : 
Whether we fringe the fl oping hill, 

Or fmoothe below the verdant mead ; 
Whether we break the falling rill, 

Or through meandering mazes lead : 
Or in the horrid bramble's room, 
%ld carelefs groupes of rofes bloom : 
Or let fome fnelter'd lake fcrene 
Refiecl How'rs, woods, and fpires, and brighten all the 
fcene ; 

O fweet difpofal of the rural hour ! 

O beauties never known to cloy ! 
While worth and genius haunt the favour'd bow'r, 

And every gentle breaft partakes the joy ! 
While Charity at eve farveys the fwain, 

Enabled by thefe toils to cheer 

A train of helnlefs infants dear, 

Spee4 



SECT*. XI. Of RUR\YL GARDENING* 

Speed whittling home acrofs the plain : 
Sees vagrant Luxury, her hand-maid grown,. 
For half her gracelefs deeds atone, 
And hails the bounteous work, and ranks it with her owi>* 

Why brand thcfe pleafures with the name 
Of foft, unfocial toils, of indolence and fhame ? 
Search but the garden, or the wood, 
Let yon admir'd carnation own, 
Not ^7/ was meant for raiment or for food, 

Not all for needful ufe alone; 
There while the feeds of future bloffoms dwell, 
- Tis colour'd for the fight, perfum'd to pleafe the finelL 

Why knows the nightingale to fing ? 

Why flows the pine's neclarious juice ? 
Why (bines with paint the linnet's wing ? 

For fuitenance alone ? for ufe ? 
For prefer vat ion? Every fphere 
Shall bid fair Pleafure's rightful claim appear, 
And fure there feem of human kind, 

Some born to fluin the folemn ft rife ; 
Some for amufive tafks defign'd, 
To foothe the certain ills of life; 
Gxace its lone vales with many a budding rofe, 
New founts of blifs difclofe, 
Gall forth refrefhing (hades, and decorate repofe, 

Mr. Shenjlone fucceeded admirably in laying out hi$ 
grounds, and producing a delightful fcene about the 
Lea/owes. Several gentlemen have done great things 
in pidturefque gardening, without the afliltance of pro- 
fessional artifts ; but they have had a peculiar talent this 
way, improved by fludy and obfervation. Thus Mr, 
Walpole makes an eafy affair of it, and fays, " the 
pofleffor, if he has any tafte, is the beft defigner of his 
own grounds. " And indeed, as they have come fo 
frequently under his own eye and contemplation, he 
mufi, in a great meafure, be competent to the work;, 
and at leaft, ought not to give up his judgment too im- 
plicitly to general undertakers of rural gardening. 

G 3 Ornamental 



IQG OF RURAL GARDENING. SECT. XI. 

Ornamental gardening depends much on the form of 
the ground^ and therefore to fhape that is the firfl objeft. 
Some fituations may not need it, and, perhaps, a little 
alteration may produce a happy efFeft in others ; there- 
fore great alterations mould not be attempted with- 
out manifeft advantages, as either levelling, or railing 
ground, is a heavier bunnefs than is commonly ftrp- 
pofed, both as to time and expence. 

Too much -plane is to be guarded againft, and when 
it abounds, the eye fhould be relieved, by clumps, or 
fome other agreeable objeft. Hoi lews are not eafily 
filled, and eminences, moftly are advantageous, in the 
formation of piclurejque fcenes, in which the general 
principle of ornamental gardening confifls. This idea 
has been pre fled fo far, that it is contended, a gardener- 
mould be a ftudier of landfcape paintings. But with- 
out an immediate view to pictures, no doubt, grounds 
may be laid out in a way fufficiently piclurefque. That 
view may be very agreeable in Nature, which would 
not be lb in a picture, and vice verja. 

Piclurejque gardening is effected by a number of 
means, which a true rural genius, and the fludy of 
examples only can produce. Thefe examples may be 
piclures, but the better inftruftors will be fcenes in 
Nature; and the proper grouping ot trees, according to 
their mode of growth, fhades of green, and appearance 
m autumn will effeft a great deal. 

To plant piclurefquely a knowledge of the character- 
iftk differences of trees and Ihrubs, is evidently a prin- 
cipal qualification. Some trees fpread their branches 
wide, others grow fpiral, and fome conical; fome have 
a clofe foliage, others an open one, and fome form re- 
gular, others irregular heads, the branches and leaves of 
which may grow erefl, level, or pendent. 

The mode of growth in trees, as quick or flow, the 
time of leafing, and fhedding leaf, with the colour of 
the bark, are all circuraftances of confideration in order 

to 



SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDENING. 127 



to produce Unking contrails, and happy aflemblages, in 
the way of ornamental gardening. 

" To range the Ihrubs and fmall trees, lb that they 
mutually fet oflfthe beauties, and conceal the blemifhes, 
of each other; to aim at no effects which depend on a 
nicety for their fuccefs, and which the foil, the ex- 
pofure, or the feafon of the day, may deftroy; to attend 
more to the groupes than to the individuals ; and to con- 
fider the whole as a plantation, not as a collection of 
plants ; are the belt general rules which can be given 
concerning them. 

" In confidering the Subjects of gardening, ground 
and wood firll present themfelves; ivater is the next; 
which, though not absolutely necelfary to a beautiful 
compofition, yet occurs fo often, and is fo capital a 
feature, that it is always regretted when wanting ; and 
no large place can be fuppofed, a little fpot can hardly 
be imagined, in which it may not be agreeable. It 
accommodates itfelf to every lituation, is the molt 
interelling object in a landfcape, and the happiell. cir- 
cumftance in a retired recefs ; captivates the eye at a 
diltance, invites approach, and is delightful when near: 
it refrefhes an open expofure ; it animates a made, 
cheers the drearinefs of a wafte, and enriches the moll 
crowed view. In form, in ftyle, and in extent, it may 
be made equal to the greatelt competitions, or adapted 
to the leaft: it may fpread in a calm expanfe to foothc^ 
the tranquillity of a fpaceful fcene; or hurrying along 
a devious courfe, add fplendour to a gay, and extra- 
vagance to a romantic lituation. So various are the 
characters which water can affume, that there is Scarcely 
an idea in which it may not concur, or an impreffion 
which it cannot enforce." 

On the works of art in gardening, the following 
paffage is pertinent: — " Art was carried to excefs, 
when ground, wood, and water, were reduced to ma- 
thematical figure, and fimilarity and order were pre- 
G 4 ferred 



OF RURAL GARDENING. 



SECT. XI. 



ferred to freedom and variety. Thefe mifchiefs, how- 
ever, were occalioned, not by the ufe, but the perver- 
fion of art; it excluded, inftead of improving upon 
nature, and thereby deflroyed the very end it was called 
in to promote. Architecture requires fymmetry, the 
objects of nature freedom; and the properties of the 
one cannot, with juftice, be transferred to the other. 
But if, by the term art no more is meant than merely 
dcjign, the difpute is at an end; choice, arrange- 
ment, competition, improvement, and prefervation, 
are fo many fymptoms of art, which may occafionally 
appear in feveral parts of a garden, but ought to be 
displayed without referve near the houje; nothing 
there ihould feem neglected* it is a fcene of the moll 
cultivated nature: it ought to be enriched, it ought 
to be adorned; and defign may be avowed in the 
plan, and ex pence in the execution. Even regularity 
is not excluded: a capital ilruflure may extend its 
influence beyond its walls; but this power fhould be 
exercifed only over its immediate appendages. Works 
of fculpture are not, like buildings, objects familiar in 
fcenes of cultivated nature; but vales, ftatues, and 
termini, are ufual appendages to a conftderable edifice : 
as fuch, they may attend the manfion, and trefpafs a 
little upon tire garden, provided they are not carried 
fo far into it as to lofe their connection with the 
ftructure.'*' 



SECT; 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



159 



SECTION XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



I. OF WALL TREES. 

OF this " mailer work of gardening,'* it has been - 
faidj 44 that gentlemen prune too little* and' 
gardeners too muchj'/thefe extremes are to be avoided, . 
as attended with peculiar evils, equally mifchievous : • 
Wall-trees are prefentlv fpoiled by either practice. It 
they are too full of wood, the (hoots and fruits can- 
not be properly ripened, and if they are too thin, the 
confequence of the .cutting that has made them fo, is the 
production of wood, rather than fruit, farcing out 
fihqots, where otherwife bloffom buds would have been 
formed. The defignation of trees to a wall neceiTarily 
occahons cutting, and on the Jhlful ufe of the knife ? 
much depends ; but let not the ingenious young gardener 
be difcouraged at the appearance of difficulty : a little 
ftudy, practice, and perfeverance will clear the way, 
and it he does not become a complete pruher at once, he - 
will in a reafonable time,, and the. work will prove one 
of the pleafanteft amufements of a garden, not attended 
with fatigue. . 

Every one who. has wall-trees cannot keep a profeJJ'ed 
gardener, nor is every one who calls himfelf lb, , 
qualified to prune properly. It is a great mortification 
to a man, who wUhes to fee his trees in order, not to ■ 
G $ be •' 



ISO 



" OF PRUNING, 



SECT. XII. 



be able to get an operator to attend them ; let him re- 
folve to learn the art himfelf, and the ability will be 
very gratifying to him. 

Proud of his well.fpread walls, he views his trees 
That meet (no barren interval between,) 
With pleafure more than ev'n their fruits afford, 
Which, fave himfelf who trains them, none can feel. 

CoWPER, 

As many words muft be ufed on this article pruning, 
for the fake of a little order, and the appearing lefs 
tedious, the bufinefs of managing wall-trees may be 
thus divided: — i. Concerning the form. 2. The 
health. 3. The fruitfulness of them. A 
tree may be kept in good form, but be neither healthy 
nm fruitful \ and may be both in good form and health, 
yet not fruitful; but if it is fruitful, it muft poffefs 
both the former qualifications. 

1 . As to the FORM, or general appearances of the 
wall-trees. If a tree is young and newly planted, the 
firft thing is to head it down, by cutting off (if it is a 
nectarine, peach, cr apricot J all the fhoots, and the item 
jtfelf, down to a few eyes, that the lower part of the 
wall may be furnifhed with new and ftrong wood. 
Make the cut Doping; and behind the tree, taking care 
(by placing the foot on the root, and the left hand on 
the ftem) not to difturb the tree by the pull of the knife. 
Plaifter the part with a bit of cow- dung, clay, or ftiff 
earth. 

The heading down is to be made fo as to leave two 
gt three eyes, or four, if a high wall, on each Jide of the 
ftem, from which fhoots will come properly placed for 
training. The number of eyes may be alfo according 
to the ftrength of the tree, and its roots. If there are 
not two well placed eyes on each fide of the ftem, two 
fhoots, thus fituated, may be left cutting them fhort to 
3 two 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



131 



two or three eves each. Eyes or (hoots behind, or 
before, confkler as of no ufe, and let them be early dif- 
placed by rubbing, or cutting. This work is to be 
performed in faring, when the tree is putting forth 
lhoots; i. e. about the beginning of April* 

If towards the end of May, there Ihould be wanting 
(hoots on either fide the tree, having, perhaps, only one 
put forth where two were expected, that one moot 
mould be cut, or pinched down, to two or three eyes ; 
and before fummer is over there will be found good, 
lhoots from them, and thus a proper iiead be obtained. 
This work of fhortening lhoots of the year may be done 
any time before Midfummer; but in this cafe, all ill- 
placed, or fupcrfluous growths, mult be rubbed off as 
foon as feen, that thole to be referved may be the 
ftronger, receiving more nourifhment. 

As the lateral lhoots grow, let them be timely nailed 
to the wall, c'ofe, ft rait, and equi-diftant; but ufe no 
force while they are tender. If they are quite well 
placed, they will need no bending; but fometimes (hoou 
mull be laid in Which are not perfectly fo. Lay in as 
many good moderate fized lhoots as may be throughout 
the fummer, for choice at winter pruning, yet do not 
croud the tree. As the flioots proceed in length, nail 
thercrto the wall, that no material dangling of them be 
feen; but avoid ufmg too many fhrcds. 

In the formation of a tree, keep each fide as nearly as 
can be equal in wood, and the lhoots inclining down- 
wards, which is a mode of training neceilaryto fill the 
lower part of the wall, (none of which Ihould be loft) 
and to check the too free motion of the lap, which w r all 
trees are lia*ble to irom their warm fituation, and con- 
tinual cutting. All the branches fhould have an 
horizontal tendency, though the upper cannot have it fa 
much as the lower ones. Thofe that are perpendicular^ 
or nearly fo, mount the wall too tali, and run away with 
the food that fhould pafs to the horizontals, which being 
impovcrifhed by the vigorous middle branchesygradually 
G 6 become 



132 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII. 



become too weak to extend themfelves. and nourifhthe 
fruit. The pruner, therefore, mull be content to have 
Tome of the wall, over the middle of the tree, unoccu- 
pied; or, at leaft, fuffer none but weak, or very mode- 
rate fhoots, to find a place there. 

The idea of a well -formed tree is fomewhat repre- 
fented by the ribs of a fpread fan, or the fingers of the 
hand extended. Regularity is allowed to be fo necef- 
fary to the beauty of a wall tree, that fome have even 
drawn Hnes for a guide to train by; but Nature, (ever 
free and eafy) will not fubmit to fo much formality, 
and fuch a perfeft difpofition of the branches are not 
necefTary. A tree may be regular, without being linear, 
and the proper ufeFul (hoots are not to be facrificed to a 
fanciful precifion. Though crofjing of branches" is 
againft rule, yet cafes may happen (as in want of wood or 
fruit) where even this awkwardnefs may be permitted. 
The object is fruit, and to obtain this end, form muft 
fometimes give place. " Barrennefs being the greateft 
defeft, cro ffing muft not be fcrupled, when barrennefs 
cannot otherwife be avoided. " A tree may be in fair 
fymrnetry, and yet badly pruned; and thus fome igno- 
rantly, and others cunningly, put trees in order with- 
out a proper feleclion of branches, fo that the beft 
{hall be cut out, and the worft left, merely becaufe the 
latter fuits the form better, and gives a favourable ap- 
pearance to the work as regular. 

All fore-right and back fhoots, and other ufelefs 
%vood, fhouki be difplaced in time, for they exhauft 
the ftrengfch of the tree to no purpofe, and occafion a 
yude appearance. It is a very expeditious method to 
difplace fuperfluous young fhoots, by pufhing, or 
breaking them off ; but when they get woody, it is apt 
to tear the bark, and, in this cafe, the knife muft be 
tifed: the better way is to dis-hitdby rubbing; yet a 
young luxuriant tree fhould be fuffered to grow a little 
wild to fpendthe fap. There is one evil, however, at- 
tending on d is -budding 3 and rubbing off young for<~ 

rights, 



SF.CT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



153 



righto, that fon*e fruit fpurs are thus loft; for apricots 
are apt to bear on little fhort fhoot», of from half an 
inch to an inch, (or more) and there are peaches which 
do the fame; fo that it is a rule with fome pniners to 
wait to diftinguifli fpurs fioinjboots, and then toufe the 
knife; yet ufe it as little as may be in fu miner. 

In regulating a tree, at any time, begin at the bottom 
and middle, and work the way orderly upward and 
outward. Never jborten mfiumner, (which would pro- 
duce frefh (hoots) except a forward (hoot where wood 
may be wanting; but where the tree is really too thick, 
cut clean out what may be fparcd. None of the (hoots 
produced after Midfummer mould be nailed in, except 
where wood is wanting to rill a naked place : They 
never bear fruit. 

The proper ufe of nails andjhreds is neceflary to the 
beauty of the tree, as well as a regular difpofition of 
the branches ; and in this bufmefs ingenuity will evi- 
dence itfelf in ncatnefs. 

Nails that are weak and fmall can hardly be ufed,. 
for they muft be of fufficient ftrength to hold faf; but 
large nail* do not look well, and hurt the wall more 
than fmaller. There is, however, a fort made on pur- 
ppfe for this work, with flat heads, and robuft (hanks, 
called garden nails, and thefe are generally to be ufed ; 
there is yet a fmaller fort, with flat heads, that, in many 
cafes, might do, and they have fome what the advantage 
inneatnefs. In default of thefe there are lath naiJs,- of 
two or three fizes, that may be brought into ufe. It is 
proper to have two fizes, the larger for ftrong and the 
fmaller for weak (hoots: trees trained to vjooei can 
hardly have nails too fmall. 

Shreds mould be adapted to the ftrength of the 
branches, and the diftance of the buds from each other;, 
fo that with ftrong (hoots* having their buds wide,., 
fuch broad fhreds may be ufed, that would make weak 
moots unfightly, and fpoil them by covering the buds ; 
many a weil cut tree has been made difgufting, 

merely 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII. 



merely by Irregular and dangling fhreds. An unifor- 
mity of colour can hardly be accomplished, but a regu- 
larity of fize may; f'carlet, if all alike, looks beft; and 
white the worft. The general zvidth of fhreds fhould 
be from half an inch to three quarters, and the length 
two inches to three, having fome wider, longer, and 
ftronger, for large branches. In the difpfition of 
fhreds, fome mult have their ends turned downwards, 
and fome upwards, as beft fuits, for bringing the moots 
to their proper place, and ftrait direction. Though 
fome pruners obferve a fort of alternate order, vet the 
ends hanging chiefly down, will look beft. Ufe no 
more fhreds and nails than neceffary to make good 
work, as the effeft is both rude and injurious. 

The hammer ufedin nailing branches fhould be neat 
and light, with a perie&ly fmooth and level face, about 
two thirds of an inch diameter, having a claw for 
drawing nails. As nails are apt to break out pieces of 
the wall in drawing, it is a good way to give the nail a 
tap to drive it a little, which loofening it from its, ruft, 
makes it come out eafier, and fo faves a wall from large 
holes, which is a material thing. 

Trellifes have been recommended to be placed againft. 
walls, as a means of keeping a wall found, and giving 
the fruit more room to iwell. In the training of fruit 
trees that do not require the greateft degree of fun. and 
in fituations where the lofs of little heat is not 
material, this method of training trees is a good one. 
But, perhaps, there are not many fituations in England^. 
( common as it is on the continent) where this mode of 
culture can be adopted, as all the fun we meet with 
here, is generally but barely fufficient for peaches , 
necjarines, grapes, and figs. Apricots, however, may do, 
and when trained upon a trellis, in a Jouthern afpeft, 
grow finer, and are lefs mealy than direftly againft a 
wall. A durable, neat, and almoft invifible trelly might 
be made of wine* 



Trellifes 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



135 



Trel/ifes fhould be made of feafoned deal, and fquared 
to Hips of three-fourths of an inch, or a trifle wider, 
and fixed clofe to the wall, fo as to form upright ob- 
longs of twelve inches by fix. In this way of training, 
the fhreds ought to be finer, and the nails much {mailer; 
but the branches may be tied with 6ajs, &c. if the trellis 
is fet a little from the wall, as fuppofe an inch. 

It may be obferved, that tying faves the expence of 
nails and Ihreds, clofe fet buds are never covered, and 
damage from the hammer is avoided. By trellifing, a 
tree will be cleaner and lefs infefied w r ith vermin, which 
breed in the holes made by nailing. In this mode of 
training, the fruit fwells freely, grows larger, and is of 
more equal flavour; fo that it deferves trial where it is 
likely to fucceed by fine fituations. 

Let the young gardener be advifed refolutely to ob- 
ferve the pruning laws, and keep all in perpetual order, 
for his trees will run prefently to confufion and ruin, 
if inattention and negleft take place. 

2. The HEALTH of wall trees is greatly provided 
for, by obferving the directions already given, concern- 
ing their form; for if obferved, each {hoot will have the 
proper benefit of fun and air, to concofi its juices and 
prepare it for fruiting. 

It injures a tender fhoot when it preffeshard agajnft. 
a- nail. It the hammer ftrikes a moot, and bruifesthe 
bark 5 it often fpoils ir not kills it, by the part cankering.. 
The Jhreds may be too tight, fo that the fhoot cannot 
properly fwell; and if fhreds are too broad, and too 
numerous, they are apt to occafion ficknefs, and prove 
a harbour for infefts and filth : Let the number be 
leffened at all opportunities. A {lip of the knife may 
wound a neighbouring branch, and make it gum, can- 
ker, or die. It will require care, and fome praclice, 
to avoid this accident ; and in order to it, keep the point 
of the knife fharp, and mind the pofition of it when 

cutting, 



156 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII. 



cutting. Cut clofe and doping behind the eye; neither 
fb near as to injure it, nor fo wide as to leave a (tub. 

Digging deep with a fpade about borders fometimes 
injures the roots, and keeps them too low in the ground, 
when they fhould be encouraged to run higher; and as- 
nothihg but well confumed dung* or other manure that 
drops freely, fhould be ufed about fruit trees, it is a good 
way to dig, or far the ground carefully with an afpa- 
ragus fork. Wounds and bruifes hurt roots, as much 
as branches, and though cutting fmall roots afunder by 
a fpade, does good rather than harm, yet large ones- 
are often much injured by this inftrument. 

The extremities of a tree will not be in vigour with- 
out a drift attention to the middle , that it have no ftrong. 
wood, growing erectly: this was before directed, and 
mufi be ohferved. When the fides of a tree are well 
extended, and full of healthy wood, then fome fhoots- 
of- -moderate fubftance may be trained up the? middle. 

The bending of a branch much is a violence to be. 

o 

avoided ; fo that every flioot (hould be kept from the 
■firji in the direction it is to grow.. 

Luxuriant wood mult he particularly- attended to, to-* 
get rid of it -in time, before it has robbed the weaker, 
branches too much. Thai is luxuriant wood, which,, 
according to the general habit of the tree, is much larger, 
than die-reft % fcr a (hoot that is deemed luxuriant in 
one- tree, mav not be Join another. It ftrong wood, 
that is r ot very-luxuriant, .happens to be at the bottom - 
of the tree, fo. that it can be trained quite horizon- 
tal//, it may often be ufed to good purpofe. as this • 
pofuion checks the fap. A luxuriant (hoot may be 
kept in fummer where- it is not defigned to retain ir 5 
merelv to cut it clown at winter pruning to two or three 
eves, for getting wood where wanted the next year ; 
or this fnortening- may take place in June, to have new 
moots the prefent year. Luxuriant (hoots may be 
fometimes retained for .a- time, merely, ds wsftt pipes. 

More 



SECT. XII. 



OF PR V KING. 



1ST 



More concerning luxuriant wood will be found in what 
follows. 

All dijeajed, damaged, very weak, or worn out 
branches (as they occur) fhould be cut out, to make 
way for better ; but if a tree is generally difeafed, fome 
caution mull be u fed not to cut out too much at once, 
if there is any hope of reftoring it. A very old tree, 
or a young one, that does not thrive, may be c.it 
a great deal ; but prune it fo as to have a general 
fprinkling of the belt of the branches, and keep fhort 
lengths of an eye or two, of the weaker ones, in a fort 
of alternate order. 

Young trees are very apt to decline, and fometimes 
die, if fufferedto overbear themfelves the fir ft year or 
two of fruiting: The remedy is obvious, and fhould 
refolutely be applied. 

A weak tree i3 helped much by training it more 
tre&ly than ufual, as lefs check is thus given to the lap* 
and fo the (hoots are more likely to (well: fuch a tree 
fhould be kept (bin of branches, and always pruned 
early in autumn, keeping the top free from fuch wpoij 
as is ftronger than that which is in general below, and 
all the (hoots fhorter than ufual. 

Old decaying trees fhould be leflened a little every 
year, and conllantly watched, to obferve where young 
and ftrong (hoots are putting out below, in order to 
cut down to them ; and though the time for doing this 
is commonly at autumn or winter pruning, yet it may 
be bed done in fummer, as the (hoots would thrive the 
better ; obfervmg to put fome grading clay, or cow 
dung, to the part, to prevent gumming, which fummer 
pruning is apt to occafion. A judicious pruner may 
bring the oldeft, and mod ill-conditioned tree, to a 
healthy and bearing (fate, if all is but right at the root, 
it having a good foil about it. 

Keep ajl wall trees tleatt, and particularly weak ones, 
from mofs, cobwebs, or other filth; and attend to 
infects, fnaiis, caterpillars, and fmother (lies. . Any bark 

that 



ISB 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII. 



that is decayed by cracks, &c. muft be cleared away 
to the quick, either by rubbing, or the knife, as filth 
and infects are apt particularly to gather there; wipe 
the part clean, with fpunge and foap. 

Conhder the foil about an unthrifty tree, and if it is 
thought bad, improve it by moving away as much of 
the old as conveniently can be done. The roots may 
be laid carefully quite bare, and examined, in order to 
cut off decayed or cankered parts, and to apply imme- 
diately to them fome fine and good frefb earth, with a 
little thorough rotten dung in it, and a fprinkling of foot, 
or wood allies. 

Hog dung, applied frefli, is faid to have a peculiar 
efficacy in recovering weak trees; and cow clung may 
reafonably be expected to do good, if the foil is a 
warm, or hungry one, and if not fo, the hog dung is 
not fo proper, as it is a cold dreffing. If the foil is a 
flrong one, a compojl oifozvls, or fieep's dung, lime* with 
any frefli light earth, one part of each of the former, 
and three of the latter, mixed with the foil that is taken 
off, will be a proper manure; to which a little fharp 
land maybe added. An animal dreffing, as of entrails, or 
any carrion, or bullock's or hog's blood, applied to the, 
roots, has been frequently found effectual to make fruit- 
ful, and to recover decaying trees, and in particular 
vines. All thefe applications mould be made late in 
autumn, or early in fpring. 

The conjlitutlon of a tree is fomeiimes naturally 
larren ; or the foil that the roots have got into may be 
fo nought and deleterious, that no pains, or perseverance, 
will avail , any thing; but continuing fruitlefs and 
fickiy, admonifhes the owner to take it up, and try ano- 
ther 'plant, rectifying the foil thoroughly, if the evil 
is thought to arife there. The /mother Jfy does fome- 
times repeatedly attack the fame tree, which is a fign of 
inherent weaknefs, for the juices of a fickiy tree are 
fweeter than thofe of a found one, and fo more liable 
to fuch attacks. Sometimes a tree of this kind, when 

removed 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



139 



removed to a good foil, and pruned greatly down, does 
very well. A foil too rich of dung often occafions trees 
to be blighted, and the remedy is to impoverish it with 
a fharp fand. 

In order to health and Jlrengtn, a tree muft not be 
kept too full during fummer, as it prevents the proper 
ripening of the wood, and makes the moots long jointed. 
If more than one fhoot proceed from the fame eye,, 
referve only the ftrongeft and belt fituated. A crowded 
tree cannot be healthy, and it becomes both lodging and 
food for infefts. The blojjom buds of a tree being always 
formed the year before, they will be few and weak in a 
thicket of leaves, as debarred of the necefiary fun and 
air: But in order to avoid an over-fulnefs, do not make 
any great amputations in fummer, left the tree fhould 
gum. 

In clearing a tree of fuperabundant wood, take care 
not to cut off the leading {hoot ot a branch. All fhoots 
after MidJ'utmner fhould be difplaced as they arife, ex- 
cept where wanted to fill up a vacancy. In a too vigorous 
tree, the Midfummer fhoots may be left for a while on 
thofe branches that are to be cut out at winter pruning, 
as cutting fuch trees in fummer is to be avoided as much 
as poflible; fo that a little rudenefs in a luxuriant tree 
may be permitted as a necefiary evil, provided it be- 
comes not too fhady, or unfightly. Watering wall trees 
with an engine fmartly on a fummer's evening, is con- 
ducive to their health, and frees them from infecls. 

The fubjeft of blights is too difficult, and uncertain,, 
to be entered upon here, though it may feem a proper 
place for it. 

^ 3. The FRUITFULNESS of wall trees, (the 
ultimate object of planting and training them) comes 
now to be fpoken of. Their proper /ira.and health 
being good, the foundation is laid, but feveral things 
are vet to be done to obtain the end propofed, and this 

chiefly 



140 



OF PRUNING, 



se£t. XII* 



chiefly regards the principal cutting, or what is called 
zv inter pruning. 

If trees have been planted far enough afunder, it is a 
happy circumftance, as the proper horizontal form, and 
the open -middle, may be preferred. The longer the 
horizontals are, the more neoefTary it is to be careful to 
fuffcr none but weak branches in the center uprightly. 
If trees are confined as to length of wall, they of courfe 
take a more ereft form, but ftill ftrong wood fhould not 
mount juft in the middle. 

If the trees have been properly attended to during 
Jummer, there will be now (at their principal, or zvinter 
pruning) the lefs to do ; and the leading objefts are,, to 
thin and to furnijh them, or, in other words, to take but 
what is to fpare, and to cut w 7 hat is left, fo as to fill the 
tree properly again by fucceeding {hoots. 

A tree h to be thinned of damaged, unpromifing, and 
ill-placed fhoots, and of woody branches that are de- 
caying, or reach far without fruitful (hoots on them, 
and always Jome of the old wood fhould be cut out, 
where there is young to follow, or fupply its place. 
Of the fair and well placed fhoots alfo, the fupe^abun- 
dance is to be taken away, fo as generally to leave the 
good ones at four, five, or fix inches afunder, according 
to the fize of the wood and fruit. 

Luxuriant wood, i. e. thofe fhoots that are gigantic, 
muft be taken out from the reft, as they would impo- 
verish the good, and deftroy the weak branches, and arc 
never fruitful; but if a tree is generally luxuriant, it 
muft be borne with, and the lefs it is cut, comparatively 
fpeaking, the better. Such a tree, after a few years, 
may come to bear well ; and when it begins to fhoot 
moderately, fome of the biggeft wood may be taken 
out each year, or fhortened down to two or three eyes, 
and fo brought into order. The more horizontally 
free (hooting trees are trained the better, as the bend- 
ing of the fhoots checks the fap. A ftroilg fhoot or 

two, 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



141 



two, of a very luxuriant tree, may be trained per- 
pendicular tor a time, to keep the horizontals the more 
moderate. 

As the pruner is to begin below, and towards the 
Mem, fo the objeft in thinning mud be, to prefer and to 
' leave thole (hoots that are placed lowe/l on the branches, 
that fo the tree may be furnifned towards the center. 
wSee that thofe left are found, and not too weak, or over 
ftrong,' for the moderate fhoots generally bear belt. 
Weak fboots are always more fruitful than ftrong ones; 
and if they are furnifned with fair blolfoms, mould be 
kept where a tree is full of wood, and even preferred to 
moderate ones, on a very flouriihing tree. 

In this thinning bufinefs, the young pruner mull be 
content to go on deliberately, that he may confider well 
before the knife is applied. To make a proper choice 
is the great point. After hefitating, to be fometimes at 
a lofs, mult not difcourage a learner, for good primers 
often are, and no two adepts would chufe juft the 
lame (hoots for referve. 

The next objeft is to furnifl) a tree. In order to 
this, the thinning of old wood, young being ready (or 
eafily to be procured) to follow, has already been 
mentioned; but the principal Itep is the Jho r ten ing of the 
fhoots, which occalions them to throw out below the 
cut, for future ufe. If they were not to be fhortened, 
the tree would prefently extend a great way, bearing 
chiefly at the extremities, and all over the middle it 
would be very thin of fruit, and thus a great part oi the 
wall loll; which not to fuffer, is the art of a pruner that 
ihews he has indeed {kill. 

The viode of bearing in peaches, neflarines, and 
apricots, is on the laft year's wood, which makes it 
neceffary to Jhortcn, in order to a certain fupply of 
fhoots for bearing the next year; and thus to have 
fucceffton wood in every part of the tree. 

The rule for jhortening is this : Confider the ftrength 
of the tree, and the more vigorous the ihoots are, cut 

off 



142 OF PRUNING. SECT XII. 

off the lefs. If a luxuriant tree were to have its flioots 
much fhortened, it would throw out nothing but wood; 
and if a weak tree were not pretty much cut, it would 
not have ftrength to bear. From vigorous flioots one- 
four.hmay be cut off; from middling ones, one-third; 
and from weak ones one half. 

In fhortening, make the cut at a leading fhoot bud, 
which is known by having a bloffom bud on the fide of 
it, or, which is better, one on each fide. Bloffom buds 
are rounder and fuller than leaf buds, and are difcern- 
ible even at the fall of the leaf, and plainly feen early 
in the fpring. It is defirable to make the cut at twin 
blcffbms, yet as this cannot always be done, the due 
proportion of length mull generally determine. It often 
happens, that the bloffom buds are chiefly, and fome- 
times all, at the end of the fhoot ; but Hill it fhould be 
fhortened, if it is at all long. Never cut where there 
is cnly a bloffom bud, and prerer thofe flioots that are 
fliortelt jointed, and have the bloffoms moil' in the 
middle. The flioots that lie well, and are fruitful, or 
healthy, and but a few inches long, may be left whole. 
Always contrive to have a good leader at the end of 
every principal branch. 

Young trees (as of the firft year of branching) fhould 
have the lower moots left longer in proportion, and the 
upper fhorter, in order to form the tree better to the 
filling of the wall : the lower flioots may have three or 
four eyes more than the upper. 

In furnijhing a tree, confider where it wants wood, 
and cut the nearer! unbearing branch (or ifneceffary, 
a bearing one), down to one, two, or more eyes, ac- 
cording to the number of flioots defired, for in fuch 
clofe fhortening, a fhoot will come from each eye. 
With a view to wood for filling up a naked place, a 
fhoot formed after Midjummer may be thus fhortened ; 
though the general rule is, to difplace all fuch late 
flioots as ufelefs; the dependence for bloffoms being on 
the early formed flioots. 

The 



SECTv XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



14S 



The time for the principal, or winter pruning, is by 
fome gardeners held indifferent, if the weather is mild 
at the time; but a moderate winter's dry is often quick- 
ly followed by a fevere froft, which may hurt the eye 
and bloffom next the cut. The belt time is at the fall 
of the leaf, and mould take place as foon as the leaves 
begin to fall. November is, generally fpeaking, a good 
time, and if this month is pall, then February, if it is 
mild, or as foon after as poffible, for when the bloffom. 
buds get fwelled, they are apt to be knocked off by a 
little touch, or jar of the hammer. 

An autumn pruning will make the tree ftronger, and 
the bloffoms come bolder and forwarder; and if trees 
are then cut, as it leffens the work of fpring much, 
this alone is a good argument for it. This practice 
gives alio a better opportunity to crop the borders 
(moderately) with cauliflowers, lettuces, radifhes, &c. 
to ftand the winter. Primers in general, however, like 
a fpring cutting, becaufe they then fee the bloffoms 
plainly, and thus more readily make their election of 
Ihoots. Yet if the lirft fine weather and leifure were 
embraced in autumn, it were certainly better ; and 
furely it mull give fatisfacftion to lee the trees in order 
all the winter. 

But though an autumn pruning is to be earneftly 
recommended, it were beft to leave young trees, for a 
year or two, after heading down till fpring ; and luxu- 
riant trees ought certainly to be fo left, not only to 
check the ftrength of the coming fhoots, but to fee 
better where their bloffoms are, that no fruit be loft, as 
when in this ftate they bear but idly. 

In an autumn pruning, apricots mould be cut laft; 
but it fpring be the time, the rule is to begin with 
apricots, then peaches, and then neclarines* Apricots 
mould not be fo much fhortened as peaches, nor do 
they fo well endure the knife. Shoots of the apricot, if 
under a foot, may be left uncut, if there is room. The 
fpurs of apricots fhould be fpared, if not too long, or 

nume- 



OB: PRUNING. 



SECT. XlJ. 



numerous, for they bear well, and continue for years. 
Some forts of peaches are alfo apt to put out fruit fpurs t 
and mud be managed accordingly. 

If much alteration is to be made in a wall tree, it 
will be neceflary to un-nail a great part, if not the 
whole tree, or a fide of it, at leaft. When a tree has 
filled its /pace, fomething of this fort inujl be done, and 
the worli, oldeit, largeft, and moil unprofitable wood 
taken out. If good fruitful wood be cut away to 
reduce the tree, then that is to be referved which will 
lay in ftraiteft and in the belt form, branching out the 
neareft towards the Hem, 

Thus having finished the directions for pruning 
apricots y peaches , and neclarines. a few fhort obfervations 
may be made, and fomething faid concerning the 
management of thofe wall trees, in order to obtain good 
fruit. 

After trees have been pruned, it will be proper tc> 
look them over, to fee what can be amended, as they 
will hardly be done perfectly at fir ft; this bu finds may- 
be let alone till blofjhming time, and then fome judicious 
alterations may perhaps be made, (with care) as taking 
out fome weak, or other moots, that, prove barren, and 
may be fpared, or cutting fome down to the knit-iruit, 
both to benefit that, and make room for the new wood : 
April will be the time for this. 

The pruners bufinefs is not fimply in providing a 
prefent, or a next year's crop of fruit, but to manage 
his trees fo as to lay a foundation for years to come : 
He is to anticipate confcquences, and provide for the 
future. 

Particular as the directions here given for pruning 
have bean, they cannot have comprehended every 
pofjible cafe, but good fenfe and experience will readily 
fupply what may be wanting, if the inftruftions afforded 
are underftood. 

Thofe who hire a workman to perform their pruning, 
fliould have three fummer operations befides the winter; 

i. e. 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



145 



i. e. in May, July, and September, earlier or later in 
thefe months as the feafon is, taking care to be fatisfied 
of the jkill of the performer. 

****** 

To preferve bloffoms from inclement weather, is a 
thing fonie perfons are curious in, though on the whole 
they may be (as they generally are) left to take their 
chance. After expence and trouble, this bufinefs is 
often done to no purpofe, or a bad one. The covers 
fometimes knock off the tender bloffoms, and if the 
work is done irregularly, as perhaps covered too clofe. 
for a time, and then left uncovered, thev are fooner cut 
off. 

Many contrivances for jhelters have been ufed. The 
old way oi flicking cuttings olyezv, or other evergreens* 
or fern, (which is beft when dry) is as little trouble as 
any; but they mould be fixed carefully, fo as not to 
flip, or be moved by wind, and not fo thick as to made 
overmuch. A (light covering is of fervice, and rather 
to be recommended than a thick one. 

Nothing more than an old net has been ufed fuccefe* 
fully by feme gardeners for the purpofe. 

A coping projecting from fix inches to a foot, ac-> 
cording -to the height of the wall, is ferviceable, as keep- 
ing off heavy rains, and alfo frofts, whofe afitiori is per- 
pendicular: This coping, when it is of thatch, though 
not fo fightly, is beft : But perpetual covers, if wide,- do 
harm by keeping off dew and gentle rains, 

The bejl covering for the protection of bloffoms- is, 
! perhaps, that which Mr, Miller recommends, " made 
I with two leaves of flfcdeal, joined over each other, 
and painted, fixed upon the top of the wall with pullies, 
to draw 7 up and down at pleafure, forming a fort of 
J gfemkoiife** 

Rec4 Qxjlraw hurdles have been ufedio place before 
; the trees in ievere weather; and if ozilv'fet at right 
- H : . - angles 



146 CF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 

angle? againft the wall, towards the cajf, when the 
wind is ftrong from that quarter, they do good: a long 
tree might have one fet up againft the middle of it, as 
well as at the eaji end. Hurdles, covered with a mat, 
or cloth over them, do very well ; and if too mort to 
reach the top of the wall, they may be fet upon forked 
flakes fart in the ground. 

Poles fixed in the ground to the height of the wall, 
at fmall diftances, and fix inches from it, might be 
covered with mats. 

Whatever covering is ufed, it mould be \ehno longer 
on than neceffary, and it mould be well fecured from 
flipping or rubbing againft the tree by wind. It mould 
not be ufed till the bloffoms get a little forward, nor 
continued longer than while the fruit is well fet, being 
regularly put up at night, and taken off in the day, 
except in very bad weather: Trees covered too long 
get fickly. 

The thinning of fruit, when too thick upon the tree, 
is a matter that muft be attended to, tor it will eventually 
prove lofs, and not gain, to leave too many for ripen- 
ing. It weakens the tree, prevents the knitting of fo 
many, or fo ftrong bloffoms for the next year as are 
defirable, and hinders the fruit from coming to its fize 
and flavour. Do this work when the iruit is about 
the fize of a horfe-bean. 

The rule for thinning mould be, to leave no two 
fruits fo clofe as to fwell one againft another; except 
indeed the tree is generally fhort of fruit, when twins 
may be left on ftrong branches. Three or four, on a 
long and ftrong branch, are quite enow, and fo in 
proportion for weaker wood: this is faid df the larger 
forts of peaches and nectarines ; apricots may. in general, 
be left fomewhat thicker on a flourifhing tree, and the 
leffer kinds of peaches and apricots may ftill be fome- 
what more numerous, as the early majculine apricot \ the 
nutmeg peach, and nutmeg nectarine : there may be more 
nectarines left on a tree than peaches. 



SECT. XJf. 



OF PRUNING. 



urr 



As the apricots gathered to thin a tree are ufed for 
tarts, fo are fometimes the nectarines, but let not too 
many of either grow for this ufe, or ftay too long on the 
tree before they are gathered. Thin the more freely 
flourifhing young trees, (to the third year) and weal: 
old ones. Trees fhould be thinned by cutting off the 
fruit with a {harp pointed knife, and not by pulling, 
which may tear the bark, and, if joined (as in clufters) 
to another fruit, the pulling off one, often damages the 
foot ftalk of the other, and occafions its dropping. 

As to thinning the leaves of wall trees, too much 
liberty fhould not be taken, though in fome meafure it 
may be neceffary to give colour and ripenefs to the 
fruit. Thinning away a few leaves, where thick, is 
ferviceable to ripening the wood to form bloffoms. 
When leaves are greatly multiplied, and lhade the fruit 
much, a fezu at a time may be difplaced, if the fruit is 
nearly, full grown, but rather by pinching or cutting 
the leaves, j aft above the foot ftalk, than by pulling. 

In gathering wall fruit, do not pinch it to try if it ijj 
ripe, but give it a gentle lift, and if fit for eating, it 
will readily part from the foot ftalk. Thofe peaches and 
neclarines that drop by their ripenefs are yet good 
(fome fay beft) for the table; but apricots have a 
fmarter and more agreeable flavour before they are 
thoroughly ripe. 

As to the dropping of fruit when it has attained to 
fome little fize, in very light foils, it may be owing to 
drought, ufe watering therefore deep and wide. But 
the caufe feems often to be fome injury from infefts, 
or frofts, that the embryo fruit has fuffered at the foot 
ftalk, which can only fuftain its burthen for a while, 
and then its own weight breaks it off. See p. 51. 

# * # * # * 



Vines require frequent attention, as to pruning and 
training ; but all will avail little, if they have not a 
Jrl 2 warm 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII, 



warm foil, and full fun, or fome accidental advantage, 
as being planted at the back of a warm chimney; and 
though they will grow and bear leaves anywhere, thev 
will not fruit well in England, without a favourable 
feafon, or hot fummer. 

Young new planted vines mould be pruned quite 
fhort, for two or three years, that they may get ftrong. 
If the plant has a weak root, not above one moot ought 
to grow the firft year, which mould be cut down in 
autumn, or to two or three eve?. 

- Thebeft time for the principal, or winter pruning of 
vines,, is beft as foon as the fruit is off, or the leaves 
falling. November does very well, and if this month 
paffes, February mould be adopted, rather than quite 
in the winter. Late in the fpring they are apt to bleed 
by cutting, which greatly weakens them. 

The mode of bearing in vines "is onlv on moots of 
the prefent year, proceeding from year old wood. The 
rule, therefore, at winter pruning is, to referve fuck 
{hoots of the year that are beft fituated as to room, for 
training of thofe (hoots that are to come from them, 
which will be almoftone from every eye. Make choice 
of thofe that are placed mo ft towards the middle, or 
ftem of the vine, that all the wall may be covered with 
bearing wood ; and every year cut fome old wood out 
that reaches far, to make room for younger to follow. 

The form that a vine takes on the wall is various, and 
not very material, whether it be more horizontal, or 
perpendicular. The form muft be governed according 
tothe fpace of walling allotted to it; fometimes it has 
ample room, as at the gable end of a houfe, and fome- 
times it is confined to a low wall, or between trees, 
windows, &c. The referved {hoots mould be twelve 
or fifteen inches afunder, if they are ftrong, and weak 
ones may be fomething lefs : hardly too much room 
can be allowed them. 

The flwtening of the moots mould be according to 
their ftrength and the (pace there is for training thofe 

(boots 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



ilioots that will be produced, which always grow verv 
long. If there is room, three, four, or five eves may 
be left, but not more to any (hoot, except it is defirabie 
to extend lome (hoot to a diftance to fill up a particular 
fpace, and then eight or nine eyes may be left, which 
being repeated again another year, and fo on, a vine 
will foon reach tar. 

Sometimes vines are trained on low walls by a long 
extended horizontal branch, a few inches from the 
ground, as a mother bearer. Thofe moots that come 
trom this horizontal are to be trained perpendicularly, 
and cut down to oue or two eves every year T that they 
may not encroach too fall on the fpace above them. 
It the vine is confined to a narrow but lofty fpace, it is 
to be trained to an extended perpendicular mother bearer, 
having fliort lateral (hoots pruned down to a (ingle eye, 
or at moll two. The management of vines requires 
Jevere cutting, that they may not be too full in the 
fummer, for they put out a great deal of wood, and ex- 
tend their {hoots to a great length ; and therefore the 
young primer muft refiolve to cut out enough. 

An alternate mode ot priming vines is practiced by 
fome, one ihoot fliort, and another long ; i. e. one with 
two eyes, and another with four or five. Severe cutting 
does not hurt -vines, and make them unfruitful as it 
does other trees; and therefore, where fhort of room, 
they may be pruned down to a fingle bud, as the.- cafe 
requires. 

The Jumrner management of vines mull be carefully, 
attended to. As foon as the young Ihoots can be nailed 
to the wall, let them not be neglected; but remember 
they are very tender, and will not bear much bending : 
train in only the well -placed moots, rubbing or break- 
ing off the others. The embrxo fruit is foon feen in the 
bofom of the moot, and thoie thus furnifhed are of 
courfe to be laid in, as many as can be found room for, 
in preference to thoie ihoois that are barren, which ne- 
verthelefs mould alfo be trained, if thev are ftrorig and 

H 3 weli 



OF PRUNING* 



SECT. XII. 



well placed, and there is fpace for them. Rub off all 
fhoots from old wood, except any tolerable one that 
proceeds from a part where wood is wanting to fill up 
fome vacant fpace. If two (hoots proceed from one 
eye, difplace the weakeft, or the outermofr, if they are 
both alike, and the fruit fhould not dh e£t otherwife. 
Tines grow rapidly, and muft be nailed to the wall, from 
time to time, as they proceed, that there may be no rude 
dangling, which w T ould not only have a flovenly appear^ 
*mce, but in feveral refpefts be injurious. 

The flopping of the {hoots is to take place, both as to 
time and meafure, according to the ftrength and fituation 
of them, or whether fruitful or barren, Thofe iveak 
fhoots that have fruit, and are rather ill placed, or 
confined for room, may be flopped at the fecond, o£ 
even firfl joint above the fruit, early in the fummer ; 
but thofe {hoots that are Jirong and have: room to grow, 
ihsuld not be flopped till they are in flower, (in July J 
and at the third or fourtM joint above the fruit. In 
fhortening the fhoots of the vine, do it about half an 
inch above an eye, doping behind a plump and found 
one. The barren fhoots are to be trained at full 
length, and not Hopped at all, if there is room for them, 
or, at leafi, but a little fliortened towards autumn, as in 
Augtifti becaufe they would put out a number of ufelefs 
and ftrong fide-fhoots, if cut before. 

The fide-foots, i. e. thofe little ones put out by the 
eyes that are formed for next year, are commonly 
clire&ed to be immediately difplaced by rubbing off, as 
foon as they appear; and if the vine is large, and the 
Ihoots {lender, it is very proper; but if otherwife, their 
.being left to grow awhile (fo as not to get too rude 
and crowding) is rather an advantage, in detaining the 
fap from puftiing the fhoots out immoderately long ; 
and when thefe are taken off, the lower eye of each may 
be left with the fame view. But the fide {hoot, that 
proceeds from the top of each fliortened branch, fhould 



SECT. XII. 



GF PRUNING. 



151 



be left on, and when it gets long, then fhortened down 
to an eye or two. 

In order to fruitfulnefs, vines will need drejftng with 
fome fort of manure, for though they grow in vineyard 
countries on rocky hills, and in very mallow foils, and 
have done fo on fome chalky, hot, gravelly hills in 
England^ yet fome warm manure they muft generally 
have applied, or they will produce little good fruit. 

Some people are very fond of expoftng the fruit of 
the vine to the full fun, by (tripping off leaves; but this 
fhould not be practiced till the bunches have attained 
their proper fize, needing only to be ripened, and even 
then but little fhould be done in this way : The lofs of 
leaves is an injury to every plant, ■ 

* * # # # * 

Fig trees are beft pruned early in Ocloher, (cutting 
the leaves off) but the more ufual time is early in Jpring 9 
as after an autumn cutting (if late) they are apt to die 
down ; but if not completely pruned at this time, let, 
at leaft, {hagglers be taken out, and the reft laid in clofe 
without {training: Thus they will be more conveniently 
covered. 

The mode of bearing in the fig is, that fruit chiefly 
comes the prefent year on the little (hoots from wood 
of the preceding, and that towards the ends of the 
branches ; which circumftances diftate the ruleSy for 
pruning : Two years old wood will bear fome, but 
older wood never. 

The fhoots, during fummer, are to be laid in at full 
length, plentifully, as room will permit. The weak, 
ill-placed, or fuperabundant ones, cut clean out; yet 
rather break, or rub them off, in an early {fate of 
growth, for cutting branches or fhoots in fummer is apt 
to make them bleed, as it is called ; i. e. the fap run; 
when cut in autumn, the fig. will foraetiiues bleed for a 
H 4< day 



14$ Ol PRUNING. SECT.-XIIr 

day ^or fo, but if late cut in fpring, the oozing will 
continue perhaps a week. 

At the principal pruning, the ftrongeft and the clofeii 
jointed fhoots are to be preferred, and left about feven or 
eight inches afunder, without fhortening. Let the fpare 
{hoots be cut out clofe and frnooth, and as. much of the 
eld wood as may be ; for the tree will increafe too faff , 
and get too naked of bearing wood in the middle, if 
this is not freely done ; and the effential point in the 
management of fig tree is, (as indeed of all wall trees) 
to have young wood all over it, and particularly in the 
middle, and towards the bottom. Wood is" feldom 
wanted in a fig tree, but where it is the fhortening of a 
ffioot, properly fituated, (by taking off the leading bud, 
or cutting lower, as the cafe requires) is fure to pro- 
duce it: Do this in Aprils as the bell time. 

When hard frofis are expefted, ftrewfome afhes, and 
fome litter, over the roots of fig trees. Mats fh on id 
be nailed over their branches, (firil pulling off the figs) 
as the fucculent nature of their wood makes them 
tender. Thefe coverings are to remain till the frofis 
are judged to be over, and then let them be covered up 
at night, and not by day, for a week or two, to harden 
them by degrees. 

But fig trees will moftly furvive hard winters, when 
in ftandards, without covering; and though Ihoots 
trained to a wall are tenderer, yet peafebaulm hung clofe 
among the branches (at the approach of {harp frofis); 
will preferve them. This fort of protection, as afford- 
ing plenty of air, is by many good gardeners preferred 
to the more common praftice of matting. But if mats 
were contrived to roll up and down, or kept a little 
diftance from the tree, fo as to give more or lefs air, as 
the weather is, the health and iruitfulnefs of the tree 
would be better infured, for too clofe (and as it com- 
monly happens in confequence too long) covering is 
injurious to both. Fig trees that have been clofe covered 

are- 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



are often hurt by an early uncovering,- and yet the 
fpring air, as foon as poffible^is defirable. 

It is worthy consideration and trial, whether fig 
trees,, againft a good wall, would not do belt on a 
tteMis, as thus, if they have fufficient heat, they would 
not be forced into wood, which they are apt to have too 
Snivel} of. In this way they might be protected in 
winter, by tucking in branches of evergreens, fern, 
ike... 

*? # * *F # # 

Pears come next under our confi deration, as a few 
of the beft forts are a good wall fruit. 

A young pear tree, being planted againft a wall in 
autumn^ Ihould not be cut down till Jpring y when the 
head is to be reduced according to the goodnefs of the 
root, and fo as to lay a, proper foundation for. covering 
the wall.. If it has a bad root, all the Ihoots mould 
come off,, and only the flem be left, with a few eyes to 
form new fhoots, as was directed lor peaches, &c. But 
generally, fome of the (hoots are to be left, with due 
Ihortening, only taking it as a . rule, that it is not proper 
to leave much wood on; but to prune down freely, in 
order to the putting out ftrong moots for parent 
branches. See heading dozen, under the directions for 
efpalier p ru n ing . . 

The form o\ pear trees 13 to be * governed by the 
wall. If the fpace allowed the tree is low and long, 
it mtift of courfe be trained perfectly horizontal ; but 
if there is room above, and a.denciency.of length, the 
form becomes more erecf ; . Yet even in this cafe, the 
lower and more, horizontaLhranches mould be allowed 
to get, the ft art a, year or two, before the middle is per- 
mitted to fill, which ought not to have any over flrong 
wood, Jeft it run- away witk.the itrength of the tree, and 
keep the extremities weak. Train the branches at 
length, without ihortening, and keep them ai froxn fix- 
to eight iricnes- diltance,. according to the fize ot the 



154* OF PRUNING. SECT. XI1Y 

fruit; remembering it is efTential, that the branches be 
clear of one another, for the fun and air to have free 
accefs: Pruners fhould confider this circumftance, in 
all trees, more than they generally do. The reafon 
for not fhortening the branches is, that wood is always 
thrown out from two or three eyes below a cut, and 
fo the tree would become a thicket of ufelefs wood, if 
fuch cutting took place. 

The mode of bearing in pear trees is on fhort fpurs, 
which appear firft towards the ends, and then form 
themfelves all along the branches, which do not pro- 
duce blofToms for three or four years from planting, and 
fometimes (according to the fort, or perhaps foil] for 
feveral years more. When they are come to fruiting, 
fome pears bear pretty much on year old wood, fome 
on two, others on three. The fame branches continue 
to bear on fpurs from year to year, and moll when five 
■or fix years old ; but as in courfe of time the branches 
Biay become difeafed and barren, and not produce fo 
fmt fruit as younger wood, it is always proper to pro- 
cure a fucceffwn of young bearers, as the opportunity of 
good fhoots offer, cutting out old wood. 

As to projecting wood, mo it gardeners allow of it in 
wall pear trees, though fome not. The wood fhould 
riot, however, be fuffered toprojeft above three or four 
inches ; and though there are bloffoms at the ends of 
year old wood, yet they fhould be either cut clean out, 
or down to an eye or two, for forming fruit fpurs, as 
they will often do ; though they are more apt to produce 
only wood fhoots. Thefe fhoots being cut down again, 
turfs of wood are thus produced, which makes a tree 
appear ragged; fo that whether it is belt to cut all 
Spare fhoots clean out, or to cut (fome of them at leaft) 
ciown to little jtubs, or falfe fpurs, is hardly yet deter- 
mined: The advocate? for both praclices, however, 
fpeak very pofitively for their way. The cutting 
clean out is much the neater, and lefs troubleforne 
way, and is therefore be#, if as much fruit is to be ob- 
tained 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



155 



tained by it : It has been faid more may be, but I have 
not feen it proved. 

The occasional pruning of pear trees during futnmer 
is necefTary, left the ftrength of the tree be fpent in 
vain, the fruit robbed and (haded, and the extremities 
impoverifhed. Whether all the fhoots that are clearly 
known to be wood fhoots (from their length) fhould be 
cut out during fummer, is a queftion, but proceed as 
follows : 

Where fruit fpurs are wanted, the moderate wood 
fhoots may be left to grow to fome length, till the 
wood is hardened, and then broke oft' to about fix 
inches, which, being left to the winter pruning, may 
be cut down to one eye, with the hope ot getting a 
fpur there. But even fair fpurs fhould not be fullered 
to grow too thick : trees heaving final! pears may have 
theirs four inches afunder, and the large fix. 

Several fumracr fhoots will come out about the fruit 
fpurs ; yet it is not advifeable to cut all of them off as 
they appear, but only the ftrong and moll unfightly : 
one moderate fhoot may be left to each, and fhortened 
when the wood is hardened, to about fix inches, and 
cut clean out at the general pruning. Ail fuperfluous 
fhoots except thofe mentioned as allowed of, fhould 
be difplaced while young; but though rubbing, or 
breaking off, in all cafes are preferable to the knife* do 
not ufe this method when fhoots are fo big as to tear the 
wood with them. Shoots irom fpurs will never come 
to any thing, and mult not be trained. 

The time tor general or vainer pruning of pear trees 
ought to be November, as the blolToms are then very 
difcernible, and at fpring pruning they get fo turgid 
and tender, that almoft the leaft touch knocks them off a 
or even the jarring of the tree. What is now to be cut 
out will be underftood from what has been faid; only 
when the bunches of fpurs get too thick and projecting* 
fome muft occafonaliy be removed, and a thin Jharp 
chiflel and mallet will do the work vvell^ where 

H6 



Of PRUNING. 



SECT. XIK 



the wood is too fhrong or awkwardly placed for the 
knife. When a tree gets to the extent of its bounds, 
it is to befhorteneddown to a well-placed young {hoot, 
which may ferve tor a leader; which leader fhould be- 
already provided by a provident {election in the 
fummer. 

Where wood is wanted to fill a vacant place, a fhoot- 
may be accordingly fhortened; but otherwise there inuft 
be no fhortening, except down to a fingle eve, with a 
view (as was faidj to forming fruit fpurs, where the 
tree is thin of them. And when ivwd is de-fired in 
any particular part, where there is no fhoot to cut 
down for ~the purpofe, a notch etofswife, . (fomewh-i 
long), will generally produce k, and the more cer- 
tainly, ii made juft above a joint, or knot. Such 
notching of pear trees does no harm, but rather good : 
as many choofe to do it freely, in order to check their 
too great aptnefs to luxuriancy. 

The thinning of the fruit on pear trees is frequently 
neceffary. They put forth numerous bloffioms, and 
many of them fall, and even the fruit will do fo when 
it is fet ; but as foon as it is promifmg (by the nealthy 
/tuning appearance of the tkiri) that the fruit will hang 5 
thinning to one pear on a fpur, will improve the fruit 
left, and help the 'tree : this work do with a fmali fliarp 
pointed knife. 

To 6tieck" the luxuriant: growtfe of pear trees, many 
fchemes have been tried ; but the belt is here and there 
to ftrip pieces of bark ofT, behind the ftem, and fome 
of the principal branches, half round, or rather make 
ic many wide notches, not going to the pith, 

# % x * 

• Apples arc f&ffieiitnes ^Mnted againft walls, &c. 

What has been faid of pruning and managing pear: 
is applicable to them; the branches, however,, may be 
laid in fome what clofer; the they will net-require, fo- 
much room; yet thev ought to have from twenty-five 
9 feet 



&ECT * Xrl. OF PRUN-ING. 1ST 

feet in length of alowwall, or on a high one. fometliing 
lefs. 

Mulberries are ftill more rarely cultivated as wall- 
fruit. 

Thefe trees require good room, as their mode of 
bearing is moftly at the end of the trained moots*, 
which are therefore not to be fhortened. Twenty or 
twenty-five feet (hould be allowed them, and a new 
planted tree is to be headed down as direfted {or pears t 
&c. Train regularly as many fhoots as may be in 
fummer, and at winter pruning, lay them about fix or 
feven inches diftance. A fucceffion ot new wood 
in uft be always coming forward, and of cour-fe fome 
old taken out, for the fruit is produced chiefly on year 
and two-year old wood;, and as it comes on fpurs, and 
alfo final! ihcots of the fame year, the leaving fhort 
flubs (of moderate wood) in pruning, feerns juftified* 
though by fome condemned.. 

* # * #• * #• 

Cherries ftiould be found againft walls in every goo:I 
garden; but plant young trees, not more than two, but 
better if we year only from budding. 

A new planted cherry tree is belt to have but one 
'ftrong fhoot from the bud, and then cut down at fpring, 
fo as to have two or three eyes- on each fide, to lay in 
well to the wall; but if older and fuller of wood, head 
it down as will be direfted prefentiy, in the article;, 
Ef palter Pruning.. 

Cherry trees mould be trained at length, four or five 
inches afuncler. The fruit comes from fpurs all along 
the (hoots, on one and two years old wood, which will, 
continue to bear,, X;r pruning have an eye, however^ 
to fome fair ftioots for fucceffors to thofe that are 
getting difeaied, or worn out,. Some cut all fuper- 
fluous flioots clean, away,, and others leave a. fprinli- 



158 



OF PRUNING. 



SKCT. XII. 



ling of fhort ftub$, which may be allowed; but let 
them not advance Jar foreright. 

The mo re lla cherry has a. different mode of bearing 
from others, the fruit proceeding moftly from eyes 
along the branches of new, or year old wood, the 
pruner, therefore, is to lay in a proper fupply of 
young wood every year, always removing older wood 
to make room accordingly. For the better opportunity 
of furnifhing the tree with young wood, the bearing 
branches of this tree fliould be at fix inches diftance, 
and then one young (hoot trained between, makes 
them three inches diftant, clofer tkan which they 
fhould not be. The more/la, it is clear, ought to have 
no flubs left in pruning, with a view to {purs, nor 
mud any foreright {hoots be fuffered to grow at all, 
but let them be rubbed off while very young, or rather 
while in the bud. 

The rncreUa cherry is commonly planted againfi 
north walk, where they grow large and hang long, as 
they are commonly not wanted till late in the feafon 
to preferve; but if planted upon warmer walls, their 
fruit is finer, and (when thoroughly ripe) excellent for 
table ufe in September % or Ocfober^ according to the 
afpeft of their growth ; Yet a full fouth wall may be 
too hot for it. 

# # * # * # 

"Exit MS of the finer forts are often planted againft 
vallls, and defer ve a good one. 

For the pruning of plum trees, the directions given 
for cherries apply to them, only that the branches 
fhould be laid fomewhat wider ; i. e. at five or fix 
inches, according to the fort, as free, or iefs free in 
their growth. 

Filberds,, or other nuts, may be trained. Lay 
them at full length, the branches abotxt lix inches 

diltance, 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



159 



diftance, fhortening only the (hoots of new planted 
trees, in order to the furnifhing a proper head and 
(pread of branches, which (hould be kept very hori- 
zontal, to check their free growth. 

They bear upon the (icles and ends of the upper 
Voung branches ; fo that young wood mull be conti* 
nually bringing in, by removing fome of the old. 

* # * * * * 

Currants and fometimes Goofeberries are planted 
againft walls : 

Train the lower branches fomewhat horizontal as 
far as their allotted room, and then train upwards, 
filling the middle as they grow. Keep the branches 
about five or fix inches afunder. They bear fruit 
upon young wood, and on little fpurs of the old. Su- 
perfluous (hoots of the trained branches, are to be cut 
down to little flubs or fpurs, about halt an inch long, 
which will throw out fruit (hoots and fpurs. The 
mother branches of currants and goofeberries will 
laft many years ; but when good young wood can 
be brought in for principals, a renewal every three or 
four years is necefTary to produce fine fruit. Take care 
to provide (hoots to the very bottom of the wall, that 
no fpace may be loft. In the early gathering of thefe 
fruits for pies or tarts, there fhould be left a iprinkling 
all over the trees to come on for table fruit. They will 
prove fine. 

One general obfe-rvation may be here made : 
that all fruit trees mentioned fince vines, are pruned 
much in the fame way, fo that the young gardener 
will not find the bufinefs of pruning fo intricate as he 
might imagine, from the number of w 7 ords feverally 
bellowed on the occafion. 

Wall trees are fpoken of as to ftuaticn, diflance, 
&c> in the fectioii of the Formation of a Garden, which 
fee, with other particulars-- 

4 k. Of 



toO OF PRUNING XI- 

£. OF PRUNING ESPALIERTREES. 

The work of pruning efpalier trees is much the fame 
as for wall trees. The only difference is, that inilead 
of being fpread upon walls, the branches are fattened 
to Hakes, or frames, as treliiies. The faftenings are 
commonly ties of ozier twigs, bark of withy, ba^i, 
yarn, or foft packthread, inftead of nails, which how- 
ever may be ufedto frame work, if they are fmall ancL 
fliarp pointed. See formation of a garden. 

As tsees planted for efpalier training fhould be 
young, let great care be taken to fet them off right at 
firft, by regular fhoots, full furrrifhed immediately 
from the ftera ;. which is effected bv proper heading 
down, as below ; much as w as- directed for wall trees, page 
ISO. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, &c. rn the general 
need not to be fo much freed of all branches at planting,, 
as peaches, nectarines, and apricots : There are however 
gardeners who prune down to the ftem, all forts of war! 
and efpalier trees, as peaches are., 

The headi?:g doivn of a young tree, (L e. apple, &c 
for an efpalier, that has only Ihoot from the graf- 
finff, or budding, fhould h^ fo low, as- to leave two 
or three, or at the molt four eyes on each fide of the - 
item, from wjiich will proceed (hoots properly placed, 
for training, if the tree has /u^ fhoots, one on each 
fide, which branch out right and lefty., ib as to be made 
principal leaders, cut each of them down to three or,- 
four eyes. If it has three frmots, the upper one, if not 
over ftrong* being lhortened down tc* a i'ew eyes* may 
be trained ftrait up, and the two lower ones shortened 
as above, as laterals--,; and. thus a goo<i foundation will be 
made for- a proper fpread ox branches. If it bus four 
fhoots properly placed for training, two on each fide, 
the lower one may ba cut down, to feven, or eight 
eyes, and that above to three or four; If the tree has 
more fhoots, they nY?fy be either all cut out to two on, 
each fide, fhojtening as before, 01%-one (if not over 

ftrong) 



SECT. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



ftrong) left perpendicular, being cut down to a few 
eyes : or if the tree is fomewhat old, and has a good 
root, more well-placed fhoots may be left on, keeping 
the Jowermoft longer than the upper by two or three 
eyes,, making the upper ones very fhort. If thefe di- 
rections are properly obferved, an efpalier (or a wall) 
will be properly and prefentiy filled with branches. 

The bed time for heading down is the fpring, though 
when trees are planted early in autumn, it may be 
then done. All cuts mould be clofe behind an eye 
When a flrong item is to be cut down at fpring, 
remember to place the foot againfl it, to keep the 
root in its place,, and ufe a-fharp knife. 

Heading down is advifed to be deferred till fpring, 
not only on account of frofts pollibly injuring the top 
eye of the frefli cut fhoots; but becaufe the head of a 
tree helps to pufh out roots. The propereft time [to 
prune the heads of new planted trees, is when new 
roots. are formed J and then a head disproportion ed to- 
the roots mould. by. no means be fuffered, r as the new 
fhoots in fuch .cafe would be too weak to be healthy, 
or fruitful. For planting efpaliers, Sec. See page 3G« 

5. OF PRUNING STANDARD TREES. 

The principle of pruning Jfandard trees is the fame, 
whether full, half or dwarf' irandards ; and the ob~ 
jefitisto form a compact hand' o:ne round and open, 
headrather fmall than large, equal on all fides, with 
tolerably ereft wood, capable (as far as the art of the 
pruner can go) of iupporcing the fruit without much 
bending. PerfeS fymmetry indeed is not neceiTaiy, 
but cpnfafion of branches, weak and eroding, crowded 
and dangling, is to be prevented by pruning; for a 
proper, (rather free) ufe of the knife, is capable of doing 
much towards the beauty and fruitfubiefs of ftandard 
trees. A little pruning of irandards every year, and a 
general one (rather free] every three or four years, to 
I . cut 



162 OF PRUNING. SECT. XIX, 

cut out what is decayed, and fome of the older wood, 
where a Fucceflional fupply of young may be obtained 
to fucceed, is the way to keep them in vigour, and 
have the beft of fruit ; for that which grows on old 
wood, gets fmall and auftere. To take off large 
branches a thin broad chljjel is proper ; but if a faiv is 
ufed, fmooth the part with a knife. 

Clear trees from mofs, by fcraping them with a long 
narrow bladed blunt knife, on a bit of hard wood^ 
and cut, or rub off bits of decayed bark, in which in- 
fefts are apt to breed, and wipe the part clean. Some 
ufe a fcouring brufh in this bufinefs, the long end hairss 
of which are well adapted to clean the forky parts. A 
bit of haircloth is alfo ufed for the purpofe; and a finifti 
is properly made to do the bufinefs well, with a brufh 
and foap and water. 

In the jirjl year of new planted itandards, they are 
to be cleared in the Springs of all weak and impro- 
per fhoots, reserving only a few of the ftrongeft. If 
there are four regularly placed flioots oppofite to each 
other, it is fuflicient to form a good head, fhorten- 
ing them down to a few eyes each, or, (in general) 
cutting off about one-third may be a rule. What 
the head will be, may be pretty well forefeen, by con- 
ceiving two or three fhoots to come from each of the 
buds below the cut. 

If the fhoots of the tree are weak, or the root 
but a poor one, cut the referved fhoots down to two 
eyes each. If the head is not regularly furnifhed 
w r ith fhoots, a judicious pruner will yet be able to 
manoeuvre it into form in a year or two, and this mull 
be effe&ed by clofe pruning the firft year. 

The fecsnd year (rather in fpring) attend to the 
head, and cut out, or fhorten, fo as to provide for 
the future form and ftrength of the tree ; referving 
only fuch fhoots as recommend themfelves for their 
pofition and vigour, as widely placed as may be 
from each other, and but few in number. After 

this, 



SECT. xir. 



OF PRUNING, 



163 



this, the head will form -'iff elf, fo as to need only 
cutting clean out a few fuperfluities : but no fhorten« 
ingis allowed, except fome of the loweft branches, 
or any one where wood is wanted to fill a vacancy ; 
for which purpofe, a weak fhoot may do, cut down to 
one or two eyes. 

If trees are too full of wood, the (hoots mull necef- 
farily be drawn weak and long jointed, and fo be th@ 
lefs fruitful, and unable to fupport the fruit they have; 
but on the other hand, too much pruning will occafion 
a tree to be always putting forth wood, rather than 
fruit, and fo a medium muft be obferved. The branches 
fhould be kept about fix inches afunder; and as fuper- 
fluous weak fhoots will of courfe be cut out, fo let alfo 
the over ftrong wood : for though it is defirable to have 
ftandard trees of able wood, yet thofe fhoots that much 
exceed the fize of the reft, would, if left on, infallibly 
weaken the others, and make an awkward tree. 

Let no fhoots remain on the Items, below the head, 
nor fuckers above the roots. With refpeft to cherry 
trees, rather than cut more than necefTary, drooping 
branches may be fuffered, as the fruit is not heavy, 
and the heads of cherry trees may be fuller than other 
fruit trees. Wherever a cut is made in a full headed 
ftandard to fhorten a {hoot, it fhould be (generally) at 
an eye fituated within fide, that fo the fhoot from it may 
point more ereftiy, as the weight of the fruit is too 
much for thofe branches that grow downwards, or quite 
horizontal. 

Goofeberries and currants may be ranked under the 
denomination of dwarf trees, and the principle of pru- 
ning them will be the fame, as for other ftandard trees ; 
only more frequently cutting out old wood, to make 
room for a fucceffion of young. The keeping thefe 
trees, or bufhes, more open than they commonly are, 
would improve the fruit in fize and flavour, and bring 
it forwarder; yet fome of them fhould be fuffered to 
grow rather full of wood, in order to keep the fruit 

longer* 



16 V OF PRUNING. &£C7, X- 

longer, efpecrally in a northern afpect of the garden, 
or fome ihady place ; and if to this- fituation and 
fullnefs, be added matting or netting, they may be pre- 
ferved till November. 

• The time of pruning thefe trees, is commonly held- 
to be indifferent, and any time between leaf and leaf 
may be adopted to cut them as opportunity offers. 
But when they are getting /W? leaf is 'perhaps) the* 
■beft time ; as when pruned early, there is frequently a 
lofs of almoft the whole fruit, by birds eating the buds*. 
Leaving the whole head on till fpring, is a fee ur.it y. as- 
to a crop of fruit, as the cafe would be bad indeed, i£ 
fome good branches are not left, properly furnimed, 
with uninjured buds ; but ftill it is allowed, that an-, 
early pruning if rengthensthe tree, and tends to encreafe- 
the fizeof the. fruit* 

Currant trees need not to be kept lb open as goofe^ 
berry, the branches of which mould be (for fine fruit), 
five or fix inches afunder, and as little ihortened as 
poffible. Thofe forts of goofeberrks whofe . {hoots, 
grow in a curved manner, may have their long 
branches, when in fruit, fupported with little forked, 
flicks* Keep thefe trees clear oi fuckers, and all fhoots. 
from the item,, that are within nine or ten inches o£ 
the grouncL 

for planting ftandardsin orchards y&c See fection ^ 

4.. Of PRUNING SHRUBS » 

Many flrrubs are cultivated for their ornament, and" 
fome for their fruit ; of the latter kind are rafbberrist 
and barberries. 

Raspberries bear fruit on little fide fhoots of the 
prefent year, proceeding from items oi the faft, and 
fometimes produce a little on thofe of the fame year.. 
To prune or drefs the fhrub, therefore, firft cut out 
all the old bearers, whofe wood dies, then cut out,, 
clofe to the fiooh all the new (hoots, except three or 

four 



SECT. W 



OF PRUNING. 



166 



four of the beft fttuated and ftrongeft, which may be 
carefully twifted from the bottom upwards, or tied 
together at the top, or if upright and Itrong, left to 
frapoft themfelves fmgly. The bed fituated, or thofe 
ftanding clofe together, ftear the centre of the ftool, 
and ranging well ill the row, are thofe to be felected. 
This done, let all ftraggling {hoots between the rows 
be clean dug out. Shorten rafpberries, either juft below 
I -the heud, or from three to four feet high, according to - 
-their ftrength. 

Rafpberries muft not be fhortened in fummer ; and 
the time for cutting them is from October all through 
winter^ till they begin to (hoot at fpring, though the 
former is the beft : efpecially if any thing is to be 
planted between their rows. See page 38. 

* * * vf * # 



Berberry \ is a beautiful and fomewhat large 
thrub, which mould be fuffered to grow with a full 
head, like a dwarf ftandard tree. It bears along the 
fides of both young and old wood, but chiefly towards 
the ends, and its branches mould, therefore, not be 
fhortened, except with a view to throw out wood. 
Keep the root tree from fuckers, and the ftem from 
fhoots in its lower part, and prune out weak, lux- 
uriant, ftraggling, and crofting branches, forming it 
to a fomewhat round head, which keep moderately 
-open. Let the ft em be freed from lower branches to 
the height of three, four or five feet, according as the 
fhrub may be defired to approach to a tree. See 
page 76. 

STRAWBERRIES require pruning off the runners 
during furnmer, which ftrengthens the plants, keeps 
the foil from being exhaufted, and gives all a neat air 
of culture. This work fhould be particularly ioU 
4owed up in edgings of ftrawberries, that they may 
not run over the walks : If plants, however, ere 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. Xil. 



-wanted for new beds, they muft be fuffered to run. 
See pages 39, 78. 

The drejfmg of ftrawberries confifts not only of 
pruning from runners ; but cutting down the great 
leaves in autumn (early) with a fey the ; or, which is 
better, by taking them up in the hand, and ufmg a 
fcnife. At this time they muft be weeded, and the 
ground ftirred between them, deep enough to cut the 
ends of the roots a little. Then there mould be fpread 
over the beds a little rotten dung, or good frefh earth, 
and all afterwards kept free from the weeds. Let the 
furface of the ground be ftirred again in fpring, and 
any hollows that may be between the plants filled 
up with earth, and a little dung amongft it, if none was 
applied in autumn. Thus with good management the 
delicious ftrawberry will be had in abundance and per- 
fection, the feafon not being unpropitious. 

# * * * * # 

Flowering Shrubs are of great variety, and the 
method of pruning them is to be determined ac- 
cording to the feveral modes of hearing, of which 
confider chiefly thefe ; that is, whether they produce 
their flowers upon th« lajl year's fhoots, or the pre- 
Jent ; on the ends, or the Jides of their branches. If 
a fhrub bears on the lajl year's fhoots, it is evident 
that it muft be cut away no more than is neceftary to 
keep it within bounds, open, and handfome as to its 
form ; in this cafe, it is the bufmefs to cut clean out, 
ox very low, what is to be fpared. If a fhrub hears 
on the prefent year's (hoots, the old wood may, and 
muft be cut down freely, fo however as to leave eyes 
enough for new fhoots to proceed from, to make a 
fufficient head and mow. If the fhrub bears altoge- 
ther, or chiefly at its ends, no fhortening muft take 
place ; but if fome of the branches are too long, they 
may be either cut out, or quite low, leaving the 
ihorter ones to bear. If the fhrub bears along its fides, 



SE€ r. XII. 



OF PRUNING. 



167 



the fhortening is of no confequence, and the defired 
form may be freely provided for at pleafure. 

The feafon for pruning ihrubs is generally reckoned 
the Jprdngy but autumn is better, if not too near win- 
ter; as at this time, (harp weather might occafion 
fome of the forts, (as jaf mines and honeyfuckles) to die 
down. The time of flowering, muft in fome meafure 
direft the time of pruning. Shrubs that flower in 
winter, (as the lauruftinus,) fhould be cut in fpring, 
Thofe that flower in fpring may be pruned immediately 
after their blow, or in fummer. Thofe that flower 
in fummer fhould be pruned in autumn ; and thofe that 
flower in .autumn fhould be pruned either foon after 
flowering, or in fpring. 

Be fure to take off in time, i. e. as foon as disco- 
vered, all fuckers and over ftrong fhoots from fhrubs ; 
for by their luxuriancy they greatly impoverifli the 
proper fized branches, which are the fruitful ones, 
and fuch large fappy wood looks very unfightly. 

The height of fhrubs in certain fituations, is ma- 
terial, and to provide for this, the art of pruning is in 
a great meafure competent. To keep them low, cutting 
down is of courfe neceflary ; but it will be well alfo 
to make the foil poor if too rich. To encourage them 
to mount, keep trimming off clofe the lower branches, 
and improve the ground by digging and dreffing occa* 
fionally. 

Flowering fhrubs fhould be better attended to, as to 
•pruning, than they commonly are ; for we fometimes 
lee them either wholly neglected, or cut down at ran- 
dom, perhaps pnly fheared into a little form; and fo 
they make a return quite fuitable to the defert of the 
owner for his negleft. To be erouding full of branches, 
prevents the produftion of flowers. Shrubs fhould not 
Be choaked up from fun and air, either in themfelves, 
or by their neighbours : The larger plants mufl not be 
iuffered to oveilfliadow the lefs } if poflible. 

The 



168 



OF PRUNING. 



SECT. XII, 



The general direclions already given for pruning 
fhrubs might fuffice, but that the young gardener may 
not have to difcover (by obfervatioi: alone) the proper 
application of the given rules, he is here particularly 
directed to the work of pruning a few of the more com- 
mon forts. 

Rojes bear upon fhoots of the prefent year, and upon 
thofe formed after Midfummer in the paft year, but 
chiefly upon the former. Therefore, they may, or ra- 
ther mould be cut down low, leaving only three or fom 
eyes to a moot ; except fome of thofe fhort fho 
formed the iaft year too late to blow then, w T hich les 
whole. If rofe trees are not clofe pruned they v 
be unable to fupport their flowers properly. Ufe 
iharp knife and cut clofe behind an eye or bud. Ro 
for forcing mould be pruned in July and Auguft. 

Hone\Juckks flow r er on moots of the prefent ye 
and therefore whether tr .ined to walls, or kept 
bufiies, mould be alfo pruned clofe, but not fo fhort 
the latter cafe as the former; for thofe againft we 
mould be cut down to an eye or two, and thofe in buff 
to three or four eyes. 

■ Sweetbriars flower on fhoots of the prefent ye 
and therefore mould be cut after the manner of honey* , 
fuckles. Thefe fhrubs (and moft others) are feldc 
pruned down enough ; Id that in a few years they get 
very rambling and imfightly ; but if kept compact we 
have beauty, as well as fweetnefs, to recompence our 
care. In all cafes, a lefs number of fine flowers, ob- 
tained by fhort and open pruning, is certainly preferable 
to many indifferent ones. 

Lilacs bear their flowers at the ends of (boots of the 
Lift year, fo of courfe at fpring muft not be fhort eir^d. 
If got rambling and crowded, cut either clean Out; or 
very iow s what may be fuperiiuous. If they need much 
reduction, let them be cut down as foon as (or fomewhat 
before) they have got off flower, and then the {hosts 



SECT. XIII. 



OF HOT BEDS. 



1S» 



that come after will form for blow before the fummer 
is out, for next year. 

Laburnhams bear along the fides and ends of old wood. 

Jaftnnes mould be pruned down clofe, even to half 
an inch, and when trained to a wail, the moots kept 
rather wide, like vines, (particularly the fcarlet trum- 
pet fort) as they bear at the ends of weak moots of the 
year ; which mould therefore (as all others bearing in 
the fame way) never be touched in fummer with a 
knife, but be fuffered to grow rude. 

Sennas bearalfo on moots of the prefent year, vet are 
beft left rather full of wood : prune them as foon as 
off flower. 

Syringa, or Mock orange, and Hypericum JruUx, 
bear along the fides, as well as ends, of old wood, and 
of courfe mav be fhortened. 

Spire a frutex, Guelder rofe, and many others, bear on 
moots of the year, and may therefore be pruned fhort. 

Pyracantha bears (chiefly) on two and three vears 
old wood ; therefore the oldeft wood is to be cut out, 
and young in every part retained, and at length. The 
time of pruning mould be autumn ; but early in faring 
will do, as the flowers may then be feen. 

For the pruning fore/l trees, fee page 118. Ber- 
berries, fee page 165. 



SECTION XIII. 



OF HOT BEDS, 

THE dung of aiiimals, but chiefly of horfes, it fat 
together for fermentation, in order to form bodies 
of heat for two purpofes. L To raife veg- ables, 
Bowers, &c. not otherwife to be produced, or, at leaft, 
not m perfection. £ ; To raife inch things, as though 

I they 



i?6 



OF HOT BHDS. 



SECT. XIII. 



they come in perfeftion by open culture, yet may be 
forwarded by artificial warmth. 

According to the quantity and quality of the mate- 
rials put together for hot beds, the heat will be pro- 
portioned as to ftrength and duration ; and by a judi- 
cious ufe in making, and the management afterwards, 
many advantages may be obtained from them. The 
great point is, to fuit the degree of heat to the nature 
of the different plants to be cultivated, that they may 
have neither more nor lefs than is necejjary to promote 
a regular vegetation. 

Two errors are common in the ufe of hot beds, low- 
ing or placing in the fame bed things of a very different 
nature, as to the climate they grow beft in, and forcing 
with too much heat even the tenderer!;. Though it 
may not anfwer our often too ha fly views, the heat of 
a bed had better be flack than otherwife. A flrong hot 
bed, that ought (at leaf!) to be made a fortnight before 
it is u fed, is fometimes furnifhed by impatience in a 
few days, and various ill confequences follow, which, 
naturally frustrate expeftation. 

The place where hot beds are worked fhould be open 
to the full fun, catching it as early as poflible in the 
morning, and having it as long as can be in the evening ; 
and if not naturally fheltered, it mould be fcreened 
from the north and north-eajl winds by a boarded fence, 
or rather one of reeds, as from a folid fence the wind 
reverberates ; but ftraw, or flake hurdles, fet endwife, 
may do. A fcreen of fbme fort, (and a clofe clipt 
hedge is as good as any) not only protefts the inclo- 
fure from the harfher winds, and confines the warm 
air, but keeps a rather unfightly work from view, and 
' ftraw s from blowing about, the litter of which is fo 
difagreeable. In large gardens, however, they have 
detached grounds for the work of hot beds, where fuch 
litter is of no consequence. 

Working of the dung is necefTary previous, to the 
making a hot bed ; i.e. it mould be thrown together 

on 



SECT. XXII. 



&g HOT BEDS* 



in 



•n an heap, in a conical form ; and when it has taken 
a thorough heat, and has been fmoking or fweating 
for two or three days, it fliould be turned over, mov- 
ing the outfide in, or mixing the colder parts with the 
hot. When it has taken heat again for two or three 
days, give it a fecond turn as before, and having lain 
the fame time, it will be in proper order for making 3 
good lafting bed with a fteady heat. If in hafte, it 
may be made into a bed after the firrt heating ; but it 
will be better for ftifting a^ain. or even a third time* 
When dung is ready before wanted, keep turning it 
over, left it be too much fpent. It will be proper to 
begin to work fre/h dung a week or ten days before it is 
to be ufed ; but if the dung is not frefh, it is only ne- 
ceflary to throw it together for once heating. 

Dunghills , from which it is defigned to collefl: ma- 
terials for a hot bed, fhould be taken notice of in time 4 
that they are not left to work themfelves zveak by long 
fmoking, without opening and turning over. Beds 
may be made of dung from a week to a month old. 

If heavy rain 9 cutting wind, or driving /now, mould 
keep the heaps from heating, and the dung is wanted, 
lay fonie ftraw round it, and it will protect and fetch 
up the heat. If at firit putting it together there is not 
a general moijlurc in the dung, it mull be given it, by 
caiting water evenly over it as it is laid. This may be 
done with a hand-bowl from a pail, but it would be 
better to ufe a large watering pot. No water muft be- 
ufed to dung when it is got dark ; this is, however, the 
colour that it fljouid begin to have when put together in 
a bed, which the directions given for working it will 
bring it to. 

The Jize of a hot bed, as to length and breadth, is 
(of courfej to be according to the frame; and the 
height of it according to the Jeafon, and the degree of 
heat requifite to the nature oi the plant to be cultivated. 
In a dry foil, a bed may be Junk in the ground, from fix 
Miches to a foot, to make it more convenient to get at 



OF HOT BEDS. 



SECT. XIII. 



and manage. But beds made forward in the fea r (.m 
fhould rather be on the furface, for the fake of being 
able to add the ftronger linings, &c. 

The bed fhould not be of greater dimenfions than 
neceflary to hold the frame up firmly, i. e. three or 
four inches wider every way, though fome approve of 
making it fix, which may be proper if the frame is 
fmall, as otherwife the body of dung might not held 
heat enough for the neceflary length of time. As a 
guide for laying the dung regular, (according to the 
fize of the frame} drive /lakes, of about the height the 
bed is to be, at the four corners. 

It is the practice of fome gardeners, when they mould 
the bed, to take the frame off, and lay it two or three 
inches thick all over, and then put the frame on again. 
This is done to guard againll fteariiifrg, and is proper 
when the frames are fh allow : in this cafe, the bed muft 
be fix inches wider every way than the frame, in order 
to hold up the mould for the frame to reft upon. 

In cafe of an infufficieni quantity of good horfe dung, 
that of coivs, oxen, or pigs, if it is firawy, and not too 
wet, may be mixed with h, in the proportion ot one- 
fourth, or upon a pinch more ; efpecially in an advanced 
part of the feafon, or to cultivate things that are only 
forcing, and do not naiuraily require heat. In the cafe 
of a deficient quantity of proper materials alfo, fome dry 
-old worn-out horfe dung may be laid at bottom, and a 
little of it on the top. Offal hay may be mixed as the 
bed is made ; or a little of mown g rajs, or ireeas. efpe- 
cially for late made beds ; hut clear jl rave, well wetted, 
ffiay be put at the bottom a foot thick, and reckoned 
about equal to five or fix inches of dung. Cucumbers 
and melons have been raifed upon Jlraw beds, mixed 
with lea coal aftes ; and thus the rank fleam of dung 
avoided, which fometimes injures plants, if it does 
not give the fruit a lefs agreeable tafte than they other-^ 
wife would have. Sea coal apes among dung, has 
been recommended to continue the heat, of the bed, 

and 



SECT. XIII. 



OF HOT BE3S. 



and to moderate it, in the proportion of one-Sfth or 
fixth part; tanners bark has been ufed in the fame 
way ; and thefe have been fometimes mixed generally, 
and at others in layers three or four to a bed.- 

The making of a hot bed is performed- thus : lay 
fenne of the moft ftrawy dung at bottom, and keep 
that which appears lealf worked toward the middle. 
Let all be well broke, and laid evenly without lumps; 
Keeping the ends and fides upright, (or rather hanging 
over not fuffering them to draw in, left the bed be 
made too little for the frame, or mould thus catch 
wet. Having laid it about half a yard high, mo&. 
gardeners trample it with the feet fet clofe, and again 
when raifed a foot higher, and laftly when near 
£nifhed; but beating it down well with the back cf 
the tork is by fome gardeners thought fufficient, ex- 
cept indeed the dung be frefh and ftrawy, and then 
trampling ought to be ufed. The cleaner dung is, it 
mufl not only be more trampled, but more wetted, and 
the greater quantity of it ufed. To make beds of uri± 
foiled JlraWj it is recommended to lay it in a pond for 
two or three days, and then to throw it in a heap to 
drain and heat a little fir ft. 

If any dung is to be ufed direfUy from the ftable, let 
it be equally mixed with the relh ; but if there is a 
coldnels in the other dung, it will bring the heat for- 
warder, by laying a good part of the frefh in th& 
middle, which will foon kindle, and fpread warmth. 
The litter that is made ufe of for this purpofe mould 
be fiul ; and if not, it may be made fo, by mixing 
cow or hog dung with it, or rather by collecting the 
draining from a farmer's mack hill, and fprinkling with, 
it ; which helps to fermentation. 

The beft jort of dung is that cf bean Jlrazv, next 
wheat* rye* oats, and barley. When the feafon is 
pretty much advanced, hot beds mav be made of grafs 
mowings, (as from an orchard) and weeds, which is 
a common practice in the cyder countries.. Thefe 

I $ heats* 



#f HOT BEDS. S£GX: XIII, 

heats, however, are often tQo violent, and laif not long ; 
yet may they be lined with the fame materials if done 
in time, otherwife if a green hot bed gets greatly cool 
it will not be recovered, A grafs bed may be ufed 
a-s foon as warm, but let it not be overweighted by 
putting on heavy frames, or more mould than neceflary* 
It mould rather be worked with hand glaffes, or oiled 
paper covers* 

Hoi beds are fometimes made of the refufe bark of a 
tanner's yard, ana alfo of oak leaves ; but thefe muft 
have walled pits for them, of a large fize, and are 
feldom ufed but in hat-houfes. A bark-bed properly 
made, and managed by forking up at two or three 
month's end, &c, will hold a fair, moderate, and Heady 
heat, four, five, or fix months. 

The bark is to be got frefh, after it has been thrown 
out of the vats a few r days, and if not moderately dry, 
kept a few days longer to 'drain, and if the weather h 
fair, it may be opened to the fun to dry ; for it will 
not ferment if it is put together wet. When it is 
made into a bed it mull be only beat together with the 
fork, and hot trampled. In a fortnight it will have 
come to a fine heat, for immediate ufe. 

The pit mould be eleven or twelve feet long, five 
and a half or fix feet wide, and a foot, or a little more, 
higher than the bark in front, and two feet higher be- 
hind, to receive the mould on a body of bark, three 
feet deep : But if for' the cultivation of any thing in 
pots, as there will need no mould, the pits need not 
be lb deep, the pots being plunged in the bark : or the 
pit may be made level all round, of a depth to hold 
the bark and mould, on which frames of wood may 
be fet. Let the pit be funk one third, or one-hall in 
the ground, as the foil about it is dry or not. 

To cncreaje the heat of a dung bed when it declines, 
a warm lining of firaw, or hay, put round it, a foot 
thick, and laid high up the fides of the frames, will 
recover it for a few days; but a lining of hot dung, 

one 



SECT. XIII. OF HOT BEDS. • . ITo 

one toot and a half wide at bottom, and narrower at 
top, Ihould be applied fitft to the back, and in about 
B week after to the front, before the heat is greatly 
gone off; and if very bad weather comes, there Ihould 
be a lining of it-raw all round this. In cafes of great 
decknfion of heat, the ends Ihould have hot dung applied 
to them, or, at leaft, a good thick nefs of litter, or 
ftraw* Lay all Ainings a few inches higher than the 
bed, to allow forfinkirijg ; or, not being laid quite fo 
high at firft, add more afterwards, when a little fettled, 
Early made beds may require two or three repeated 
linings. Should dung of a brifk heat for a new linin'g 
be wanting, the old lining may be worked up with 
what there is, and if fhook up with quite frefh (but 
foul) dung from the liable, do very well. 

To decreafe the heat of a bed, feveral holes may be 
made in it, by thrulting an iron bar, or a thick fmocth 
iharp pointed flake, up to the middle, which hotes are- 
to be clofe ftopt again, with dung or hay, when the 
heat is fufficiently abated. 

The ufes to which hot beds may be applied are va- 
rious, but chiefly for the cultivation of cucumbers and 
melons, for which fee the next fecliom At the fpring 
of the year, hot beds are commonly made ufe of for 
forcing crops of feveral vegetables, as radijhes, carrots, 
cauliflowers, lettuces, potatoes, tumeps, kidney beans, 
pur/lane, tarragon, /mall /allading, &c. Fruits of 
ieveral forts, as cherries, ftrawberries , ra/pberrus^ 
&c. arc fometimes brought forward by dung heat ; as 
alfo various jhrubs and floivers, by means of forcing- 
frames* Tender annuals, as bal/ams, and other flow- 
ers, that neceffarily require heat to bring them up ; and 
the lefs tender, and fome even of the hardy forts,- are. 
alfo cultivated on hot-beds, or other affiitance from 
dung, to produce an earlier blow than could other- 
wife be had. Directions for which, will be given in 
their proper places. See Sect. 18. 

I 4 As 



176 : OF raising CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 

As to the forcing fruits, -peas, eifparagus, and the 
railing of mujhrooms , thefe things are not commonly 
pra&ifed, and it can hardly be expecled in fuch an 
initiatory bjok as this, to find iniirufHons for all things* 



SECTION XIV. 

©F RAISING CUCUMBERS AND MELONS, 



& OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 
r See Cucumber in the next Section. 

GARDENERS ufually provide three crops of cu- 
cumbers m the feafon, all of which will be in- 
debted to hot dung to produce them ; except fometimes 
indeed, the laft fowing be upon cold ground ; which, 
in fome favourable filiations, and in fome feafons, may 
do for picklei s. We begin with the early crop, which 
is Tnoft valued. 

Make a feed bed of the fize of a one-light frame, {or 
a two-light were better), from three to four feet thick, 
and if ambitious of being forward, do it fometime be- 
tween the firft and fifteenth of January, though fome 
gardeners fow about Chriftmas : But the fooner this 
-work is begun, the more hazard there is of failing, 
and the more (kill and trouble will be neceffary to 
manage them fuccefs fully. 

The young gardener is advifed not to attempt this 
bufinefs till the middle of February ; and then, if he has 
good fortune, he will cut fruit about the middle of 
May. When he has attained fome ikill in the work, 
he may begin fooner; for there is nothing that pro- 
feffed gardeners are fo fond of exhibiting, as early 
cucujnbers, which is a proof, that no little ingenuity 



SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 177' 

and attention is necelTary to produce them. Ail 
favourable circumflances coinciding, as lowing the 
forwarder! feed in kind, mild and funny weather, and 
plenty of dung, with good frames, managed by (kill 
and induftrv, early cucumbers are fometimes raifed in 
about eight weeks, and later in the feafon. have been - 
raifed in fix ; but near upon three months, muft com- 
monly be allowed. 

A bed being ready, agreeable to the directions given : 
in the Iaft fection, which may be four feet high in 
January, three and a. halt feet in February, and three 
teet in March^ or the medium as a general rule; let it 
be covered with the frame and lights, railing the glafles. 
a little to let off the (team that will come llrongly. 
from the bed. 

When the heat has been up three or four days in a 
Tingle light, or a day or two more it a two light 
frame, let it be taken off, and fee that the furface of 
the bed is perfectly level, but rather riling, behind ; 
and if you think the bed is hardly flrong enough, the 
opportunity is given to add a courfe or two more of 
dung. Having levelled the bed neatly with the fork, 
beat it fmooth with a ihovelor fpade, and put the frame 
and glai's on again. 

% The temper of the bed is now to be attended to, that 
it be not moulded till the burning heat is over; a judg- 
ment of which may be formed, by keeping tw 7 o Iharp 
pointed fmooth flicks thruflin behindhand occasionally 
drawing and teeling them, by a quick grafp of the 
hand. Endeavour to hit the exact 'time, not putting 
the mould on too foon, as it is liable to burn, nor 
delaying too long, and lb to lofe time, and too much .. 
of that heat, the bed was made tor. 

The -moulding, is thus ; .lay ail 'over the. bed about 
three inches thick of rich loofe (not over light) and 
dry earth, and add as much, in the centre of trie light 
as will raife a hill eight, or nine inches deep, which as 
fqon as .warm through, is to be ufed, except the bed 

15 feerjpg* 



liS OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. X I \\ 

feem too hot, and likely to burn ; in which cafe, draw 
the chief of the mould a fide round the frame, that the 
heat may have vent in the middle, for a day or two. 
As it is a thing effentially neceffary in the cultivation 
of early cucumbers, to have rich earth, properlv dr\\ 
it fhould be prepared, and laid by in autumn, in fome 
airy flied or hovel. Let it be, if poihble, fome frelh 
under turf earth, mixed with about one fourth part of 
thorough rotten horfe dung, often ftirred together to 
incorporate and fweeten. 

The Jewing may be made upon the hill of mould, 
levelled down to about fix inches deep ; but if any fuf~. 
picion of burning for in fhort at any rate;, it were 
better to fow in a fmall pot or two, which fhould be 
filled with the warm mould, and plunged a little way 
in, more or lefs according to the heat of the bed, for if 
the bed appears to be over hot, the pot may beraifed 
from it ; cover the feeds half an inch, cind add a gentle 
pre flu re of the earth upon them. In a bed of proper 
temper, they will be up in three or four days, and 
fconer or later, if there is too ftrong or too weak a 
heat ; though the age of the feed will occafion fome 
difference. Very old feed (which fome gardeners are 
fond of, as running lefs to vine, and fo reckoned the 
more fruitful,) will fometimes come up weak, and 
alfo rot, when the mould is damp, and the heat not 
itrong ; fo that feed of two, three, or at the molt, four 
years of age is to be preferred : That of a year old 
only comes up certainly, but too luxuriantly. 

- Whether the iirft feeds come up, or not, on the 
third day, fow a few more, and fo again and again ; 
for the early^young plants are incident to failures, from 
various caufes. As the feed muff not be fown in wet 
earth, fo if it gets too dry, fprinkle the mould to 
moiiten it a little below the depth of the feed ; but 
let it be with water previoufly fet in the frame (in a 
bottle) to warm. Be Jure to give the plants air, 
according to the weather, railing the lights from one 

half, 



» 



SECT XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 

half, to a whole inch ; and now, and ever after, while 
there is a {hong heat in the bed, tilt one corner of a 
light for the ft earn to pafs off on nights, and let a mat 
hang, or be nailed loofely over the open part, to keep 
out the wind. 

The pricking out the young plants is to be done when 
they are three or four days old, taking them up care- 
fully, and the mould being warm, put three in a fmall 
pot, as the common practice is ; but no more than two, 
or only one in a J mail pot is a good method. If a fingle 
plant is put in a pot, it certainly may be expefted to 
grow ftronger, and be continued longer therein, 
and three of thefe mav be planted clofe together in 
the Fruiting bed. If only one plant is put in, fet it 
upright in the middle of the pot nearly up to the feed 
leaves; If more are put in, take the mould out of the 
pot in a bafon-like form an inch or more deep, as the 
ihanks are, laying the roots fmooth towards the centre* 
and the leaves towards the edge of the pot ; cover up 
to the top, and give the earth a gentle preffure : the 
root ends may be dipt, if long. 

It the mould is very dry and the bed hot; a little 

. water may be immediately given to the roots ; but if 
othcrwife, the next day will be belt. • 

Give very little air the fir ft day, but afterwards 
more, as the fun fhines or not, or the day is mild or. 
(harp, ftill or windy. As the plants get older ^pd 
hardier, air may be given up to two inches, whert. 
there is a good heat, and extraordinary fine weather, 
to three or tour inches of tilt : For this purpofe, 
wedges of wood, about four inches thick at the wide 
end, are proper. If fufpicious of the air coming in too 

fuddcnly, tack a bit of cloth, or mat before the place. 
Air is to be given in different degrees, regularly as the 
weather alters in the courfe of the day ;— a little air 
in the . morning, more as. the day advances, and lefe • 
again as it .declines. 

I 6 .- Cucumbers. 



no 



OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 



Cucumbers will not do well, if the air in the bed is 
long confined, or ftagnant : Sun is neceffary as well as 
air, but as that we cannot furnifh, every advantage that 
is in our power we fhould not fail to make ufe of with. 
care. The plants are to be nurfed, and preferved mo- 
derately warm, by keeping the pots plunged lefs or 
more in the bed, placing them towards the outfides of 
the Irame when there is a great heat, and more in the 
middle when it is moderate. 

Keep fome mould round the infide of the frame, 
ready to earth up the pots to the rim, as the heat de- 
clines. There fhould not be lefs than two, or more 
than three inches depth of mould, in the intermediate 
fpaces of the frame : for when the bed is moulded too 
thick, it keeps down the heat too much, and occafions 
turning. Young plants fhould be guarded ixomr'tnuch 
fun, if the feafon is advanced, and efpecially when the 
bed is hot ; Give air in thefe cafes freely. 

Attend to the weather, and if rain, fnow, or wind, 
is either of them likely to chill the bed much, provide 
again ft it in time, by laying ftraw round ; and if the 
heat naturally declines much, line, &c. as direfted, 
page 174, in order to recover and keep it up, for the 
plants will foon be fpoiled, or loft, if the bed gets cold. 
They are to grow in the pots till their firft rough leaves 
.are two or three inches broad. When there is only 
one in a pot, a plant (upon a pinch) may grow in it till 
it bio (Terns. 

Ufe water (foft) but moderately at firft, till the roots 
get fpread about the pot, and then wet the (hanks of 
the plants as little as can be helped, if the feafon is early, 
or there is little fun. When the roots are got to the 
tgttom of the pot, take care to water to the bottom ; 
■but over-much watering of young plants makes them 
fickly. Once a week, at an early feafon, will be fuffi- 
cient, except the heat is very ftrongin the bed, and, the 
weather very fuany ; the water mull be in a fnjali degree 

warm, 



SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 181 

warm, and given in the morning towards the middle of 
the day. Shut them clofe for half an hour. 

If the feed bed is not likely to hold the plants fo long 
as directed, (or nearly) in a free growing ftate, an inter- 
mediate bed Ihould be made in time to receive them; 
for it is BOt proper to plant them out into the fruit bed 
t:o foon, left there be a failure in keeping up its heat 
to fet the fruit, and bring it on. This intermediate 
bed ihouid be made of proportionate ftrength, for the 
time it is wanted, and may do at two and a halt, or three 
feet thick; nor need there be any great objection to an- 
intermediate bed, as it tends to infure fuccefs, and brings 
the plants on feller, and faves trouble in keeping up the 
heat of the feed bed. 

Burning is a thing to be fufpefted when a bed is very 
hot, and in proportion as the mould is damp; and mould 
therefore be feen to, bv drawing away feme mould from 
the bottom near the middle ; and it it appears difco- 
loured, of a greyifh hue, and caked, let what is fo be 
taken out from all parts of the bed as foon as poflible ; 
but take care tfyat in doing it, too much cold air do not 
get in and damp the bed, or injure the plants. Do this 
work at the beft time of the day, while the fun fhines, if 
it may be, and rather at twice, allowing an hour be- 
tween. Fill up with frefli and dry mould, and keep 
the glaffes clofe, till the earth is got thorough warm 
again. Burning, however, is not of fo much confe- 
quence now, as when the plants are put out to fruit, 
tor the pots may be drawn up from the evil ; but burnt 
mould contaminates the air, as well as injures trie roots 
that it reaches to. See Burning again prefently. 

Steaming muft be guarded againii, and the rank efflu- 
via which rifes in the bed at fh it, .and whilit the dung is 
quite hot, muft have vent night and day, by railing the 
lights. A little rife will do on nights ; and if a mat 
hangs before the aperture, or is- nailed down loofely over 
it, the too fuddea entrance of cold air will be prevented* 
But when the ftrong heat of the bed is certain! v over, 

ftut 



182 OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV, 

fhut clofe on nights, and give but little air in unfavour- 
able days. Rank fleam is fometimes drawn into a frame 
from the outfide of the bed, occauoned by the mats 
hanging over it ; therefore, in covering, it is neceffary 
to keep up the ends of the mats, fo that the glafs and 
frame only be covered. Danger of fleaming arifes alfo 
from the application of frefh linings, the fmoke of which, 
wind may drive into the frames ; fo that the lining 
fhould either be covered with two or three inches of 
mould, or, which is better, a good thicknefs of fine dry 
hay. Sometimes fleam will iyhiuafe itfelf round the 
frame within, through the bed fettling unequal! v. fo 
that the mould draws from k : Prevent this by filling 
up the apertures. 

Covering up at night has been juft directed to be 
cnlj over the s, for a reafon given. Put the cover 
on a little before fun fee, and take off a little after fun 
rife, except very bad weather diftate otherwife ; yet 
remember, that light is a mou neceffary article in the 
welfare of plants, and guaM again ft permitting cover 
longer than compelled to it* While the bed is in a 
good heat, one mat is fufficient, but yet if the weather 
is fharp, more fhould be ufed ; for though not neceffary 
for the warmth, it will be ufeful to keep the fteam of 
the bed from being fo fuddenlv condenfed as to drop on. 
the plants, which would injure them. As the bed de- 
clines in heat, and the weather is cold, a thicker cover- 
ing muff be put on; and a very warm covering is made 
thus : — lay on a mat, and over it a coat of flraw, or 
rather hay, and then a mat on the top, which tack down 
round the frame. It will help to warmth, to pufh into,- 
the dung fome little flicks round the frame, and fill up 
the fpace with hay. Covering vcund (he bed with flraw 
and lining have been fpoken to : let the applications be 
made in time. 

The feed led, by good management, may be kept 
with a good growing heat for fis weeks, when the 

plants. 



SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS- IBS 



plants being about five weeks old, will be read y fo 
putting into a new bed to bear fruit. 

Stopping the plants is to be performed about a week 
before they leave the feed bed; i.e. as foon as the fe- 
cond rough leaf is expanded, and fhews in its bofom 
the little bud, or eye, that produces a runner. This is 
to be nicely cut off with a pen-knife, or fmall fharp 
pointed fciifars, or picked out with a needle, though, if 
it gets forward, it may be pinched off. Soon after this 
operation, the plant thickens, and will pufh for runners 
again, which the Hopping is defigried to difpofe them 
to ; and the effecl is an earlier and more plentiful bear- 
ing. The practice of flopping is again to be performed 
upon the firit runners when they have three joints with- 
out mewing fruit. 

The fruit bed comes now, and it fhould be made of 
good materials, duly prepared, and well put together, 
towards four feet thick. It ought not to be of a fize 
lefs than for a two-light, but better for a three-light 
frame ; as the heat is more certainly to be kept up a 
proper length of time, in a full fized frame, without 
which all the previous labour is loft. Preparations 
mult be made for this bsd at haft a fortnight before it is 
wanted, in the way direcled in the la ft fection. 

Before earthing, take care that the burning heat is 
over, and that the mould to be ufed be properly dry. 
Lay it all over the bed not more than three inches thick, 
(for reafons given, page 130) making hills where the 
plants are to be fet about twelve or fourteen inches 
depth. A two-light bed (of proper materials) will 
aot be ready for moulding in lefs than a week or ten 
days from making ; nor a three-light in lefs than ten 
days or a fortnight. But if it fhould be de fired to plant 
out quick, on account of the feed bed having got cold, 
a fecurity from burning the plants is found in forming 
a hole in the bed, where the plants are to be, two inches 
deep, and about a foot, or fifteen inches over, and filling 
up with freih coiv dung ; through this the heat will not 



IS"4? OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 

burn, and if it catches the other parts of the bed, the 
difeafe may be eafily remedied, in the way before men- 
tioned, without dilturbing the plants. Some gardeners 
place turf under the plants, with the grafs downwards, 
to prevent excefs ot heat ; and it helps to keep the 
mould, in other parts, from burning, to ftir it about in 
time. A preventative ufed by fome, is to put on a 
layer of five or fix inches of old dung, when the bed is 
made. It mould feem r that a layer ot about three inches 
of eld bark might prevent burning. See Burning, 
pages 180, 181. 

Planting is to take place as foon as the heaps of 
mould are warm. Spread the earth on the top a little, 
and having the hills a full ten inches depth, make a 
hole in the middle fix inches deep, to receive the pot of 
plants ; which pets will be from four and a halt to five 
inches deep, and confequently the plants funk m this 
hole a full inch more in mould than they were in the 
pot ; and thev will have four inches depth or mould at 
the bottom, which there Jbould be below the roots. 
Draw the mould up to the plants, and prefs it gently 
between, and to them, all round the hillock. It is 
fpoken here of a pot ot plants with three, but it only one 
in a pot, the whole hill mud be thrown down to" fouy 
inches depth, and the plants, with all the mould, fet one 
ciofe by the fide of the other, and then filled up and 
round with the earth of the bed. 

To foift plants out of the pots with the ball of 
earth entire about them, put. the fingers between the 
plants, and turning the pot up, give, it a gentle tap on 
the knee, or edge of the frame, and the whole will- 
come out ; a little- preffure at the fame time through . 
the hole at bottom, with a finger of the other hand, 
will »affift : turn the plants up carefully, and place them 
in i'o. To fecure their coming out whole, water the 
pots to the bottom the day before ; and if not too wet, 
they will flip out. If the plants hold tight to the pots, 
when turned up., along thin narrow bladed knife w*4 



SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 

be proper to loofen the fides. If the mould fhould fai^ 
from the plants, carefully fpread the roots in planting? 
and they will be fure to grow, only their having no 
mould to them will oceafion a little lofs of time till 
they have ltruck root again. Thus having fettled the 
plants, lhut the lights clofe till all is thorough warm, 
and then give a little air; if the mould put round the 
roots be dry, give a little water. 

Management as to air, covering, zvatcring, lining, 
and guarding againlt burning, /learning, c>:c. is how to 
occupy the conftant attention of the gardener: On thefe 
heads, what has been before faid may ferve tor initruc- 
tion now; only as the fcafon advance?, and the plants 
get ftrong, the more air and watering mav be ventured 
on, and it the heat of the bed is good, lef s covering will 
do. As the feafon advances, water earlier in the morn- 
ing, or later in the afternoon, fo as not to have a full 
fun come directly upon the leaves while wet; for drops 
of w 7 ater aft as convex glaffes, to draw the rays to a 
focus, and thus fcorches. As the weather may be cool, 
or the bed gets cool, water the more fparingly ; and in 
this cafe, efpecially, avoid w 7 etting the /banks of the 
plants much. It will be known when water muji be 
given, by the larger leaves flagging, without any vio- 
lent fun to oceafion au extraordinary perfpiration. Bou 
ties of water may be kept in the frame, which is prefer- 
able to that warmed at a fire ; yet the latter muff be 
ufed when there is not enough of the former, to water 
fo widely and deeply as neceffary. When the frame 
gets full of vine, it gets full of root ; and as by this time 
the days get long, and may be funny, a good portion of 
water for the whole may be wanted twice, or, perhaps, 
thrice a week, from a watering pot. 

Air fhould be given (as before directed) in fine wea- 
ther to a tilt of three inches, or more. VVhile there is 
'A brifk heat in the bed, give a little air on nights. If 
the bed gets cold, it may be helped by covering up 
earlier and warmer, and uncovering later ; though the 

plants 



186 



OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 



SECT. XXV, 



plants fhould not be deprived of more light than what 
muft be, through bad weather. 

In cafe of burning being discovered, take the burnt 
mould from under the plants carefully, but quickly, as 
far as can be, without throwing them down: remember 
to be cautious of '/learning, and think of lining (180) in 
time, that the plants be not ftunted by cold, for when 
they are materially checked, they hardly ever recover 
it. Sometimes the application of linings will fo in- 
creafe the heat as to occafion turning ; let this be feei> 
to, and (at leaft) remove a part, and remake it when the 
violent heat is abated. 

Earth up the fhanks with dry mould, (kept in the 
frame on purpofe) as the plants increafe; and let 
warm mould be added to the fides of the heaps, as 
foon as ever the roots begin to appear through, or the 
runners need fupport ; proceeding thus, from time to 
time, till the bed is filled up level all over. For this 
end, keep bringing in a little cold mould frequently, 
laying it round the fides of the frame. When the bed 
is filled with mould, it is a good way to frefs it tightifh 
round the frame, about a hand's breadth, to keep the 
roots longer from the outfide. 

Some gardeners mould the bed all over, as foon as 
they are fatisfied there can be no more burning; but 
it is beft to do it at feverai times, and not fooner than 
is neceffary to cover the roots, and fupport the runners ; 
becaufe, where the mould lies thin, the heat comes up 
better to warm the air in the frame, for the leaves will 
want warmth as well as the roots. 

Train the runners clofe down regularly with -neat 
pegs, as they proceed in- growth, and prune the ten- 
drils oxfas they appear, but take care not to break any 
-of the leaves. When the days get long, and prove very 
funny, the /hade of a fingle mat, for two or three hours 
in the middle of the day, will be proper, as fuppofe from 
eleven to two* 



Thus 



SfcCT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 16.7 



Thus very particular directions have been given, bat 
fliil much will depend upon circumjlances, and dif- 
cretion inuft direct. Let it be remembered, no negicB 
will be borne with. It any imprudent perfon ihouki 
lift the lights high, to pry into the bed in improper 
weather, perhaps an early tender crop might at once 
receive their death blow, though expofed but a very 
fhort time. Succefs in railing cucumbers and melons 
ihlcfij depends upon keeping the bed in due temper ; the 
plants being neither burned nor chilled. 

Setting the fruit is the practice or moil good gar- 
deners, as generally in luring the emhryos from going 
off, as they are apt to do at an early feafon ; whcu 
not much wind can be differed to enter the bed, and no 
bees or infefts are about, to convey the farina from tbe 
male flowers to the female. The male flowers have 
been ignorantly called falje blofjoms, and fo have been 
regularly pulled off (as faid) to ftrengthen the plants, 
but they are effential to impregnate the female flowers ; 
i. e. thofe that Ihew the young fruit at their bafe: This 
impregnation, called fetting the fruit, is artificially done 
thas : — 

As foon as any female flowers are fully open, gather 
a newly opened male flower, and Jtripping the leaf gently 
off from the middle, take nicely hold of the bottom, and 
twirling the top of the male (reverfed) over the center 
of the female flower, the fine fertilizing duff from the 
male part will fall off, and adhere to the female part, 
and fecundate it, cauflng tire fruit to keep its colour, 
fwell, and proceed fa ft towards perfection. This bufu 
nefs of fetting the fruit may be practifed through the 
months of February, March, and April, but afterwards 
it will not be neceffary ; for the admifiion of fo much 
air as may afterwards be given, will difperfe the farina 
effectually; but if the weather ftitj is bad, or remark- 
ably calm, fetting may be continued a little longer. If 
fhort of male flowers, one of them may ferve to im- 
pregnate two females. Pull off all the male flowers as 

faff 



ISS OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 



faft as they die upon the vines. Lay a bit of tile, or 
iome ftfcn thing, under forward fruit. 

Something of pruning may perhaps be necelTarv, fot 
plants will not bear well, either in quantity, or quality, 
it the frames are crowded. The rule (of courfej is, to 
cut out thofe runners that can be beft fpared, as being 
w-eak, moil in the way, or having the fmalleft fruit on 
them. But as the fulnefs is generally owing to the 
putting in the bed too many plants, the better method is 
to cut down to the root a whole plant; and that in time ; 
i. e. on the prof peel of being too full of vine : this may 
feem a great facrifice, but it will prove a profitable one. 
Let the difcharged plant lay a day to wither, that it 
hang not hard to the others, and break their leaves, in 
drawing it out while frefh. About Midjummer, the 
frame may be raifed, to permit the runners to iirikeout, 
and in a fortnight after taken entirely off ; though oncer 
in a frame, and always in, is better, if convenient. 

# # - # * * * 

A second crop of cucumbers may be fown at any 
time between the middle and end of March, if they 
are to be brought up in frames ; but if under hand* 
glajjes, ox paper covers, then anytime from the begin* 
ning of April to the middle, is foon enough, at leaft 
in Northamptonfhire. A hot bed for fowing the feed at 
this time, need only be from two and a half to three 
feet thick, and a one-light frame. On this bed alfo 
*nay be fown, in pots, or otherwife, tender annuals ; 
and it is a very good time for moil of them. Or the 
feed for plants to ridge out under hand-glafles, may be 
fown in pots, and placed in other hot beds, to bring 
them forward till they have been Hopped. 

What has been faid about making hot beds, and 
fowing, and managing cucumbers, will direft now ; 
only at this fcafon, mowings of grafs may be put 
round a bed to increafe the heat, and will be found uie- 
ful to lay on the top of dung linings when funk. 

A feed 



EQT.XjV* O.I PvAIbING CUCUMBERS. 189 



A feed bed, at this time, mould have a growing heat 
for one month, when the plants will be fit (the latter 
end of April) or beginning of May) to put either into 
another two feet and a half hot bed with a frame, or 
only under hand-glaffes, &c. which mould be rather 
large, becaufe plants running from under them much 
before Midfummer will hardly endure the weather. 
Let them be covered up on nights with a Tingle mat ; 
and when they tan 1 } run from under the glaffes, iTeks, 
or hoops, may be fixt to keep the mats off from prefling 
upon them : fallen the covering down at the corners 
with pegged flicks, to keep them from blowing away. 
Let the ground about the bed be ftir/ed, and alfo r-rifed, 
to train the plants level, and to give the roots full room 
to ftrike freely. 

For ridg'mg cucumbers, that are to have only hand- 
glaffes, or fame fuch cover, obferve (as adrifed) not 
to fow too forward, for better be rather late, than have 
the plants cut off, or much injured, juft as they are 
going to bear. The hot bed, or ridge, made in May, 
for- hand-glaffes, mould be funk in a dry foil, two 
fpades deep ; and two feet and a half thick of good 
dung is now enough. The mould that is thrown out 
(if it is good) may be ufed to cover the bed; and if 
but indifferent, may be laid round it, or on it, towards 
the outfides. Lay on it at "fir if. only three inches of 
mould, except where the plants are to be, at which 
place lay a depth of about nine inches, rather more 
than iefs. It is not neceffary that the earth mould 
be verv dry, as directed for early cucumbers, but let it 
be warm firft to plant in. If it be Mid-May before the 
plants are put out, hdes of two or three barrows full 
of dung will be fufheient to bring them on through 
iVjfey, and then the feafon -{if it is not bad) will be 
warm enough to keep them pufhing forwards. There 
mould be near four feet dif:ance between each fet of 
plants. Shade luem tor a few days at fir ft putting out, 
and cover on nights till Mid-June. 

Cucum- 



290 OF RAISING CCCCMBERS. S£CT. XIV. 



Cucumbers not fown till the beginning of April, 
iriay be brought to bear fruit on one good bed, if under 
a large frame: and fuch a bed would, at the fame time; 
ferve very well to fow, or to prick out, tender annuals* 
See feftion 18, On flowers. 

* * * # * # 

A THiPvD CROP of cucumbers may be fown anv 
time, from the middle to the end or Mmk (or even a 
little later) either in a pot or not, upon fome hot bed 
in ufe, to grow for a week or ten days^ or fow upon 
a little heat of two or three harrows full of warm dungf, 
trod clofe, and previoufly thrown together for the pur- 
pofe*: or ii frefh and moil! from the ftable, it will, 
though at prefent cold, heat itfelf. Cover the dung 
with fix inches of mould, and fow half inch deep, and 
half an inch afunder, under a hand-glafs ; and when 
the plants are completely up, thin them to an inch' 
afunder, where let them grow, earthing them up as 
they get tail, till thev fhow rough leaf. Then prepare 
more fuch little bodies of heat to plant them out upon, 
three or tour in a patch, which cover with a hand-glafs, 
or otherwiie, arid made alio for a day or two, it funny. 
If vou can take three or four plants up together bv a 
fcoop trowel, with earth to the roots, the better ; and if 
not, plant them pretty near together, laving them afiant, 
fo that the ihanks be covered two or three inches. 
Keep there plants earthed up, and as much under their 
covers as may be, till towards jXiidjinnmcr , covering the 
parts that run out on nights till this time. The third 
crop is that generally fown for pickicrs. Guard again:! 
the fpot by a mat cover in Ssttewher. 

Sometimes, at this feafon, cucumbers are fown for 
pickiers in cold ground, especially about- London, oxjzvth 
or Weft of it; but foil, fituation, and feafon, make a 
great difference in the cultivation of all, and particu- 
lar :y of delicate plants. If anv feed be fown on cold 
g*Qi nd, let it be in dry weather; give tnem a favour- 



SI C T. XIV.. OF RAIDING CUCUMBERS* 131 



able fituatiorV&nd fow in patches eight or nine feeds in a 
hole, formed like a fhallow bafm, covering half an inch 
deep ; and if covered with hand glaffes, to bring them 
up a little while, it were much better. Thin them 
when getting into rough leaf, to four or five of the beft 
plants; fpread them a4ittle, and earth up to the feed 
leaves, giving a little water ; and if, afterwards, the 
number of plants is reduced to three, it would be better 
than more. Give plenty of air by day, and a little on 
nights. Raife earth above the (hanks as they grow, 
and let it lie about them, while the plants are fmall, in 
the form of a (hallow bahn. 

As to faving the feed of cucumbers, as it is of fome 
confequence to be afceriained of a good kind, when 
the early nature and approved quality of any fort is 
known, it ought to be an objeft to fave it well; which 
will be heft done from plants ot the jeeond crop, that 
have been ridged out, i. e. brought up under hand 
glafles. From this crop that plant which (hews fiuit 
firft (under the fame culture) fhould be* referved for 
feed, judging that its early difpofition mav be continued, 
and becaufe the jirft fruit of any kind (if uninjured) 
always produces the befi feed. 

Fix upon handjzme fruit, and prefer that which is 
placed lowefl, or grows neareft the root. Leave no 
more than one fruit for feed upon a plant, and let it 
remain on the vines through Auguji, or as much longer 
as the weather will permit, to be very ripe : when cut 
off, place feed cucumbers againft a fouth wall, till they 
appear decaying, 

Being got rotten ripe, fccop out the pulp and feed into 
fome veffel, and flir it well up, which repeat for feveral 
days ; then let it be warned in -two or three waters, 
which will feparate the pulp, and leave the feed clean : 
fpread it thin for two or three days, that it may dry 
thoroughly, and putting it up in paper for ule, keep it in 
a place tree from damp. Let it be every now and then 

examined 



I9£ OF RAISING MELONS. SECT. XIV. 

examined and rubbed in a dry cloth, and it may be kept 
for feveral years. 

* OF RAISING MELONS. 

See Melon in the next Se&ion, 

MELONS are raifed much in the fame way as cu- 
cumbers. They mould not, however, be thought of 
fo early, and from the middle of February to the middle 
of March will (for moll perfons) be foon enough to 
fow them. The place where they are cultivated mould 
be iveli fheltered, fo that winds may blow over the 
frames, as mentioned in the direftions about hot -beds. 
They require a flronger foil to grow in than cucum- 
bers, and more heat, both at bottom and top, and need 
lefs water : they take up more room, fo that one plant, 
or at mod two, will be enow under one full fized light. 
Cucumbers may be raifed on a feed led till fit to plant 
out on the fruit bed; but melons will (generally at 
leaft) require an intermediate bed. During the whole 
time of the cultivation of melons, (till high fummer) 
they mull have a lively bottom heat, in order to bring 
them forward, and fucceed well; and, if melons are late, 
as foon as September enters, a lining of hot dung may be 
put to the bed, to afford feme degree of heat to the 
outer roots, as an equivalent to the failure of the feafon. 
Melons never do well in a fhady fummer. As cucum- . 
hers are about three months coming in, fo melons are 
about four. They fet their fruit in about two months, 
and are about the fame time in ripening, though forty 
days will fometimes effefl: it. 

The feed of melons (procured from well ripened and 
fine flavoured fruit) lhould be about four years old, 
though fome prefer it much older, as judging it fo much, 
the lefs likely to run to vine; If it is too old, however, 

it 



SJECT. XIV, OF RAISING MELONS-- fM 

it coipfs vip weak, and is apt to rot, when the mould is 
not ruraciently dry, and the feed bed not very warm. 
IF new feed only can be had, it fhould be earned a 
week or two in the breeches pocket, to dry away fome 
of the more watery parts : The earlier the ieed is fawn, 
the older it fhould be. Melon feed may be fown in a 
cucumber bed, that is in a brifk heat, in pots plunged 
towards the middle; but a bed fhould be ready to move 
the young plants into before the cucumber /ed gets 
too cool. Sow only three or four feeds in each pot, and 
cover a little more than halt an inch : The earth in 
which the feed is fown, fhould not be fo ftrong as that 
in which the plants are to grow for fruit. When the 
feedlings are three or four days old, take them up 
carefully, fo as not to break any of the roots, and either 
plant cne in a fmall pot, or two in a little bigger; but 
depend on no plants which do not appear healthy and 
ftrong. Sew a few feeds every lour or five days, left 
accidents happen to deftroy the firfl plants. 

As melons require Ikill, and occafion trouble to raife 
them, the greatelt pofiible care fhould be taken that the; 
feed is of a good kind. Melons fhould never grow near 
cucumbers, especially if for feed, as the farina of the 
cucumber may impregnate the blofTom of the melon, 
and give it a w r atery flavour, or quite alter the nature 
of it: Do not fow ioreign feed, except for experiment. 

Though melons may be fown in a cucumber frame, 
that is in a good heat, yet rather make a feed bed, of 
about three feet thick ; and having put on the frame 
and light, tilt the giafs a little, and when the great heat 
is abated, put on fome dry, rich, and fine, but not very- 
light earth, to the thicknefs of four inches all over; 
and the next day, if the mould is not too hot, fow the 
feed fame in the beds, and fome in pots, placed juft in 
the middle, which may be drawn up out of the way of 
any burning heat. 

When the plants appear, give them air, and beware 
of VMLci&Jleam from the glades dropping on them; 



I 



194 OF RAISING MELONS. SECT. XIV, 

They may be wiped with a woollen cloth, or turned 
to dry in fine weather. Confider what was fa id about 
cucu?nbers, concerning too much heat, top little, &c. 
After the melons have been up two or three days, ''as 
was faid before; let them be potted and plunged to the 
rims, towards the middle of the bed; and the next day^ 
a little water (warmed in the bed) may be given the 
reefs ; or a little may be given at the fame time, if the 
mould is quite dry. 

As foon as the plants are petted, think of making a 
fecond bed, to be ready in a week, ten cay?, or a Fort- 
night, (as circumftances dictate) that fo the young plants 
may receive no check through a decline of heat in the 
bed where they are. This bed fhould be ftronger than 
the feed-bed, and rather for a two -light frame; and 
being moulded as foon as it can be, not to burn, fet 
the pots in, about an inch deep, and in a day or two 
draw a little mould up round them, and fo on again. 
But if the fipft bed is warm enough to hold the plants 
longer, the heat of this fecond bed (ff violent; may be 
iuffered to evaporate a little more firlt. Here thevare 
to grow till in the fecond rough leaf, when the plants 
fhould be flopped, as was directed for cucumbers. 

The third, or fruiting bed, is to be (obferve) ready 
by a few days after the time of this flopping the plants* 
It mould be zjlrong bed, of four feet thick, and for a 
three-light frame, and made the higher, the more 
itrawv the dung is. As foon as the burning heat is 
fuffieiently abated, let the bed be covered all over with 
good dry melon mould (the bell is a rich moderately 
■ itrong loam ) three or four inches, and heaps made under 
each light of about fourteen inches depth. Melons do 
not fruit well in alight mould, but yet it fcould not be 
a heavy one. If the mould is thought coo light; let it 
be preiled a little together to give it confiften : e. 

To a frefli maiden /oil, or good earth from the kitchen 
garden, that is known to be in heart, (by the ftrength 
of the plants it has produced) add about one fourth, or 

one 



SFXT. XIV. OF RAISING MELONS. 



195 



one third, of well confumed dung, and it makes a good 
compojl, but it mull be completely incorporated by 
frequent turning and expofing to fun and air, and kept 
by fome means dry, as under a flied, &c. as directed for 
cucumbers. Much depends on (he melons growing 
in a good foil, and rather a ftrong one. 

The planting of melons takes place as foon as the 
hills of mould are warm through; only if a violent 
heat is in the bed a day or two's delay does not fignify, 
if the plants are doing well, where they are; yet the 
roots muft not be cramped longer in the pots than 
neceffary. Melons require a greater depth of mould 
to grow in than cucumbers, and the bottom of the 
roots, at planting, fhould not be nearer than five or fix 
inches from the dung. Shade them from much fun, 
rill thev have taken root. 

If the lights are fmall, one plant under each is fuf- 
ficient, and if large, let there be only two; for melons 
require much room. It is a great error in the cultiva- 
tion of melon* not to allow it them. Earth the plants 
up with dry mould about the lhanks as they proceed irj 
growth, and bend tk&m'gttifly down with pegs, to give 
them a regular and fnug t^reftjon all over the bed. 
When fruit is fet, there muft be only one of the large, 
and two of the fmall forts, (fair and promifing) left oh 
each principalrunner, and this runner fhould be pinched 
off at the feconci, or rather the third joint above h s 
which is called Jfopping. 

Pruning is necelfaiy, in order to frrengthen the 
bearers, and keep tile frame from getting too full of 
vine, i. e, let all very ftrong, and ail weak fhoots be 
taken our, as aifo the tendrils ; but take care that too 
many male biofToms are not thus cut off, for the weak 
fhoots (if not abundant; do no great harm : As in other 
plants, fo in melons, it is the middling fhoots that bear 
fruit the befh 

Train the brandies all regular (in time) with neat 
pegs, for it hurts melon plants to He rude, and to have 

K g their . 



190 



OF RAISING MELONS. SECT. XI V, 



their leaves difturbed or damaged, to put them in order. 
A piece of tile, or a fmall earthen plate, under each 
fruit, is proper, to keep it from the damp mould, and 
to a{hft its ripening by reflected heat. Three (at the 
mod four) melons are as many as fhould be left to grow 
upon one plant; and thofe are beft which are fituated 
neareft the ftem, as remote ones are not fo well nourifh- 
ed. Do not let a great deal of vine grow below them, 
left they be too much robbed, and let them be flopped 
as before direfted, for when there is a great length of 
vine above, nature pufhes towards the extremity, and 
paffing by the fruit below, forms more above, fome- 
times to the total lofs of the fir ft fet fruit. 

Keep mould round the fides of the frame, to earth up 
the plants to the very leaves, and round the hills, (a 
little at a time) as the plants increafe, and do not earth 
all over the bed before it is. neceffary ; for full earthing 
at firft is apt to occafion burning, and afterwards to 
damp the heat of the bed too much, diminishing alfo 
the warmth of the air about the plants. When the bed 
is earthed all over, prejs the mould all round the fides of 
the frame, about fix inches wide, to make it firm, that 
the roots may not get too foon to the wood, and mat 
too much again ft it, which occafions ficklinefs. 

Do not think of cultivating early melons, without 
plenty of dung both for beds and linings. The particu- 
lars of management, concerning covering, /hading, air, 
lining, flopping the young plants, jetting the fruit, &c. 
and to guard againft burning and Jleaming, may be feen 
in the directions already given tor eilcumbers ; only lefs 
air, and much lefs watering, will do for melons. Keep 
them clofe fhut down on nights, when the heat of the 
bed is become moderate, and cover well. As melons, 
therefore, are kept rather dry, they fhould be {haded a 
little in very funny weather by a fingle mat, for two or 
three hours in the middle of the day; i. e. when the 
feafon is forward, efpecially, if the bed itfelf be in a 
hot ftate. 

Melons 



SECT. XIV. 



OF RAISING MELONS. 



197 



Melons may be watered moderately once a week, in 
fair weather, or twice it fultry, efpecially it the mould 
is light.- Early in the feafon, water a little before 
noon, and in high fummer a little before evening. 
When the fruit is Jetting, and when getting towards 
ripening, very little water muft be given: be fure to 
water the extremities of the roots, but avoid the jhanks, 
particularly while the plan's are young. A little 
iprinkling all over the leaves, when the plants get big, 
(but let not a hot fun {hine upon them at the time) 
will greatly refreih them, when it is not thought proper 
to water the roots thoroughly, on account of the bed 
being cool. Becaufe much wet is certainly injurious, 
lbme gardeners keep their melons exceeding dry ; but 
their leaves mould not fhew too much ugn of drought, 
left the fruit fhrivel for want of moifture. Take care 
that the heat is kept up at the Jetting of the fruit, or it 
will become yellow, and tall o!f. Preierve a good 
bottom heat till about Mid-June. 

Melons Ihould not be turned fo much about, as if the 
practice of fome gardeners, in order to ripen the fruit 
all over ; for it hurts the Jootjlalk, diftorting its vellels 
that feed the melons, and fo preventing a proper di- 
geftion of the juices, and fome increafe of fi/e. 

The flavour of a melon being preferable to the fize, 
is the reafon why water is to be withheld (as much as 
can be] when they are ripening: with it thev will be- 
come bigger, and fo appear finer; but what is quantity 
without quality ? 

The young Jruit need not be fully expofed to the 
fun ; it had better be a little covered with leaves, for 
much hot fun hardens the {kin, and prevents its proper 
growth. When a melon has-riearly attained its fize, 
then, however, a full fun is neceflary to ripen it. 

As to cutting the fruit, if it is to be fome days before 
a melon is eat, (as when carried to a diitance) it Ihould 
not be quite ripe. Its ripenejs is known by the high 
colour, and ftrong odour, and the cracking of the foot- 

K3 ftalk; 



I9& 



of raising Melon s. 



SECT. XIV, 



ftalk ; and if they give not a full and pleafant fcent> 
they will not prove good. Always cut melons in the 
morning, and if fully ripe, they fhould not be kept more 
than two or three days. If a melon is cut before it is 
ripe, ('tis faidj it may be ripened, by wrapping it cloie 
up in cloth, and placing it in a heap of warm horfe 
dung for twenty- four hours. But the better way 
would probably be, to treat them as unripe mcdlar?> 
which article fee, in Seft. 17. 

# % * * $ # 

A second crop of melons is to be had, by Cow- 
ing (in any other hot-bed, or one made' on purpofe) 
from Mid-March to the beginning of April, according 
to Cituation, as in a favourable one the Cowing may be 
ventured on the later. TheCe mull be brought up as 
before^ till flopped^ and then ridged out; i. e. when about 
a month or five weeks oldT The method of which 
ridging is, to make a trench in the ground four feet 
wide, and deep according to the foil : If the ground is 
dry, it H!?.y be from a toot to two feci deep , cr cthcrv.'ifc. 
"but a lew inches. Lay in hot dung full two feet and a 
half thick, being well fhook and beat together wkh the 
fork. This trench mull be of length according to the 
.number of plants defigned- to be put out. For each hole 
(which fhould be full four feet afunder) put on good 
melon earth, laid up in a round hill, to fifteen or eighteen 
inches high; and then lay the earth, thrown out of the 
trench, to the fides and top of the bed, about three or 
four inches thick, breaking it fine, and cover all over 
with mats to draw up the heat : But never expect ridged 
out melons (particularly) to do well in a light foil. 
When the earth is warm, put in the plants, two in a 
"hole for only one ) giving a little warm water, and cover 
-with large hand or bell glaffes, or oiled paper lights, 
and proceed to manage according to that dtj retion 
jvhich the directions already given about meims and 
cucumbers have inculcated. 

As 



i> LCT. XIV. OF RAISING MELONS, .199 

As t!ie bed {inks, and the roots fpread, take care to 
add a good thicknefs of mould around the hill, for the 
plants to ftrike into, and to keep them up : This may 
be put in, a week or ten days, and it will keep out cold 
air and wet from the dung: but it is beil not done at 
fir ft. When the plants ipread to the extent oi the bed, 
the ground about it mould be dug over, and rotten 
dung buried to raife it to the level of the bed; but, 
perhaps, this work lias been fuperfeded by the neceflity 
vi a Hnmi to throw in heat. 

If the plants are tor ward enough to ridge out in 
April, or beginning of May\ k may be proper to make 
thefe beds on the level furfacc, or neftrlv fo, for the lake 
of lining; but if later, they may be funk as directed 
above, or deeper ftill, in a dry foil. Remember, it will 
be necefTary to line, if there appears any likelihood of a 
want of heat, before the iruit is Jet, and got a little 
forward. Do it in tunc. 

If two ridges of melon plants, let there be four feet 
(or more) of alley between them, and then a lining may 
be applied of that width to heat both beds; and this 
middle heat may be made ufe of to raife plants for the 
third crop of cucumbers, or tender annual flowers, pur- 
fane, &c. Give ridged out plants air on the J'outh fide.. 
They will need more water when in the ridges than in 
frames, and give ic wide, but little about the ftem, or 
hardly there at all ; nor let it be applied cold, though a 
fmall degree of warmth from the Jan, or otherwife will 
do. Tins crop need never be fhaded but when the 
leaves hang. When the plants cannot be contained 
under the glaiTes, let them be carefully trained out, and 
covered with mats all over on nights, and on days, in 
bad weather, till July, particularly if much rain falls. 

With large oiled paper frames this work of the fee and 
crop of melons may be very w T ell managed. The plants 
mould be kept under hand glaiTes till too big for then>, 
and then the paper lights may be put on, which con- 
taining the runners till high fummer, they will be fafe. 

K 4 Yet 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



Yet thefe covers, being fet upon bricks, may be kept 
always on ; but let ihefruft, that happens to be without 
fide, be covered with a hand gtafs\ which will help to 
Tipen it. Let the lights be protec ed in heavy rains, by 
laying fome cloth, or mat, over; and towards the do'fe 
of fummer, guard the plants well againft much cold 
nights. 

* * * # 7f * 

A THIRD crop of melons may be fawn (in fa- 
vourable fituations) towards the end of April, or begin- 
ning of May, if the former crop was fown about Mid- 
March, and this is to be proceeded with in the fame 
manner as the fecond. When September comes, (as 
was obferved) late melons mult be preferved, as much 
as poffible, from cold and wet, that they may ripen. To 
this end, glazed frames may be ufed over all, or at leait 
hand ghffes put over each iruit, covering warmly up 
with mats on nights. Thole melons that do not ripen 
may be ufed for mangles, and make good ones.. 



SECTION xv. 



OF ESCULENTS. 

THE usefulness of efculent plants, as ferving 
for the food, health, and pleafure of man, is pretty 
generally acknowledged; aftd that they may net fail 
to anfwer thefe ends in the beft way. let them have 
every attention ; and that, not only in their cultivation, 
but in their preparation for the table. Let there be no 
flight put upon the bounty of Providence in or- 

" darning 



SECT. XV. 



OP ESCULENTS. 



£01 



ing them to our ufe, by an unneceffary preference to 
other foods. 44 There was a time, when bread and 
herbs (with a little fruit) were the only dainties 
wherewith the tables of the greateft voluptaaries were 
fpread." 

44 Vegetables and fruits were our innocent, primi- 
tive, and natural food ; but men's depraved appetites 
have fubflituted the lhambles ; yet, after all, the inven- 
tions of the moft luxurious and voluptuous epicure > the 
moil Ccejarian tables would want of their magnificence, 
noble guft, and grateful relifh, without fruit and the 
productions of the garden, which gives the true con- 
diment, and moft agreeable clofure to all the reft." 

44 Their ufe is, all our life long, of that univerfal 
importance and concern, that we can neither live nor 
fubfift in any plenty, with decency or convenience, or 
be faid to live at all without them: whatfoever contri- 
butes to delight or refrefh us, are fupplied and brought 
forth out of this plentiful and delightful (lore of the 
garden . ' ' 

Let it be a rule to gather vegetables of all kinds 
(defigned for the table) in the morning, before much 
fun has ihined on them, and lay them by in a cool place 
till wanted. 

Alexander is a culinary plant, formerly much 
ufed, but has given way to celery; like which it is 
blanched (about a foot high) for ufe in foups and fallads. 
The feeds are beft fown in drills two feet afunder, 
and thinned to fix or eight inches diftance, though they 
may be fown at broad caft and tranfplanted. Spring 
fown plants come in for autumn, and autumn ones for 
the ufe ot fpring. 

Artichoke, there are two kinds of, the globe and 
the conical. The latter is the hardieft, but the former 
is generally preferred, both for fize and flavour. Arti- 
chokes are propagated from rooted flips, or offsets in 

K 5 April, 



802 €7 ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 

April, taken from the mother plant, by drawing the 
mould afide. As they require a rich foil, and are 
ftationary plants, dig a good quantity of dung* in com- 
pletely bekzv the roots for them to ftrike into, breaking 
the foil well with it. 

The head of the artichoke is valuable according to 
its fize and fubftance, and therefore to a good foil, add 
good room: for though they may be planted nearer, 
yet they would do much better in rows fix feet afunder, 
and three feet apart in the rows. Between thefe rows 
may be propagated feveral forts of fpring or early 
fummer crops. They will reward the trouble of 
being regularly watered in dry weather ; fuffer them to 
bear only one principal head. Frefh plantations fhouid 
be made every third or fourth year, to have them m 
perfeftion. Every year that they ftand after planting 
they fhouid be dug deeply round, and fome well con- 
fumed manure applied. Cut the heads when the leaves 
begin to expand, and before the center opens for 
flowering; and let them have about a foot of llalk, 
Breaking the remaining part of the ftem down to the 
bottom, that it may not rob the root by a wafte of fap. 
At the fpring dreffing, all the fuckers are to be taken 
off, leaving three only of the ftrongeft fhoots to fruit. 
Thofe without roots will grow by planting deep, and 
£ eeping moift. 

* Let the plants be protested from hard fro/is; at the 
profpeft of which, cut down the ftalks and outfide 
leaves to the inner ones, dig between, and earth the 
plants to near the tops; and if fevere weather follows, 
they fhouid be covered thick with liraw, which muft 
be removed when the froft goes. The earthing-up 
need not be levelled down till March, or may be let 
alone till the time of their dreffing, which is beft done 
at the beginning of April. If uncovered early, let 
the litter lay by ready in cafe of froft to cover again. 

To have a long fuccejjwi of artichokes, fome flips 
fhouid be planted at two different times every fpring, 

as 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 203 



as they bear the fame year, only come in later, and 
with fmaller heads than the old plants. If being planted 
late, they do not produce in the prefent feafon, they 
come forwarder the next fumrner than old flools do ; 
but remember, a good foil and open fituation are abfo- 
I.itely neceffary for the artichoke. 'Tis of fervice to 
lay grafs mowings, or fome litter, about the roots to 
keep them cool ; for though artichokes mould not be 
planted in a moift foil, on account of frofl, yet they 
thrive belt in a cool one. Artichokes that come late, 
may be cut with their full ftalks, and being laid up to 
the head in moift fand, in a cellar, will keep a month, 
to that they may fometimes be had at Cbriflmas* 

Asparagus, there is (in fafct) but one fort of, as 
an efculent; but fome difference occurs as to fize, 
colour, and flavour, arifing from cultivation. In order 
to obtain targe heads, and to have the beds continue to 
produce the longer, much dung is ufed ; but the lefs 
of it, the fweeter will this vegetable be, fo that in a 
foil naturally prolific, no dung need be ufed. 

Afparagus beds are commonly made from plants, but 
the preferable way is from feed, the belt of which is 
the Gravejcnd fort. The time for both is March, 
rather early in the month than late, though the begin- 
ning of April may do. The plants mould be only a 
year old, and fet in rows a foot diflance, and the rbots 
the fame, or a little lefs in the rows. 

Making the beds four feet and a half wide, there 
will be four rows of plants, and nine inches left 
between the outfide rows and the ..lleys, which fhould 
be two feet wide. The beds ought to be trenched 'full 
eighteen inches deep, and enriched with dung that is 
well confumed, burying it below the roots; they will 
foon flrike into the dung, which had befl not lay im- 
mediately about them. If fome mould of rotted vege- 
tables, or wood pile earth, in the ftronger foils ; and a 
little pond mud in the lighter, .were mixed with the 
top foil, it would greatly help the plants; or if none 

K 6 • other 



!0* 0T 'ESCULENTS. SECT. XV, 



other manure than a mixture of all thefe were ufed 
through the whole work, it were better. As afparagus 
beds are defigned to laft many years, (fuppofe twelve 
or fifteen) no pains fhould be fpared to do the work 
well; and if the ground were prepared fbmetime before 
hand, or in winter, it would be an advantage, the top 
foil laying trenched for the benefit of froft, The alleys y 
as well as the beds, fhould be made good, for the roots 
of the outer rows will ftrike into them. A rich fandy 
loam is the bell foil for afparagus, and if the earth is 
too heavy, or too light, rectify it. The flronger the 
foil, the higher the beds fhould lie above the alley, and 
more rounded; and in very light foils they fhould lie 
fiat, or rather finking, to catch the rain. 

To plant beds of afparagus fet the line nine inches 
from the edge of the bed, and cut the trench upright^ 
clofe to it, fo deep that the crowns of the roots lie full 
two inches below the fuiface. If rhe mould of the 
bed lies light, and is likely to fettle much, the crowns 
of the plants may come very near the top, and two 
inches or mould put on a'terwarcls, which is indeed the 
belt method of planting; but if the ground is not ex- 
pected to fettle, two inches of the top mould mult (in 
this method) be firlt drawn afide to cover with. The 
roots muit be neatly fpread again!! the trench, and cut 
as iittle as pdffible; i. e. only the damaged parts off. 
This fhould "be with a fharp knife, and it would be 
better if done the day before they are ufed, that the 
ends may dry and heal. It is of confequence to 
have the plants dug up carefully, with a three pronged 
fork, that the roots may not be injured. 

To Jow beds of afparagus, make little holes an inch 
deep, at the djflance directed for plants, and having 
laid three fine feeds in each, near an inch afunder, cover 
them three-fourths of an inch, which will leave little 
hollow to Ihew their places, and give occafional 
watering in a dry time, to fetch them up. If the bed3 
v.ere covered with a Utile haulm or ftraw, till the 
i- plants 



SLCT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



plants appeared, it would help them to germinate, as in 
a funny feafon they are apt to lie long, efpecially if 
the work be not done till April. And the plants are 
above ground fill up the holes. Retrefh the plants 
occafionally with water through the fummer, and when 
they are two inches high, thin the holes to one plant 
in each, and cover the beds with an inch of mould, 
and they will then be two inches deep, as was directed 
for plants. The drawn plants may be pricked out at 
four or five inches diftance, to make good any defici- 
encies next fpring, or otherwife 5 but if the plants are 
not wanted, it will be heft to cut the fpare ones off, 
which does not difturh the roots of thofe left. In 
Oclobtr, when the haulm is decayed, cover the bed 
with about half an inch of rotten dung, to make them 
ftrong and keep out fro ft ; and, in fevere weather, put 
fome long litter over all. In fpring, take the litter 
off, and gently ftir (with a proper fork) the rotten 
dung in: do lb again the next year. Watering afpa- 
ragus beds with the draining of a dunghill (a rich ma- 
nure too often loft) in autumn, or jpring, will wafh 
down to the roots, and greatly benefit the lower foil to 
the incrcafe of the produce : It is worth while to make 
a rank dunged water lor this purpofe, to recover weak 
or old beds. See p. 5 3. 

Afparagus is cut from planted beds in three years, 
and from fown ones in four ; but this lofs of a year, 
will be amply repaid by the fuperior fize and abundance 
of the heads. If the buds come very fine, a little may 
be cut the year before. A thin crop of onions, or of 
lettuces to prick out, is commonly had on planted beds 
the firft, and on feed beds the two firft years, taking 
care that none grow juft about the plants. The belt 
method of doing this bufinefs, is by an intermediate 
.drill between each row, and again acrofs them : It were 
better however to have no crop at all. 

The management of afparagus beds is, to cut down 
the haulm, within an inch of the ground, when it 

turns 



•OF ESTULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



turns yellow in autumn, clearing of weeds, ftirring the 
ground, and covering the whole over with about aa 
inch of rotten dung before evety winter, which is to 
be forked in at fpr'mg, not to hint the plants, and 
covered w r ith fome parings ol the mould from the alleys, 
which fhould after wards be dug over, if no crop is in 
them to prevent it. It may feem, that an addition 
every year to the beds might fink the crowns of the 
plants too low; but it is their nature to rife as they 
grow. Befides the rotten dung, as above, there may 
be laid fome long litter over the beds, before fevere 
weather fets in; but the covering of afparagus beds is 
not fimply to keep out frofr, (which will not hurt them 
without much wet) but to keep them warm, that the 
buds may be forward at fpring. A Jlurnp ought to be 
kept at each fcorner of the beds, to fhew their bounds,, 
and as maiks to pare the alleys up by, which (generally) 
fhould lay three or four inches lower. 

The cutting heads of afparagus ihould be carefully 
performed, not to injure adjoining buds that are Part- 
ing up. Move the mould a little afide to fee, and then 
clofe by the head, and with a little Hope, cut it off 
about three inches below the ground. The knife 
fhould have a long r arrow blade, and a proper one is 
indented with teeth as a Jaw. It may be cut, when 
from two to four inches high; and let it be regularly 
done as foon as ready: II it is lain by in a cool place, 
as in a dairy or cellar, it will keep very well three 
or four days. 

Six rods of well planted ground will produce, in 
the full feafon, about a hundred a day; and this, as a 
rule will help to determine how much room a private 
family mould allot for this vegetable. 

Beans we have fevend forts of, differing in fize, 
colour, flower, flavour, hardinefs, and time of coming 
in. Of the forward beans, the niazagan is generally 
preferred, as the earlieft, hardieft, moll produ&ive, 
and pleafant. The Portugal ranks next to it, Of the 

later 



SECT. XV. 



0> ESCULENTS. 



Q07 



later forts, the IVindfor ftands firft, as to general efti- 
mation, for eating; but it is in raoft foils rather an idle 
bearer. The hfigptiU atid Sandwich, however, are pre- 
ferred by foine, chiefly as more fruitful. Trials mult 
determine tafle; but it may be obferved, that the ivhitc 
bkjjbm beau is a very good one, if eat young. 

Clofe under a warm wall (to which they mould be 
kept by packthread) fome mazagans may be put in the 
ground early in Oclobcr ; but at the latter end, and the 
beginning of November^ fureft, when they commonly 
fucceed at fome diftarrce from the wall, earthing them 
up regularly as they proceed in growth. Crop the tops 
oif as foon as the lower bloffoms are lull out, or begin 
to fade. This forwards them. 

Put the [mall forts of beans in three inches deep, and 
four afunder, in lingle rows ; or fix inches afunder 
every way, in double rows; and let the rows, in the 
firft cafe, be two and a half, and in the latter, three 
feet afunder. 

There is a dwarf 'bean (by fome called the fcn-clujlcr'} 
that grows but a few inches high, which is very con- 
venient to put in, clofe under a Jcuth wall, in October* 
and they Will thus be but a few days (if any) later than 
the mazagan fown in November. 

*Tis a good way to fow patches of beans in a warm 
corner to ft and the winter, placing them about an 
inch from one another, and iranfplanting them at the 
above diftances, tire firft mild weather after Mid- 
February or in March, to any fneltered part of the 
garden, and if under a fouth wall (not too near) it will 
forward them, efpecially if watered in a dry time. 
Beans, fown m patches, may be eafily covered in fevere 
w r eather, by a frame, &c. Make trenches to lay them 
in when tranfplanted ; pull not off the bean adhering 
to the Toots, fhorten them a little, and put them in 
rather highly covered over the {hanks. If planted 
aflant, they will foon get ereft; but this is only per- 

mitted 



£08 



OF ESCULENTS* 



S.ECT. XV, 



mitted in cafe of a {hallow foil, or long {hanks and 
roots. If dry, give water. 

In fevere weather, a light covering of peas haulm, 
or any ftraw, may be lain over winter beans to protect 
them, but muft be taken off as foon as the weather 
alters ; for too much covering ot any thing is as likely 
to deftroy (eventually) as being wholly expofed. 

Though the mazagan is moftly the bean put in to 
Hand the winter, fome gardeners fow other forts 'for 
the purpofe, (even Windjors) which may fucceed; but 
they certainly will not come in fo early by near a 
fortnight, and muft have a dry fheltered fituation. The 
larger beans muft be fown a little deeper, and two or 
three inches farther afunder than the mazagan, allowing 
a foot more between the rows, efpecially if double 
ones, which are beft. 

If early crops of beans fall, through feverity of the 
winter, be fure to take the firft opportunity of open 
weather in the new year, to fow fome of the early 
forts ; and if they be covered over with fome ftraw, 
they will come up the fooner; but remove the covering 
as foon as the beans appear, if not frofty at the time. 
Or if a hole be dug near a J'outh wall for two or 
three barrows full of hot dung, covered with fix inches 
of mould, beans may be fet very near one another, 
for planting out, cover the work with ftraw as before, 
and thus time will be gained, efpecially if the beans be 
foaked a day and night in a warm room. 

SucceJJkn crops of beans are to be fown every three 
weeks, or a month, from November to July ; preferring 
the larger forts in February, and fo on to June y when 
the fmaller (or early) kinds will be the propereft. 

Beet, there are four kinds of, red, green, yellozv, 
and -white, which are ufed feveral ways, as pot and 
Jallad herbs. The large leaves of the white and 
yellow are fometimes blanched, when full grown, for 
the fake of their thick ribs, being peeled for ftewing, 
and eat as ajparagus^ and called chards ; fome fay the 

yellow 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS* £C$S 

vellow is bed, though the white is moft commonly 
the fort ufed. Sow beets in February or March, thinly, 
either in drills or broad call, and hoe them to a foot 
aftmder : They run to feed the fecond year. A little 
alfo may be fown, early in autumn, for late fpring ufe ; 
but they will be final 1. The red fort is cultivated for 
its roc!, and is preferved in winter, in dry fand, as 
carrots are; and of this there; is a turnip ihaped fort, 
that fuits bell in heavy lhallow- foils, and a long rooted 
fort proper for light and deep ones: Beets, but prin- 
cipally the red, require a rich foil. 

Boorc'oi.e, or rale, is a hardy green, of which we 
have two principal forts, green and brown, and a little 
variety is in the leaf, as plain, curled, variegated: The 
latter is a pretty vegetable when growing, but not fo 
hardy, or fo pleafant, at table as the other forts. 

Some fow two crops of this green at the end of 
March and of April, but one fowing may fuffice ; and 
fchfe fir ft day of April, or at lead in the firft week, is 
the belt time. Sow in an open fltuation, and in cool 
ground, and thin the plants in time, that they may be 
robuft, and able to fupport themfeives. 

This green ihould be planted out in rows a yard 
afunder, and two feet apart in the rows, having been 
previoufly pricked out from the feed bed, at fix inches 
for five or fix weeks, to obtain ftrength for final planting 
in June or July. 

Let boorcole, and all fummer planted things, have a 
good watering at the time, and a'gain in a few days, 
it the weather proves dry; and before winter let them 
be well earthed up to fupport the plants, from the wind 
and fnow, that are apt to break them down, or at lead, 
to fet them awry; which, when it happens, ihould be 
attended to, to fix them upright again; obferve this 
of all other winter greens. 

The heads of boorcole may be cut in winter, and 
the fprouts come full in fpring; but the heads ihould 
be fro ft bitten firft The fprouts Ihould only be 

topped 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



topped when gathered, and they will ihoot out again 
below. 

Broccoli is of two diftinft kinds, thepurple, and 
the white ; for the green, &c. are only varieties from 
them ; of each, there are large and dwarf forts, the 
latter of which is moftly cultivated. All the forts,, 
except the white, generally produce fide {hoots, as well 
as a head. The white is called caulifiozver broccoli, 
becaufe it refembles a iauliflower much, but is not fo 
white. This is not fo hardy as the purple, nor is it 
thought fo good ; perhaps the green may be efleemed 
the beft. Of the purple there is an early and a late 
fort; the former is fowedto come in at autumn, and the 
latter in fpring. 

The firft day of April is a good general time to fow 
for the autumn crop, (though fome do it fooner) and the 
laft day of April for the fpring crop, A little white- 
may be fown with the early autumn purple. But it 
will be very proper to fow again a fortnight after each; 
and at the end of May, for late fpring ufe ; which, 
though they produce fmall heads, will be very ac- 
ceptable. Some gardeners fow in June, or even the 
beginning of July. Do it in open ground, and fee that 
the young plants are thinned, when quite fmall, that 
they may not be drawm up w r eak ; and prick them out 
when they have got fix leaves, to fix inches diftance, 
where having grown to a proper robuft fize, (as about 
July J let them be planted out at two feet, or a little 
more, afunder. I! ; autumn fort fhould be planted to- 
wards a warm wall, left it come not in at the time. 
Broccoli requires a rich and dry foil; yet watering, in 
a dry time, is neceffary to help their heads to fwell, and 
forward them. Stir the ground about the plants oc- 
cafionally, and keep them well earthed up. The beft 
broccoli feed comes immediately from Italy, whence we 
firft had it ; but it degenerates. 

Brussels sprouts are winter greens, growing 
much like icorccle, and by Tome preferred as morede- 

-4icate 



SECT. XV. 



Of ESCULENTS. 



licate eating; but they are not fo hardy or productive. 
Their culture is the fame as boorcole, only they may be 
planted out at rather lefs diftance. 

Cabbage, there is a confiderable variety of, as to 
flavour, fize, time of coming in, and hardinefs. Some 
are for the ufe of the table, and others for cattle, though 
the latter are very fweet before they get folid. The 
early dwarf, or Rujjlayi, and early York/hire, are the 
chief forts for fpring ufe, and the early and late fugar* 
loaf as excellent for fummer and autumn. 

In April, the forwardeil cabbages may be tied up, (as 
lettuces are) to affift them to bead and whiten ; a practice 
feldom feen done, but which will certainly be helpful; 
Ufe new wetted bafs. 

Sow for early fpring cabbages about Mid-Augujl ; 
Toon after they are up, thin them : in a month, draw 
r lie ilrongeil, and prick them out four or five inches 
apart, where having grown <;bout the fame time, they 
will be fit to plant tor fpring ufe ; or they may be put 
out any time after, even in winter ; for fliould froft 
CSS2£ dlK&lv, it will hnrdly aftetl them injur iouily. 
Yet it is a good practice to let fome remain in the feed- 
tcd, at proper chltances, where being well earthed up, 
(or in very fevere weather covered a little) they will 
iurvive when thofc fet out arc cut off. Plants that are 
thought too rampant towards winter, may be pulled up, 
and planted in the fame place again, (November) and 
will thus (land the froft better, and not be fo likely to run. 

Plyjit cabbages, if in a middling foil, two feet afundei\ 
allowing fix inches more. for a rich one : There Ihould, 
however, always be iome dung dug into the ground; 
which not only increafes their growth, but prepares 
the foil tor future cropping. If tkey are planted at half 
the above diftances in the rows, taking care to draw 
every other plant in time for early greens ''or coleworts) 
it is a very good method, as the ground is better 
occupied, and the plants protect one another, ike 
Coleiwrtu 

The 



212 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 

The late £abbages, or thofe of fummer and autumn, 
fhould be fown early and late in the fpring. For early 
fummer ufes, fow after Mid- February on a little heat, 
or under hand-glaffes, on a warm border; the later 
crops in March, to the end of it ; and for the lateft at 
the end of April; when .the fmall RuJJian fort will 
anfwer beft, and be delicate. 

Sow red cabbage feed either about the middle of 
Auguji or beginning of March; but as there is much 
more bad feed than good of this vegetable, be as care- 
ful of the fort as poiiible; i. e. fuch as will be folid, 
and of a deep colour. 

Carrot, there is a little variety of, in colour, fize, 
and time of coming in, though not much in tafte. We 
have orange, red, and yellow, but the former is generally 
preferred. The fort fown for the firfi crop, whether 
in cold ground, or on a hot-bed, is the early horn-carrot. 
Both this and the late horn-carrot grow fhort and thick, 
and are therefore proper for heavy, or fnallow foils, as 
the other forts are for light and deep ones. 

Sozv carrots always in good time, as the feed lie* 
long in the ground, and they are, by many perfons, 
coveted early. A few fhould be fown in a favour- 
able fituation, the firft tolerable weather in February, 
digging the ground well and deep for the purpofe; for 
it it is lumpy, the carrots will grow forked, as they 
will alfo if the ground is frefh dunged. 

Carrot feed mould be mixed with dry fand, or earth, 
rubbing them well together, in order the better to 
fpread it equally in lowing. Ufe about twice as much 
fand as feed, and if earth, it were better to be of a 
different colour from that on which the feed is dif- 
tributed, that it may be feen. 

If early in the month, the new fown beds may be 
covered with a little haulm, or ftraw, which will help 
the feed to germinate, and preferve them from being 
thrown out of the ground by frolt; and this covering 
fhould be continued on nights, and taken off by day, 

'when 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



213 



when the plants are up ; which praftice being con- 
tinued for fome time, will greatly forward, as well as 
preferve, the crop. Some people fow in December and 
January, if the weather is mild; but for this, fand 
other circumitances in gardening) filiation muft, in a 
meafure, govern, and difcretion determine : In this 
cafe, coyer the ground with ftraw, as for radilhes ; 
which lee. 

If a hot bed be made for carrots, let it be about two 
feet and a half thick of dung, and covered with eight 
inches of lifted mould, as foon as the violent heat is gone 
off. Sow the feed direftly, a full quarter of ah inch 
deep, and if covered with lights, give air fufficient to 
keep the earth only juft warm. A hooped bed to be co- 
vered with mats may do for this purpofe, but in this 
cafe, two feet of dung may anfwer better than more ; 
for if the feed is hurried up, they will be too tender for 
the protection of fuch a covering, and the plants will 
run to top, and not bottom well. 

Thin the plants foon to an inch afunder, and in a 
little time again to three inches, in order to grow to a 
fmall fize for ufe ; and if not fo wanted, at any r^te 
draw fomc equally, that thofe which remain may fwell 
properly : Carrots muft have a great fhare of air, if 
covered with glafs. 

The principal crop of carrots mould be fown early 
in the month of March, or before the end of it, and 
be foon hoed, or thinned by hand, to a fmall diftance, 
and a while after to a greater ; fo that together with 
hoeing and drawing for ufe, they mould at laft Hand 
at from eight to ten inches diftance, according to the 
foil. This may feem too much, but certainly carrots 
have, in common, too little room allowed them for 
attaining their proper fize. Let the firft hoe be of the 
breadth of three inches, and the fecond of fix. No 
confideration mould prevail to let carrots fiand too 
long before they are properly thinned. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV, 



A few fate carrots may be fown in April and May, 
to draw young in the fummer ; and fome in Augufl, to 
ftand the winter, for early fpring ufe ; but carrots that 
ftand the winter grow hard, and are of very little 
worth, and that chiefly for foups. 

In autumn, 4 let carrots be taken up as foon as their 
leaves begin to change ; for when they continue too 
long in the ground, they are apt to get worm-eaten, 
efpecially in rich foils. Cut the tops off at an inch, 
and lay them up dry and free from mould, in drv fand, 
a laver of fand, and a layer of carrots. All thofe that 
are broken, or cut, fhould be thrown afide for prefcnt 
fpending, as they would decay in the heap, and* fp read 
iiifeftion to the reft. Thofe who grow large quantities 
for cattle, ftack them in hovels, &c. with a thick coal 
of ftraw, bottom and fides, and particularly on the top, 
In a foil that fails them, csitols turn w good account, 
arid are excellent food for all forts of cattle, but parti- 
cularly pigs and horfes. 

Cauliflower is fometimes difiinguifhed into an 
early and late fort; though, in fact, there is no differ- 
ence, only as the feed of that called early is faved from 
the forwardeft plants. 

The time for /owing cauliflowers is rather a nice 
bufmefs, but it is generally fettled for the 20th of Auguft, 
a day under or over. It will be prudent, however, to 
fow again a few days after, but not earlier, as then 
they would be apt to form only very little heads, and 
run up for feed. Let the young plants be timely thinned, 
that they may be ilrong. Prick them out when the 
firft leaves are about an inch broad. And as cauli- 
flowers are tender, they will require to be pricked out 
in the wanneft and drieft part oi the garden. Some of 
rhem ihould be protected under hand-glaffes^ frames, or 
haqpi and mats, fliutcing up clofe, and covering the 
glafles with mats or ftraw in fevere weather : not doin^ 
this, however, before the weather makes it necef?.'^ > > 
m . mi 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



and always allowing what ait they will bear, efpecially 
towards fpring, otherwife thev may be difpofed to run, 
or wiil be weak and fickly. Keep them free from deal 
leaves, and ftir the furface of the earth about them. 
As the feafon advances, let them be wholly uncovered 
on fair days, and when they are got forward in March, 
draw the fpare ones to plant out, leaving only a fingle 
plant under a fmall hand-glafs, and two under a large 
one ; or a few may be drawn out at the end of February t 
if the glaffes are crowded. Continue the glaffes on as 
long as they will contain the plants, raijing them upon 
brick?. The number generally put under hand-glaffes 
for the winter, is from three to five; and if the glaffes 
are on chjc for a few days, it will help them to itrike. 
Thofe drawn from thefe, make a good fuccefTion crop : 
But do not prick out, or plant, thofe that have blaci 
[hanks, for they will come to nothing : Cauliflowers 
are liable to this defect chiefly in wet feafons. Slugs 
are apt to harbour about them, for feeding on the leaves, 
which fee to A efpecially thofe in frames, and now and 
then ftir the mould about them. The diftance which 
they fhould be planted is from two and a half to three 
feet, according to the richnefs of the foil. 

If the autumn fown plants are cut off, the earlieft 
opportunity muff be taken in the new year to fow . 
iome feed on a gintle heat, as in February, covering 
\ T ith glaffes, or only with hoops and mats. From this 
bed, when it is cold, they fhould be pricked upon 
another, where let them grow till planted out to bear. 
And if thofe weak ones, that have itood all the winter, 
were pricked out early in the fpring upon a little heat, 
covered with good mould, it would ftren£then and for- 
ward thern much. In default of dung, ibw under hand- 
glaffes in a warm border. 

^To have dLjucccjfJicn of cauliflowers till winter, fow 
on a flight heat, or under glafs, in March, for plants to 
follow the firft crop ; and again in open ground*, about 
9 ' * the 



£16 



OF ESCULENTS, 



£ £ C T . XV. 



the end of April. If winter fhoiild overtake fome of 
the 1 : ft plants, they may be taken up, when in flower, 
with a ball of earth, and planted or laid in a confer vatory, 
or a cellar, where they will fwell their heads, and be 
fafe for a month, or more. All the fucceflion crops, 
except the laft, fhould be planted in a cool part of the 
garden, not fhaded. 

Cauliflowers require a rich foil, and to be kept rnoijl 
during fummer, efpecially when flowering, watering 
them well twice a week. If the water were impreg- 
vaied with (heep or other dung, to the ftrength of about 
an ounce of fait to a gallon of water, it would help 
them in fize, for cauliflowers are greedy feeders. The 
ground in which they grow can hardly be too full of 
dung ; nor need there be any fear as to making them 
rank : a little fait thrown in the w^ater, is, however, 
cleaner, and does away the idea of ranknefs. When 
they are watered, the earth may be drawn from the 
Items, and put to again. As foon as the head appears, 
break dow r n one or two of the middle leaves over them 
to proteft from the weather : It preferves them white 
and cool, and encreafes the. fize. This mould be par- 
ticularly practiced with Autumn heads, left wet or frofl 
fpoil the flower. 

Celery we have three or four forts of, as the com- 
mon Italian upright, both hollow and jolid, with the 
giant hollow, and turnip rooted, or celeriac. 

For early celery, fow in the laft week of February, 
or firft in March, on a gentle hoi led, or in a warm 
rich border, under a hand-gla/s, or not. When culti- 
vated fo early, it is apt to run, but if only a few plants 
ft and tolerably, it is worth while to try, and even w T hen 
in a pipy ftate it does iovjoups. Sow thin, cover fo, 
and keep the earth moift ; for the feed is flow in coming 
up if dry weather. 

For the principal crop, fow at Mid-March, and a J ate 
one again at Mid- April ; or for a few late plants. 

For 



A little feed mav be fown at the beginning or even 
latter end of May ; and if the ground is covered with a 
maf % it will help the feed to germinate, by keeping the 
earth cool, and from a drying air ; but it mull be taken 
off and the ground lightly watered, as foon as the 
plants appear. If the weather fhould be very funny, 
ihade the young plants a little for a few days, by railing 
the mat, or laying fome brufh wood over. 

Prick out the plants in moift weather (if pofTible) 
when two or three inches high, at three or four afunder 
Water them every other day for a week if dry wea- 
ther fucceed. 

Plant celery when fix inches high, in trenches a yard 
diftant, and fix inches from one another. In a light 
foil, the trenches may be fomewhat deeper ; but gene- 
rally near a fpade's depth is proper, and a fpade's width, 
keeping the walls firm and upright. Shorten long roots 
and high tops, and pufh off fmail fide (hoots. 

Ii the foil is not very good, dig in a little well-rotted 
dung at bottom ; but the celery will be founder and 
fweeter without dung ; and though the plants will not 
come up fo large, they wilt be hardier to refill froft. 
The later that celery is planted out, the fhallower the 
trenches fhould be ; and when late, be the more careful 
to difplace the fmal! fide (hoot*. 

Water celery at planting as at pricking out, and occa- 
fionally afterwards in very dry weather, for it likes a 
moift foil, and will not grow large and tender in a dry, 
or light one. 

Earth up the plants frequently fas fuppofe every 
week or ten days, in a growing feafon) a little at a 
time t in order to blanch them, by which they become 
crifp, fweet, and tender : The celery gets tough ana 
rank, when this bufmefs is let alone too fong. In earth- 
ing up, it is a good way to gather the plants clofe fbut 
carefully) with the left hand, ufing a trowel, or fmali 
fpade, for the purpofe. 

In fevere fryl, lay fome long, dry, litter over the 
tops, which remove when the froft goes, In wofpeft 

L A of 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



of fuch weather, take up fome, and lay it by in dry earth 
under {belter for life, 

Celleriac requires a rich foil, and mould have frequent 
watering to have fine tender roots. Plant in trenches 
about three inches deep, and earth up, [only once; 
when the plants are about three parts grown, to four 
inches height. 1 his fpecies is hardier than the others, 
and holds longer in fpring ; therefore, thoie who like 
the folid root fhould cultivate it. 

. The feed of celery, (in default of plants; if bruifed, 
anfwers very well to give foup a flavour of it. Parjtey 
feed, &c. may beufed in the fame way. 

Chardon is a gigantic vegetable of the artichoke 
kind, (now feldom cultivated) ufed fometimes in fai lads t 
but chiefly in /sups, or ftewed, &c. Sow about the 
middle o£ March, and end ot April, in trenches, four 
feet, or more, afunder, a toot wide, and fix inches 
deep. Drop the feed (which will be near a month 
coining up) a few inches afunder, and thin them at laft 
to the diflance of from three to four feet. They muil 
be watered in a dry time. Thofe plants that are drawn 
.may be taken up with balls of earth about them, and 
planted in trenched rows as celery, at the above diflance, 
and the rows five feet from one another. The leaves 
only of this plant are ufed, after they are blanched; 
which is done by earthing two thirds of their length tip, 
when about three or four feet high, tying neat hay- 
bands firft clofe round them, to within a foot of the 
top ; i. e. blanch when they are full grown, in Auguft 
and September, and in about fix weeks they will be fit 
for ufe. In thefe months it will be well to water them 
regularly in dry weather, to prevent their feeding. In 
froft cover the tops with ft raw : It will alTift the blanch- 
ing to lay irraw, or offal hay, elofe round them when 
tied. This plant is biennial here, but perennial in 
its native climate, Spain, &c. 

Ckou de milan is of the boorcole kind, and pro- 
pagated like it, but the plants fhould be put out at a yard 
afunder. This is a very good winter green, and Bays 

longer 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



215 



longer than any other at fpring before it fliows for 
feed, and is then in its higheft perfection. 

Colewort is a very hardy, frriatl, open headed 
green, fown in July, or early in Auguft % for winter and 
Ipring ufe. But inflead of the true colewort, (a coarfe 
vegetable) it is common to fow the early fort of cab- 
bages as an agreeable fubftitute, to be eat in their open 
itate. The fweeteft, however, is the large fugar-loaf 
fort, fown about Midfummer, which frequently Hands 
the winter. 

Thefe plants mould be put out for ufe at from eight 
to twelve inches afunder, according to the lort as to 
flze, though fome gardeners plant clofer. 

Coleworts are feldom cultivated ptherwife than for 
winter and early Jpring ufe ; but all the year it were well 
for the garden to fupply them, as they are choice greens* 
With this view, fow cabbage feed or fome fort every 
month, and rather the early dwarf. 

Cucumber has feveral fhades of difference in it, 
arifing from culture and accident ; but the common and 
more difrincr. green forts of it, are the Jhort and the long 
prickly, the clujler, the early African, and the Turkey* 
There are aao a white fhort prickly, and a white 
Turkey fort ; but both are idle bearers. 

The early nature of a cucumber is the principal 
objecT; with gardeners, for as much fldll and care is 
exercifed to produce forward ones, it is a great draw- 
back to have fown feed not of the forwarder! kind. 
Of the feed called early, there is no doubt much differ- 
ence : How material a thing it is to improve the breeds 
and to be afcertained of the quality o£ feed for early 
crops, is therefore evident. 

The principal crop of cucumbers fhould be the long 
prickly, which is preferable, on the whole, to any other. 
The Turkey grows ftrait, long and large ; but quality- 
is certainly before quantity, and the cucumber that eats 
crijpejt is the beft. In this refpeft the Dutch] or white 
inert prickly, (little as it is cultivated) Is, perhaps, even 



£20 OF ESCULENTS. SECT* XV. 

before the juftly admired long prickly, and has fewer 
feeds : It has an evident difference in tafte, and is moftly 
liked. The early African is a very favourite cucumber 
with fome gardeners. 

Seed mould never be faved, except from fpiny, hand- 
fome cucumbers. See, Of raifing Cucwnbers in the 
laft feftion. 

Endive is a Jallad and culinary vegetable, of which 
there are three forts, the curled green and zuhite, and 
the plain, or broad leaved. The plain, or Batavian 
endive, is but little ufed in fallads, as the curled is fo 
much preferable, though cooks prefer it forftewing: 
The green is the hardieft, and therefore the late fowings 
fhould be all of this fort. 

Sow endiveat three feveral times, between the middle 
of May, and the middle of July, at equal intervals. 
Some of the firft may, perhaps, run for feed ; but yet 
a little mould be then fown ; as alfo at the beginning 
of Auguft for late ufe. Scatter the feeds thin, and do 
not fuffer them to grow in clu iters to become weak. 
When the plants are about three inches high, plant 
them out in an open fituation a foot afunder, watering 
them at the time and twice or thrice after, till they 
have taken root. The fame fowing will make feveral 
crops, drawing the ftrongeft firft, and in a week after 
more. The bell heads are produced from robuft plants 
never moved, and which have been well watered in a 
dry time. Endive fhould have a rich foil. 

Thofe planted out after Michaelmas fhould be on 
warm borders; but if long after, (as towards winter) 
the method of planting is thus, which blanches at the 
fame time : Draw earth to an high ridge, under a funny 
wall, and taking up carefully fome iuil grown endive 
in a dry ftate, gather the leaves up clofe, without 
breaking, tie them neatly withbafs, and put them clofe 
together, fideways; i.e. horizontally, in the ridge, al- 
moft to the top of the leaves. If any fufpicion of wet 
in them, hang the plants up by the roots, in fome 

covered, 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. £%1 

covered, fhady, airy place, for a day or ib. In fevere 
weather lay Itraw over all. 

Endive in open ground fhould be protected from 
fharp jrojl by peale haulm, or other dry litter. Some 
may be planted in frames, or underhand glaffes, giving 
plenty of air, or in a fhed, or hovel, open towards the 
fun,, either in the upright, or ridged way. 

The blanching of endive in open ground is thus { — 
Gather up the leaves (being dry,) when nearly of a full 
grown fize, and tie them regularly, and carefully round, 
from the middle upwards, modera-ely clofe, with bafs t 
and earth them up to the middle, if the foil is light 
and drv, but not other wife. In two or three weeks, 
t lie blanching is effected, after which the endive muft 
foon be ufed, or it will rot, efpecially if much wet 
comes. The objeft of blanching is to take away the 
bitter tafte of the endive, and to make it crifp and ten- 
der. Blanch a little at a time, once a week, that it 
may come in proper fucceffion. See Succory (hi wild 
endive) next feftion. 

Garlic is ufed for both culinary and medicinal 
purpofes. The cloves fhould be planted in autumn, or 
early in fpring, in rows fix or eight inches afunder, 
three deep, and fix from one another in the rows, pre- 
ferring a light dry foil. If the leaves are tied up in 
knots in June, it will prevent their fpindling for feed, 
and help their bulbs to fwell. Take them up towards 
autumn, when their leaves turn yellow; keep them in 
bags, or hang them up in a dry place. 

Gourd, squash, and calabash, as of one fa- 
mily ; fee pumpion, the culture being the fame. 

Horse-radish is varioufly ufed for culinary pur- 
pofes; when fcraped fine, it is a good addition to fallads, 
efpecially in the colder feafons. Propagate crowns, or 
pieces of the root from one to two inches long, having 
an eye or two; fet them from nine to twelve inches 
below the furface of the ground, (according to the nature 
of the foil, as heavy or light) by digging a trench, and 
L 3 coveiing 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV, 



covering them over, or by making holes with a dibble ; 
this fhould be the work of February or Oclober, and the 
foil muft not only be deep, but rich, or the roots will be 
weak. 

This root will grow finer, and be more conveniently 
dug, to have the rows two feet, and the lets one foot 
afunder in them, though a lefs diftance is the more 
common praftice. Where there is plenty of ground, 
however, it is not worth while to be cramped, and the 
firft year of planting the ground may be cropped with 
any early things. The roots will not be fit for ufe the 
firft year ; but the fecond they come ftrong and warm. 
Take them up carefully, regularly moving the earth 
away, and cut off clofe to the ftool, from whence frefh 
heads will fpring. 

New plantations of horfe-radilh fhould be made 
about every fifth year ; old ones fhould be cleared from 
the ftraggling fide moots, in order to keep the rows 
open, but take them up deeply. 

Jerusalem artichoke is cultivated for the root, 
(which eats like artichoke bottoms) and it is an orna* 
mental plant, very like the perennial fun-flower, with 
which it claffes, but taller. Propagate in March, by 
planting cuttings of its root, as potatoes. The root is 
red, and full of indented eyes, every one of which is 
fure to grow. Where it has been once planted, it muft 
be carefully dug up, or it will not eafily be got rid of. 
Any poor ordinary fpot of fpare ground will do for it, 
Preferve the roots in dry land, when they can be no 
longer preferved in the ground, immediately dug irom 
which they are much beft. 

Kidney bean we have two kinds of, dwarfs mA 
runners, each of which has a rather numerous variety. 
Both forts have their admirers, but the dwarf forts 
are more generally efteemed, and more conveniently 
cultivated. 

Of the variety m the dwarf beans, fome come earlier 
than others ; but there is difference in opinions^ 

which 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 

which is the heft, as to earlirtffs and quality. The 
yellow and the black are, perhaps, as forward as any, 
The early white is not long behind, and is of fuperior 
flavour, but not fo hardy as the yellow and black, and 
fome others. The white may therefore be the fecond 
crop. The dwarf forts come in quicker than the run. 
ners. For the principal crop, the Battcrfca and Can- 
terbury beans are moftly ufed by the market gardeners, 
being good and proline. 

Of the runners, or climbing fort, the common Jcarlet 
and the white Dutch, are generally preferred, and 
when mixed together, their bJoffpms make an agreeable 
fhew, and bear a long time, if the beans are gathered 
conftantly as they get fit for ufe. 

The dwarf forts of this vegetable may be had mod 
months in the year, by the united means of open cul- 
ture, hot-beds, and hot-houles. In cold ground they 
are fometimes fown, clofe under a Jhiifh wall, ^towards 
the end of a dry March; but April is foon enough ; for 
if they get above ground without rotting, (as the feed is 
apt to do, when the ground is long wet J a little jro/l will 
cut them off. It is a good way to fow again in about 
a week- left the firft fiiould fail to come up. 

The latter end of March, however, if fome are fown 
in a warm border, in patches, and covered with hand- 
glaffes, they will do very well. Or an early crop may 
be produced by raifing the beans, at this time, on a 
gentle hot-bed, and planting them out, when two or three 
inches high, under glaffes, in patches of four or five, 
and near two feet 3 (under* Ir the beans are raifed in 
fmall pots, three or four in each, they may be turned 
out whole, with great advantage, as kidney beans do not 
always bear transplanting well ; and they may be covered 
on nights with hand-glaiies, garden pots, &c. 

When thefe forwarded beams are planted in rozus 
lingly, let it be under a warm wall, and not (if it can be 
avoided) till the end of April, or beginning of May ; and 

L 4 protect 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



prote£l them awhile at firff, on cold nights, with mat- 
ting, or otherwife. 

As to the hoi-bed culture of kidney beans, if anv are 

attempted to he brought to fruit on heat, let them be 
raifed, towards the end of February, upon one gentle 
bed, (or in pots, at the back of a cucumber frame) and 
planted out in another, in rows fifteen inches a-part, 
and at four inches in the rows ; for nearer thev will 
not fruit well. The bed may be about- two and a half 
feet thick, and muft have on it feven or eight inches of 
mould, and the plants treated witH as much air as can 
fafely be given them. Line the bed before the heat fa 
quite gone, to preferve and forward them. The fort 
moft ufed for forcing in hot-houfes is a reddiih fpeckled 
one; but the early white is fitteft for forcing in hot-beds^ 
as of lower growth : The early yellow and black may 
do. Support them by ties to little flicks. 

The common culture of the dwarf bean, in the proper 
feafon, and open ground, is to fow r them an inch or an 
inch and a half deep, three afunder, and two feet, or a 
little more, to a yard between the rows, according to 
the ftze of the feed, for fome fores require more room 
than others. Let them be earthed up as they proceed 
in growth ; and to have a JucccJJion, fow every three 
■weeks; remembering that a crop produces more, and 
lafls longer, the oftener the beans are gathered : It is 

P . if . o 

proper, therefore, to do it conftandy whilll pung and 
good, even if not w T anted.. 

The lajl crop fhould be under a warm wall, and may 
be fown as late as the middle, or end of July ; and if 
very dry weather, let the beans for this, and the June 
crop, be foaked about twelve hours in milk and water,, 
and the drills watered, in order to forward their germi- 
nation, and bring them more certainly and regularly up. 
It is a good way to prepare the feed for high hammer, 
by laying it in damp mould till it begins to chit, and 
then planting it in watered drills, In a eourfe of dry 

warm 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 

warm weather, kidney beans fhould be watered, efpe- 
daily while young. 

The culture or runners is to fow them near two 
inches deep, four or five afunder, and the rows four or 
five feet apart. They will require tall brulhy flicks 
to climb upon ; but they may be fown in patches or 
about fifteen inches diameter, placing the beans five or 
fix inches afunder, in the circumference, and fixing a . 
pole in the middle for them to run upon. The end bfV 
Jpril, or beginning of May, is foon enough to put the/ 
climbing forts into the ground ; and two more fbwings, 
at a month between each, will go through the feafon ; 
i. e. till frofl comes. 

If feed is faved, lei it be only from fome of the/zVy? 
beans of the principal ,<;rqp, for all late formed feeds,, 
and particularly ot the kidney, bean, are not near fogood 
as the earh' ones, often failing, or producing weak plants^, 
and late ill-tafted fruit. 

Leek we have a narrow and a broad leaved fort of 5 . 
the latter of which is the one generally cultivated. . The 
leek requires a good foil, and open fituation. . There is- 
a fort with variegated leaves. 

Sow in February, if the weather is^ tolerable, . or at 
the beginning of March.. 'Ihin in April to three 
inches afunder, and plant them out the firft moift .wea- 
ther after Midfummer, in rows near a foot apart, and at 
fix inches in the rows though if the ground be very 
rich, and the leeks forward, a little more may be allowed: 
to advantage. Trim the tops* and ends of the roots : 
and it is a good way (if the foil is not heavy) to plant, 
with a dibble, two or three inches in the ground, in order , 
to whiten the. heads ; but to this end fome have planted 
leeks in trenches, and earthed them tip. high, with a 
light foil, or coarfeTand ; . at any rate, haw eyer, if . the. 
rows are wide, earth them up a little. . 

Towards -w/wter, or in profpeft of froil, leeka-may 
be taken up, and laid. with their roots in fand, or earth, 
in fame caDfervatory r or cellar, A few may beTown 

L5 towards 



226 



OF ESCULENTS, 



SECT. XV. 



towards the end of April, or even in May, to fland over 
the winter for late fpring ufe. 

Lettuce is a vegetable, of which there is a great 
variety. The brown Dutch, and the green cabbage 
lettuces come earlieft, and are moftly to be depended 
upon to ftand the winter ; though fome other forts will, 
except the fiver cojs and white cofs. The brown and 
the green Egyptian cofs are excellent, being hardy and 
large, forming clofe heads ; but the latter is earlieft. 
The cabbage lettuce eats moderately well, but is chiefly 
nfed in*foups, &c. The Silejia lettuce is much admired 
by fome, though at prefent but little cultivated : There 
is a brown and green fort of it. 

For zvinter and fpring ufe, the hardier forts are fown 
in July, Augujl, and September \ but chiefly in Augvfi, 
when if three fowings are made, the beginning, middle, 
and end of the mouth, it will generally be found fuf- 
ficient. They may be fown, however, all September, 
or even at the beginning of October, and it maybe ftand, 
when older plants are cut off. 

For fummer ufe, the white cofs, and any of the others, 
may be fown on warm borders, either in open ground/ 
or under hand-glaftes, or other cover, in February, and 
a little conftantly every fortnight, or three weeks after, 
chilling cooler ground for them when fummer advances. 
Plant them from ten to fourteen inches af under, accord- 
ing to the fize they attain ; it being an error to put let- 
tuces out fo neat as many do, for it forces them to run 
for feed, and prevents their growing large : The forts 
called the Egyptian, and the admirable, mould be allowed 
eighteen inches. Lettuces may be pricked out very 
young ; and when three or four inches high is the 
beft time for planting them. 

It is not a covimon way, but fpring fown lettuces will 
be forwarder and larger if fown thin, and only thinned 
out to their proper diftance : Thofe that are drawn may 
ferve for a fecond crop. The brown Dutch ± green 
iJMuchlfi, the tennis-ball, and button lettuces, do not 

run 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 227 

run up fo foon for feed as the other forts, and are there- 
fore proper for late fummer ufe. To forward early 
fpring fown ones, a flight kct-bed may he made, and by 
all means ought to be fome -time in February, if thofe 
that were to have flood the winter-are cut off. When 
thefe plants are an inch high, they fhould be pricked out, 
four inches afunder, upon another gentle notched ; and 
vfhen they meet, or are four or five inches high, draw 
every other to plant out in open ground, and let the reft 
remain to cabbage. 

Winter lettuces, that are forward, are more likely to 
be deftroyed than the fmailer, as the wet hangs in them ; 
let them be covered with frames, hand-glaffes, or hoops 
and mats ; but covered plants mud have a great deal of 
air at all opportunities. Winter lettuces require a dry 
foil and fituation, and a wet one is helped by planting 
them on hillocks, which is a metho.d that frequently 
faves them from rotting : Thofe in the open ground are 
often deftroyed by grubs lurking about the roots, which 
evil fhould be feen to, if fufpefted. 

To have fine winter lettuces, fome of the forwardeft 
may be taken up with balls of earth about them in 
November, and planted at nine or ten inches diftance, 
on a fome what ftrong hot-bed, which, as foon as the 
great heat is certainly over, fhould be covered with fix 
or feven inches of dry mould for the purpofe, but give 
a little water juft about the roots : Line the bed when 
it gets cool. Lettuces muft be well attended to ; to 
give them plenty of air, pick off dead leaves, cover on 
nights, &c. Frequently ftir the furface of the mould, 
and give water as occafion may dictate. The cabbage 
lettuce fucceeds beft in hot-beds. 

Tying lettuces with bafs, from the middle upwards, 
when about three parts grown, will fomewhat help 
them to whiten and cabbage ; but let this bufinefs be 
done carefully. Somz gardeners do not think it worth 
while to practice it ; and indeed, right good forts (as 
to feed) will cabbage themfelves, and open ones it is 

he of 



Qt% OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 

of little ufe to ; yet this afhflance fhould be adopted for 
the fir/} crop, which it may white:-. 

Lettuces are fometimes fown thick, to draw young 
tor fmall faiiading ; for which purpofe, the lap and cab- 
bage lettuces are the propereft, as they eat tenderer ami 
fweeter in their infant ftate : the lap feed is very cheap, 
and chiefly the fort ufed. 

Melon* there is a variety of. in fize, fhape, coat, and 
colour of the fiefh. The forts we beft fucceed with are 
the mujk, (or common oblong ribbed melon) the Reman, 
the Portugal, and the Canialeupes in Variety, as the 
common rock, the black, the orange, and the GJyeri 
The Roman and Portugal arc final i, but earl v. The 
Cantaleupes are jullly the moll admired fruit, but are 
not fo good bearers as the others. 

The Jeed brought from the continent (where the 
melons are much finer than in England] feldom fucceeds 
here. Whoever fows it. mult not begin too early, 
muft ufe more heat, and give lefs water than is necef- 
fary for Denizens, See, Of ra'fng Mtlons, p. 19^, 

Onion, we have Several forts, but the Strafburgh 
(oval fhaped) is that moftly cultivated, as it keeps the 
belr. The fihxer dinned and Span 1ft: (flat fhaped, are 
milder, and therefore by fome preferred. The Welch 
fort dees not bulb, and it is rank ; but for its being 
very hardy, is fown thick in Augiiji, and flittered to 
ftand fo for winter and fpring ufe, as a green fubftitute 
for others. At this time, alfo. fome ot the Strajburgh 
may be fown, and perhaps ftand the winter in a good 
fituation. The IVelch onion is not only hardy, but 
perennial. Thev are apt lo die down in winter, but 
the roots moot again : which, when they begin to do, 
if earthed over an inch, or fo, thev will blanch, come 
forwarder, and eat the milder. 

The fmall fiver finned onion is the fort fitteft for 
fu m m e r fed la d ing and pickling. Sow firft at the end of 
March, and to have them young once every three weeks 
after. Chufe poor ground for the picklers. 

The 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS* 2£9 

The true fcalllon is got quite out of cultivation, 
having given way to the Welch onion ; as alfo to the 
other forts, that are made milder fisBfcm of, by plant- 
ing early in fpring, thofe that fprout in the houfe, 
which quickly grow. Set them in drills fix inches 
afunder, and two inches apart in the drills. 

For the principal crop of onions, fow the Strajlurgk 
or any other, towards the end of February, or foon 
after, though anv time in March may do, for it is 
clefireable to ftlUn froft : Let the foil be rich. The 
earlieit crops (of courfe) produce the largelt bulbs. Aa 
loon as they will bear it, (perhaps in five or fix weeks,) 
let them be thinned either by hoe or hand, to an inch 
or two apart, and twice afterwards, till each root has 
full four inches fquare of ground to grow in. 

Onions will trarjplant when five or fix inches high, 
taking care to give water immediately, which repeat; 
but the foil to which they are removed fhould be rich 
and well broke. In this way, thofe whofe crops have 
failed may be fupplied from other gardens. If any 
onion feed is fown, that comes directly from Portugal 
or Spain, it will be very large the firft year, and Ihould 
have fix inches room allowed them to bulb finely. 

Crops ot onions fhould be kept very clean trom weeds, 
and it would be of advantage to water them once or 
twice a week in dry weather. In July or Auguft, when 
the leaves begin to dry at the ends, fhrink and turn 
yellow, let them be bent down clofe to the ground, 
with the foot, rake, or back of a fpade rather hard. 
In about ten days after, let them be drawn in dry 
weather, and laid to harden by the fun, turning them 
every two or three days for a fortnight. Houfe them 
clean and dry, into neither a warm, nor damp, but 
clofe room; laying them thin, frequently looking 
them over in the winter to pick decayed ones ©ur, 
which would damage the reft; But onions are befl kept 
Jirung and hung up. 

Parsley, 



230 



OF ESCULENTS, 



SECT. XV. 



Parsley, broad leaved, as an efculent root, is com- 
monly called Hamburgh parfley, and is eat as carrots. 
Sow it early in March or April, either at broad caft or 
in drills, and leave the plants fix inches afunder. The 
roots may be preferred in land ; but it is the practice 
of ihme to fow at M-djummer, to draw them young in 
winter* being Bell wi t I efb dug. It is chiefly me- 
dicinal. See parfley, next fe&ion. 

Pab.snep is a fw-et and valuable root, lefs culti- 
vated than it deitrves ; being accounted very nouriih- 
ing. As carrots require a light foil, To thg parfnep 
does a ftrcng one. Sow about ihe end of February, 
or early in March, digging the ground well and 
deep. If the foil is light, tread the feed in twice over 
to Fallen it in the ground ; it comes up in about three 
weeks. Thm when about two inches high, with a 
fmall hoe, and alter wards with a large one, lb as to 
leave the roots in a, good rich foil, a foot afunder, 
though eight or ten inches will do in light, or indif- 
ferent land. Any thing that is to go off quick, may 
be fown with parfneps. m carrots to draw young, 
radifhes, lettuces, &c. Parfneps are not good till 
arrived to maturity. Thefe roots are to be taken up, 
and preferved as carrots ; but they may remain longer 
in the ground, and are feldom hurt by froft, fo that 
fome of the roots are commonly left undug till fpring , 
take them then up for ufe juji as they begin to fhoot, 
if they are not wanted for feed; when they will keep 
good in fand till mid-April. 

Pea, we have a confiderable garden variety of, 
arifing from the fize, time of coming in, colour of 
flower and fruit, and fomewhat in taile. The prin- 
cipal diftinftion is made, as to early and late peas, fo 
that if the earl i eft pea is fown at the fame time with 
one of the lateft, there will be three weeks difference 
in their bearing, and a fortnight is ufually reckoned 
between the common hot/pur and marrowfat* 

The 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



531 



The early frame pea (which is that forced in hot 
beds, &c.) may be fown under a warm w r all at the 
middle, or rather at the latter end of October, or 
beginning of AWember, and being kept reg.ihrly 
earthed up, will commonly furvive the winter, and 
produce peas by the end of May : Do it m fhort rows, 
a yard afunder, at right angles with the wall, or rather 
inclining a point to the eaft, to catch the firft fun. 

The frame pea is not a good bearer, either in the 
fize, or number of its pods, and therefore the hotfpurs 
being hardier and more prolific, are fown by many 
gardeners for their earliejl crop, and the difference of 
coming in is often but a few days. The frame pea, 
however, takes up lefs room than the hotfpurs, and in 
this refpe£t befl Fuita a fruiLbordcr, which mould not 
be encumbered with tall crops. Fancy will rule in the 
choice of peas, but the eflablifhed forts of the Reading, 
or Charlton hotfpur, and dwarf niarroivfats , are excellent 
for the fummer crops. 

The frame pea may be fown a quarter of an inch 
afunder, and the hotjpur half ; it is common indeed to 
low thicker, but it is not advifable, if the foil is good. 

Earthing up peas, and particularly the early crops, 
mould be done frequently, a little at a time, in dry 
weather, beginning when only half an inch high. 
The early peas mould have fome haulm, or dry if raw 
laid lightly againft, or over them, in hard frofts : but 
let the covering be immediately moved afide when the 
weather becomes mild. 

Sticking peas to take place as foon as they begin 
to vine, (put forth tendrils,) or appear too weak to 
fupport themfelves againft w T ind. Let the flicks be fet 
ftrait, neat, and full ; and by all means high enough 
for the forts ; allowing flicks of three feet above 
ground for the frame pea ; near five for the hotfpur, 
near fix for the dwarf marrowfat, and feven or eight 
for the larger forts. If fhort of wood, flicking only 
the S. or W. fide of the row r s may do, if the wind does 

not 



253 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 

not fet very contrary. Some people fow double rows 
of peas at ten inches or a foot afunder, and fet flicks 
only in the middle, earthing the peas towards them. 
Peas that are to grow without flicks, may be fown, 
the fmaller forts are two, and the Lrger at three feet 
afunder. But ufe flicks if poffible. 

The beginning of December, more peas mav L :- 
fown, and towards the end of January or the t can- 
ning of February, in order to have a Jull fupply a: the 
firft ot the feafon : The earlieft opportunity in the nczu 
year mould be taken, if thofe fown before have been 
cut oft, or greatly injured. Peas fown at the begin- 
ning of February are often not a week behind thofe of 
November. Peas fown in the winter months in ccid 
wet foils, may have fome coarfe fetid dug 1:1 the drills, 
to preferve them from rotting, and otherwiie help 
them ; fome alfo may be ftrewed over them. 

To have a full fuccefftm, peas fhouid be fown every 
three weeks in fpring s and everv fortnight in fummer : 
which may be continued till the mich.ie of lni\ y when 
if fome hot/purs are fowit in a flickered and funny 
fkuation, they may anfwer. 

The late, and large forts of peas , as the marrowfat, 
Mo ratio, American, 3ict Ihould be firft fown towards ttih 
end of February, and not fooner. left they rot. 

The dwarf mar roue fats may be laid in the drills half 
an inch afunder, the large marrowfats three quarters, 
the Moraito an inch, and the American two inches, 
and each fort covered two inches. The Lcadman'3 
dwarf pea, for it's fmallTize, is admired at genteel 
tables, and is fweet and fruitful; but rather longer in 
coming in than the ufual late forts : It efcapes the 
mildew better than other peas, and therefore is- proper 
for the latefl crops in open ground. It requires flicks 
only from two to three feet high, and ma) be fown 
thicker than any other pea ; and till Midjiimmer, On 
the fame day that hot/purs are fown, put in a crop of 

any 



6 E C T . XV. 



OF ESCULENTS, 



any of thefe late peas, and they will come in proper 
iiicceflion; i. e. ten days, a fortnight or more after. 

To fave feed-peas, let none be gathered for eating, 
except late Formed ones ; which had better not be left 
among the reft, for the reafon given in the article 
kidney bean. 

Peas will tranfplant, and therefore broken rows may 
be made up, only chufe, (if poffible) mild and moift 
weather for the work in March, and fhade them with 
a little ftraw, until they have taken root. If the 
autumn fown crops were cut off, peas may be fown 
under hand-glaffes in January or February, and thus 
forwarded, planting them out when they have been 
two or three weeks above ground. 

Watering peas in a dry time anfwers well, and 
efpecially when in flower and fruiting. To receive 
the water there fhould be ridges drawn towards the 
earthing up, forming a gutter on each fide. 

\i Jlugs, or other in lefts attack young peas, ftrew 
fome lime frefh flacked, or foot along the fides of the 
rows, fo as not to touch the plants, after which give 
them a watering, and repeat, it a day or two. If the 
peas are ftill infefted, make another application. 

Mice muft be guarded againft as to autumn and 
winter fown peas, by immediately fetting traps for 
them, of which a number of the common block ones 
will be found to anfwer bell, fetting one at about every 
two yards, with frefh baits every two or three days. 

Peas do not like dung, and will be more fruitful in 
a moderate foil than a rich one, except the rouncivah % 
ot which we have a white, green, grey, and blue fort. 

Stopping peas (i. e. cropping the leading (hoot) is 
pracliied by fome gardeners, to promote fruitfulnefs 
and maturity % This is a reafonable praclice, but only 
relates to the early crop. 

Potatoe is found to be the moft ufeful root that 
is cultivated ; as a fubllitute for bread, it is moft pro- 
fitably eat without mixture of corn flour. 

The 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT. XV. 



The pctatoe raifed from feed, changes the forts, 
Some are denominated meally, others waxy; i.e. are 
either of a loofe, or a firm contexture. They are dif- 
tinguiftied again as to Jhape, into 'round, oval, and 
cluliered. 

Potatoes will grow in any foil, but beft in one that 
is light, yet cool and good, efpecially a frefh one. 
Seafon, as well as foil, makes a difference in their 
goodnefs, as does the way of boiling them in eating, 
on .which the quality of the water has fome effeft, as 
indeed it has on all vegetables, and that is the beft 
water in which they are boiled quickeft. The white 
potatoes are generally preferred, but fome of the red 
kinds are very good; and the old rough red from Lan- 
cajhire, was one of the beft ever cultivated. The 
kidney (oval) fhaped forts are moft generally approved^ 
as boiling or roafting more equally through ; and 
among thefe, the red nojed kidney (a white potatoe with 
a tinged eye) is a great favourite ; but many good forts 
there are. 

The coarfe kinds of potatoes are given to hogs ; but 
whether even for them, quality ought not to be pre- 
ferred to quantity, may be confidered. The clujlered 
American potatoe is reckoned moft profitable for cattle, 
yielding great increafe ; but the goodnefs of a potatoe 
as food, is to be eftimated by the quantity of flour it 
produces. The early potatoes are final 1, and by com- 
mon culture are produced in June, when foon after 
their tops change yellow, whicft betokens maturity : 
They will keep better in the ground (it being fummer) 
than if taken up. 

The cultivation of potatoes is various, as experiment 
and opinions have led : It would be too much here 
to take particular notice of eacrr-method ; and to fay 
every thing that might be advanced on this {'abject.. 
. For fets, or cuttings, prefer middle fized, well fhaped 
potatoes, and let each piece have one good eye m it's 
middle, or, at the moft two. They fhould be fet in 

rows, 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS. 



rows, eighteen inches afunder in a poor foil, twenty- 
one in a middling, and two feet in a rich one. In the 
former, the fets may be fix or feven inches apart, and 
in the latter eight or nine : The American potatoe 
fhould however have more room each way. In a light 
foil, plant them five or fix inches deep, and in a 
heavy one only three or four. When planted deep, 
they will not need earthing up above once, but when 
(hallow, two or three times. In a light foil, they 
may be put in with a blunt dibble, but in a heavy one 
fhould be laid in trenches; and it the trenches were 
dug deep, and fir ft filled with long dung, old thatch, 
or fhort ft raw, it would be a great advantage; cover- 
ing them up in ridges, and drawing mould to them as 
they fettle. Cold, moift ground fhould be divided into 
beds of two or three rows each, with funk alleys 
between ; and as in ftfch a foil the fets fhould not be 
above three inches deep, the finking of the alleys may 
be made by earthing the rows up from time to time. 
In a heavy foil make the rows rather wider than in a 
tight, one, that there be a due quantity of furface mould 
tor earthing. - 

Early potatoes are procured feveral ways. On a 
hot-bed, fome may be planted in February, or under 
hand-glaffes, in a warm border, or without. There are 
early forts on purpofe for this culture, called mules, as 
they do not bear feed. As thefe potatoes are fmall, 
they may be planted whole, or rather cut in halves, 
paring off the eyes atorthe crown where they are thick, 
as it never anfwers to have many fhoots come from a 
fet ; whole ones lhould be planted a foot afunder, and 
halves at eight inches. 

Loo!? over the Jiock of early potatoes, and plant 
thole firft carefully in trenches that have rooted fhoots, 
for they will produce the firft fruit, especially if fhort 
and brufhy. Do not expofe them fo long to the air as 
to get withered. When up in hot-beds, or under hand- 
glajjes, let them have plenty of air; and in open ground 
be protected from froft by timely earthing up, and oc^ 

cafionai 



OF ESCULENTS, 



SECT. XV. 



cafional ^covering with haulm, or draw, which muft 
not be kept on, but upon neceffity. As thefe early 
potatoes are on a warm border, a little water in a dry 
time will forward them, and increafe their fize. In 
default of the true early potatoe, fets with good forward 
(hoots of any other fort may be treated as above; but 
they will not be fo good. 

From Mid-March to Mid-April is the propereft 
time, (earlier or later as the foil is dry or moiflj 
to plant for the principal crop, though May, or even 
June, generally produce an increafe worth the cul- 
tivation. The roots from late crops fhould not be 
ufed for planting, as they are more liable to the curl : 
Thofe potatoes growing fickly in a wet foil, are alfo 
fubjecT: to this defect. Potatoes, being of fuperficial 
growth, fhould be regularly weeded, as long as they 
can be walked among without treading on the tops. 

Ground, deiigned for a field crop, fhould be twice 
ploughed, and the firft time it fhould be fome weeks 
before the fetting. 

In the potatoe counties, they change their forts every 
third or fourth year; procuring frefh kinds from places 
farther North, as a means to avoid the curl, which 
feems to arife chiefly from the tender nature ot the 
potatoe, and admonifhes not to be too early in planting. 

Seedling potatoes are procured by faving the firft 
thorough ' ripe pods, (called apples) and either preferring 
them in very dry fand till fpring, or immediately fepa- 
rating them from the pulp, put the feed up quite dry in 
papers, and occafionally look it over to keep it fo. In 
March, or April, fow the feed half an inch deep, in a 
light foil, in drills fifteen inches .afunder, and thin the 
plants to fix inches. Earth them up as they grow. 
Dig them as foon as the haulm dies, and carefully 
preferving them from fro/1, they will be fit to plant 
the next fpring for table ufe. 

That potatoes are very fufceptible of frojl, is well 
known; but it is often not fufficiently guarded againft 

in 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 2S7 



in time. Let them be brought in clean and dry. If 
not kept in a warm cellar , they may be laid in a room % 
having fome ftraw at bottom, and when in profpeft 
of froft entering the houfe, they fhould be covered 
with ftraw, a foot thick. 

Pying (as" it is called in fome places) is a good 
method of preserving potatoes in winter. They are 
piled on the furface of the ground, in a ridged form, 
of a width and length at pleafure, according to the 
quantity, but commonly about fix feet wide. This is 
done by digging a fpit of earth, and laying it round 
the edge, a foot wide (if turf the better) filling the 
fpace up with ftraw, and then laying on a courfe of 
potatoes, dig earth from the outfide, and lay upon the 
firft earth. Put ftraw a few inches along the infide 
edge, then put in more potatoes, and fo on, keeping 
a good coat of ftraw all the way up between the pota- 
toes and the mould, which fhould be about fix inches 
thick all over ; beat it clofe together, and the form it 
lies in, with the trench all round, will preferve the 
potatoes dry ; and the fharpeft froft will hardly afFett 
them ; in a fevere time of which, the whole may be 
covered with ftraw. In the jpring, look over the 
ftock, and break off the fhoots of thofe defigned for 
the table, and repeat this bufmefs to preferve the 
potatoes longer good. 

Pumpioks being tender, are raifed on a moderate 
hot -bed, in April, or May, according to the time defired 
to have fruit at. After the feed has been up a few 
days, prick the plants out at four or five inches, or 
rather put them in fmal! pots, one in each. When a 
month old, they may be planted out about four yards 
afunder, one of the large forts, or two of the fmall 
ones, on a hole of two or three barrows full of hot 
dung, and about ten inches thick of mould. Cover 
with hand-glajff'es, or garden-pots, or hoops and mats, 
on nights, till Mid-June. On fuch a hole of hot dung 
they may be foivn in May, under a hand-glafs, and 
5 there 



£38 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 

there remain to fruit. Pumpions will do very well 
fometimes (in favourable feafons and filiations) fown 
in May, on cold ground. The feed {hould be covered 
near an inch, and the plants kept earthing up. as they 
grow. When they have {hot five or fix feet, peg 
down the runners a little way in the ground, and earth 
over, they will ftrike root. Water well in dry and 
warm weather. The orange gourd looks very pretty 
when trained up a ftrong pole, ipirally, or to a wall. 

Radish is of two kinds, the fpindle rooted, and the 
round, of each of which there is a variety. Of the 
former we have the early purple, _ and the early- pink 
fhort topped, and late large topped ones of both forts. 
Of the round there are the white, Hack, and red turnep 
radifhes. The white (ot which there is a fmall and 
large fort) is moftly cukivated, but the others are 
good; the black grows lafgej and the red fmall. The 
purple forts, and the fmall white and red eat the cooleft. 
The order of coming in from the time of lowing is, 
the purple, and the pink fpindle forts, and the turnep, 
red, white, and black : The latter is very hardy for 
winter ufe ; out the coarfeif . 

For the firfi crop, the early purple fhort top may be 
fown the latter ends of October, November, and De- 
cember, (chiefly the laft month) in a warm border, and 
have a chance ot furviving the winter, if a little pro- 
tected in frofts by J} out Jticks, about two inches high, 
ftuck Hoping in the ground, to fupport mats; or by 
laying peas haulm, or wheat jlraw, lightly over them, 
which may be an inch or two thick, as the frofr. is; 
but no longer than it laft s fhould the covering be on. 
The flrft open weather in January and February few 
again, and in thefe months, and the preceding one, 
cover the fowin^ over with fome ftraw, and it will 
help to fetch the feeds up, and preferve them from 
being thrown out of the ground by froft, as alfo from 
birds. As foon as they begin to appear, let thern be 
uncovered, to harden them to the air, if the weather 
I is 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 259 



is not too fevere. Thin thefe radifhcs to an inch and 
a half, or two inches afunder, though fome gardeners 
let them grow* thicker. Radifhes fawn in any of the 
cold months (being on borders) lay the ground a little 
Hoping to the fun. 

A hot -bed is frequently ufed for radifhes about Cfirift- 
mas, or in January and February, which muff not be 
too warm a one, as it w ould hurry the feed up, and 
make them grow all top, and come to nothing. Two 
feet thick of dung is mfficient, on which fix or feven 
inches of light well broke or fitted mould mould be 
put on, and the feed immediately fown on the furface, 
(rather thick) and covered half an inch, giving the 
whole a gentle preffure ; for feeds will grow better 
when the earth is fomewhat firm about them. Thin 
the plants to an inch afunder, before they begin to 
draw one another up weak ; if wider it were better, 
but room in a hot-bed is precious. Hot -bed radifhes, 
under glafs, mull have plenty of air, for though covered, 
are not to be fhut down clofe on nights, except feverity 
of froft demand it. In lieu of frames, a hot-bed of 
radifhes may, in February, or after, be hooped, and 
covered with mats on nights, and in bad weather; and 
in this way, indeed, they generally fucceed belt.. Line 
forward beds, when the heat declines, that they may 
proceed in growth, without check or interruption. 

Repeat fowing of radifhes every three weeks m fpring, 
and fortnight in fummer ; in cooler ground as the 
feafon advances. In dry weather water. Allow three 
inches diftance to thofe fown after February, or rather 
more for the large topped forts. The turnep kind 
may now be fown ; yet their be ft feafon is to come in 
after Michaelmas ; the fmall white and red for fummer^ 
and the large white and black for autumn and winter, 
which will often continue good till Jpring : In profpeft 
of fevere weather, fome of thefe may be taken up, 
and preferved in fand, having firft cut the tops off 
fliort. 

Thin 



£40 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV- 

Thin the fmall turnep forts to four inches diftance, 
and the large to fix or eight : Sow the two laft forts in 
June, July, and Augujl. In Auguft, or September, fow 
alfo fome of the other forts of radifhes, for winter ufe. 
Turnep radifhes are rarely fown on hot-beds ; but the 
fmall red fort will be found an agreeable early crop, and 
may ftand as thick as the fpindle rooted kinds. 

The ground fhould be well dug for radifhes, efpecially 
the long-rooted forts, and the feed carefully covered a 
full half inch, leaving none on the top (if poffible) to 
lure birds, which frequently do much mifchief to 
the crop. It is a troublefome mode, but radifhes when 
drilled are fafer, and being thinned in the rows by hand 
they come fine. Make the drills for the tap rooted 
forts, from two to three inches afunder, but for the 
round wider. It is alfo a good method to fow radifhes 
on beds four feet wide, and the mould being made fine 
on the top, beat the feeds in w T ith the teeth of a wooden 
rake till none appear, and then lightly draw the back 
of the rake over, to fill up the holes ; or, having fown 
the bed, cover with mould from the alleys, or earth 
previoufly drawn afide. 

A fprinkle of radifh feed may be frequently fow r n 
among other crops, as broad-caft fpinach ; and the 
ground at fpring that is defigned for cauliflowers, may 
very properly be fown with them, juft before the plants 
are to be fet out, or between rows of beans. 

Draw the roots for ufe in a regular thinning way, 
and thofe that are left will become the larger for it. 

Radifhes are fometimes fown thick for eating while 
very young in the feed leaf, with other fmall fallading. 

Salsafy, though but little cultivated, is a ufeful 
vegetable. Its young fhoots are eat as afparagus in 
fpring, and its long white roots in autumn and winter 
as carrots, fome of which are taken up, and preferved 
in fand for winter ufe. Thofe left in the ground may 
be dug up occafionally, or left to produce fhoots for 
fpring, or may ftand for feed. Sow them early in 

March, 



SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS* £4! 

March, in drills ten inches afunder, and thin the plants 
to fix. Let the foil be cool and good, and two feet 
if pofftble. W ater in very dry time. 

Savoy is a cabbage, peculiarly adapted for late 
autumn, zvintcr t and fpring ufe, as froft improves it, 
making it tenderer and fvveeter than before. The forts 
are green and yellow ; the former moftly cultivated, as 
it looks beft at table. 

If favoys are defired forward, fow a little in a warm 
border in February, or under a hand-glafs; but a fow- 
ing in March, and another in April, in an open fitua- 
tion is fufficient. Thin the feed bed in time, that the 
plants may be ftraight and robuft; and when about three 
inches high, prick them out at five or fix inches dif- 
tance, where let them grow to a proper fize, (as in 
June or July) to plant out at two feet apart, or a little 
more, if in a rich foil. Chufe moift weather for this 
work, ifpoflible, and give fome water. Earth them up 
as they grow. 

Sprouts of favoys are delicate eating fpring greens, 
and therefore if the ground is wanted where the ftalks 
grow, they may be taken up, and la-id deep in a trench 
for the purpofe. 

Scorzonera is a carrot-rooted efculent, and! 
therefore requires a deep, and mould have a cool foiL 
Cultivate it as falfafy, only let the drills be two or three 
inches wider, and the plants an inch or two more 
afunder. 

Sea-Cal E,. or cabbage, is a vegetable not generally 
known, except in EJJ'ex, Suffex&ndtbe Wefc of England, 
but it is much liked by many, and as an early fpring 
produ&ion is valuable. 

Its natural place of growth being the fea-beach, it is 
evident that a fandy foil will fuit it beft. Some people 
cultivate it in almoft all fand, which, if it is the natural 
foil of the place, is proper, as fuch fur face fand is 
endowed with good vegetable principles ; but w T hen a 
foil is made* - it mould be one hdMJharf, or drift fand, 

M mi 



OF ESCULENTS. 



SECT* XV\ 



and the other half any light rich mould, which may be 
a little gravelly, or mixed with fea-coal afhes. Sow, or 
plant, either in autumn, or fp ring. 

It is a root that lafts many years, and therefore mould 
be properly planted and managed ; either in beds of it, 
like thofe of afparagus, (the which it precedes for ufe) 
of four feet and a ho If wide, and two feet alleys be- 
tween; or in {ingle rows ot long trenches, which is the 
better way. They are bed raifed from feed, though 
often from offsets ', or piects of the roots, having two or 
three eyes. 

. The beds muft be trenched, and of a dry Joofe earth, 
(as faid) to two, or two and a half feet deep ; and if 
there is any fufpicion of wet ever hanging at bottom, 
lay a good courfe of rough gravel or ftones there. The 
plants mould be near a foot afunder, kept five or fix 
inches below the furface, that they may grow through 
a body of earth to blanch the fprouts ; and they are to be 
cut up four or five inches deep, foon after they appear 
above ground. In fummer, the ribs of the large leaves 
may be peeled, and eat as afparagus. They will want 
earthing up from the alleys every year, to keep them at 
the above depth ; for which purpofe, there mould be 
proper earth in them. It is evidently beft to fow, ox 
plant, low enough at firft, to be prepared for future 
earthing up; not to grow too low, however, if there is 
a clay bottom. Sets may be planted at firft only three 
inches deep from their crowns, and earthed up to five 
or fix as they rife in order to Manch them: Some do 
this with fine fifted coal ajhes, and the effeft may alfobe 
attained with the leaves of trees laid clofe round, Little 
Ihould be cut the firft year, but the fecond do it freely* 
The feed Ihould be dropped three or four in a hole, 
half an inch deep, and thinned to one plant, earthing up 
a little as they proceed in growth. When the leaves 
decay in autumn, earth the plants over an inch or two, 
with' mould from the alleys. In the fpring, loofen the 
earth caiefully with the afparagus fork, and at autumn, 

earth 



SECT. XV. 



OF ESCULENTS, 



earth up as before. The following fpring, fork again 
in time, and about April there will be plenty to cut; 
which, if fuffered to grow large firft, will eat tough 
and ftrong. For feed, referve a ftool that has not been 
cut : The flower is fo pretty (white heads) as to be 
fown fometimes merely for ornament. 

Shalot is a perennial fort of onion, for which It 
is often fubftituted, and in forne cafes preferred, as 
being more agreeable to the palate and ftomach by its 
rich and yet mild nature. 

The fhalot is propagated by planting its offsets late 
in autumn, in a dry foil, or in fpring, if a moift one. 
The latter time is generally adopted as fafeft; but 
autumn fets produce the fineft bulbs. Plant two or 
three inches deep, and four or five afunder, in rows, 
fix inches diftance from one another. When the leaves 
wither, dig them up, left they decay in the ground, as 
they are apt to do when much wet falls. 

Skirret ( now little known] is a very whole fome 
root, propagated by feed, as fcorzonera, and fometimes 
by offsets of the old roots in fpring, planted an inch 
deep over their crowns. 

Spinach is of two kinds, denominated from the 
feed, as prickly and fmooth ; the former is fown in 
autumn, i. e. at the end of July, and about Mid-Augufl^ 
to gather in winter, and the beginning of fpring, being 
very hardy ; and the latter is fown early in the new 
year for after ufe, though the prickly fort does very 
well alfo for the fame purpole. The fmooth is rather 
tender, but it grows larger, with thicker leaves, and is 
therefore feldom fown otherwife than at broad caft ; 
but the prickly is frequently drilled, as between rows 
g£ peas', beans, &c. Spinach may be fown on pieces of 
ground, where it is intended to plant cauliflowers, cabs* 
bages, or beans, or horfe-raddim, by dibble. 

At broad cafi trample the feed in with the feet, rather 
wide, that there may be a fuffieient quantity of mould 
to rake down over the feed. Hoe the prickly fort 
Ml' to 



ESCULENTS. 



SECT. "XV. 



to four inches apart, and the fmootfa to fix or more, 
in a rich foil. If in drills ' tow alfo thin, and cover an 
inch deep. Some people thin the plants in drills to 
three inches drftance, and draw every other for ufe, 
v/hen thofe left will grow large, and this may be pro- 
per with the fraooth Tpinach; but it is more common 
not to thin the rows, and to gather, by cuttinj the 
leaves down low, when more will fpring up again. 
It is a good way to fow fpinach in beds of four feet, 
with alleys, that it may be the more conveniently 
attended and gathered, without trampling the ground; 
- — Gardening in this way of narrow beds will, in many 
cafes, be found very agreeable. 

To have a full fucccffion of fpinach, fow in January 
and February, and afterwards again in three weeks, 
and then every fortnight, or even oftener, for it pre- 
fently runs to feed in fummer, efpecially if the plants 
grow clofe. Some people are fond of drilled fpinach, 
as it is quickly gathered, and fancied to eat better; but 
broad eaft is commonly reckoned the beft way, and 
gathering the outfide leaves, the plant fhoots again re- 
peatedly : In fpring, however, when the ground is 
wanted, and the plants are difpofed to run, they mould 
be drawn. Spinach will tranfpant in autumn, and thus 
bear the beft feed. 

Turn ep we have a variety of forts of, for table 
tife, differing in colour and fhape, earlinefs and flavour. 
The moft common are the white forts ; but the yellow 
and red are- worthy of trial, particularly the former. 
The fmall early white Dutch is that moftly cultivated in 
gardens, at leaft for the firft crops, though the early 
Jlone fort is a very good root. 

Turneps are Jown from March to September, but in 
June and July for the principal crops. Late crops 
may be fown till Mid-Augujl, but they will produce 
but little bottoms. Thofe fown in March will be apt 
to run for feed before they have formed nmch bottom, 
and mull be watched to draw them in time. The 

turnep 



Of ESCULENTS. 



£45 



turnep is fo favourite a vegetable, that hot-beds are 
fornetimes made in February and March to forward it, 
though thus cultivated, it can attain but to a very final! 
fize. A bed of this fort muft be flight, and have a great 
deal of air from the very fowing. A moderately lig^t 
foil, with little dung, fuits turneps beft 7 and they 
mould always have open ground that is well broke* 
Mix the feed with a little fine earth, fow thin, trample 
clofe, and rake lightly : It is a way with fome, to fow 
one third old feed with the new, tor the greater cer- 
tainty of a crop, the former fornetimes fucceeding when 
the latter miiTes. Do not neglect to hoe the crops in 
time, the early ones to five or fix inches, and the late 
ones to eight or nine, though fome large forts fhould 
have more diftance allowed them. - 

When the fly is obferved to attack young turneps„ 
it will be proper to ftir the ground, and fow again im- 
mediately, or to chufe another fpot for the purpofe. 

The Navew (which is much admired by fome, and 
faid to be the moft nourifhing fort of turnep) fhould be 
repeatedly fown from March to Augvjl, in a moift 
ground ; but being a fmall ilender root, need not {land 
wider than five cr fix inches. 

The c abb ace turnep is of tw r o kinds : onz 
apples above ground, and the other in it. This vege- 
table is fornetimes ufed young for the table; but it is- 
chiefly cultivated for cattle. Sow it in May, or June, 
for autumn uie, or in June, or July, for the J p ring: They 
are very hardy. If fown in a garden, and pricked ouf # 
they may be tranfplanted in fields, the firft moid 
weather alter a crop of oats, or barley, at half a yard in 
a poor, or near two feet in a rich foil; and if the 
ground is foul, this culture gives a fine opportunity 
to clean it, by repeated hoeing. 



SECT. 



•SECTION XVI. 



OF HERB'S, &C. 

A NGEL1CA is cultivated for the large ribs of its 
leaves, cut in May, or June, to make a candied 
preferve ; and it is alfo a medicinal plant, in ftalk, leaf, 
root and feed. Sow as foon as the feed is ripe, for in 
fpring it does not come well. Put the plants out when 
a few inches high, at two feet afunder. It is biennial ; 
but if feed is not wanted* cut the ftems down in May, 
and the plant will put out fide {hoots; and by this 
praftice every year, it may be continued long in the 
fame place. A moift fituation fuits it beft, fo that 
fome plant it by ditches, or ponds. 

Balm is either plain or variegated ; but the former 
only is cultivated as a medicinal herb. It is propagated 
by; parting the root, either in autumn, or fpring, but 
rather the latter. Slip off ihort pieces with roots, and 
plant them a foot, or fifteen inches afunder, giving a 
little water. The variegated is for the flower garden. 

The balm that is gathered for drying ought to be cut 
ju/l as it gets into flower ; as for this purpofe all herbs 
fhould, being then in the higheft perfeftion; and it 
fhould be done as foon as the dew is off, for if left till 
afternoon, in a full fun, the plant is exhaulledof its 
juices : Pick off all decayed leaves. Dry it in an airy 
lhady place till fit to tie in /mall bundles, w T hich muft 
be ftored by hanging up in a dry airy room, about fix 
inches from one another, till perfectly dry, when lay 
them in a drawer in a dry room, preffed clofe, and 
cover with- paper. 

Balm, 



SECT. XVI. 



OF HERBS, &C. 



Balm, and moft perennial herbs, fliould be frelxl 
planted in beds every third or fourth year ; and each 
year, in autumn oxfpring, have the ground ftirred about 
them, and dreffed with fome frefh earth, or a little well 
confumed manure, the plants being previoufly cut 
down, and ground weeded. 

Basil is a pretty annual, of which we have two 
forts, the large and the bufo: (each having a variety) 
both are ufed as pot-herbs, but chiefly the former* 
•Sometimes alfo this herb (a few of the young leaves) 
is ufed in fal/ads, and occasionally in medicine. The 
large grows about a foot high, and the bufh but a few 
inches. They are both fweet, but the bufh bajil moft 
fo. It has a delicate round form, and fo is cultivated 
as ornamental, though its flower is nothing. Both forts 
are ufually -fawn on a gentle hot-bed, in March or April, 
and may be pricked out in fmall pots, but will hardly 
endure the open air till June. The large is the hardieit, 
and will come up on cold ground, but be backward. 
They like a rich foil, and the bufh does belt in one full 
* half dung. 

Borage is a cordial herb, that has its varieties, 
blue, red, and white flowered, and one with variegated 
leaves; but the former is that commonly "cultivated as 
a pot-herb, and its flowers for fallads, and cool -tankards. 
To have it young all the year, let it be fown in fpring, 
fummer, and autumn, either in drills, or broad calh 
Thin the plants to nine inches afunder. It fows it felt* 
in autumn, and likes a dry foil, 

Bug loss pofiefles the like cordial virtues with 
horage, fo that the one may be fubltituteu for the other. 
Culture is the fame. 

Burnet is a warm perennial fall ad herb, ufed alfc* 
in cool tankards, propagated in fpnng, or autumn, either 
by feed, or parting its roots, and planting them a foot 
afunder. Keep it frequently cut down, that it may 
constantly furaifh yaung (hoots for ufe* 

M4 Camo- 



MS OF HERBS, &C. SECT. XVI. 

CAMOMILE is a ufeful medicinal herb, of which 
*we have fingle and double flowering kinds; and of the 
latter, a fort with very full flowers. It is propagated 
by parting its roots, or by its runners, in March, or 
April, fetting them nine or ten inches afunder. Gather 
the flowers in their prime, (as thofe of all plants fbould 
be) before they begin to fade; dry them thinly i» the 
fliade tor a few days, and preferve them from damp in 
paper bags. The fingle fort is the ftrongeft flavours, 
though for quantity, the double is moftly cultivated ; 
Camomile likes a poor foil. 

Capsicum is fometimes cultivated for its young 
pods to pickle; being raifed on a gentle hot-fed, or two, 
to bring them forward till June, when (rather about 
the middle} they may be planted in open ground, about 
fealf a yard afunder* See Lifts of annuals. 

Caraway feeds are chiefly medicinal ; but being 
ufed in cakes, a few plants may nave place in the 
garden. Sow in fpring, in a moift rich foil, and let 
them have fix inches fquare to grow in. 

Carduus Benedictus, is limply medicinal, and 
is of good repute. Sow it in autumn, either in drills, 
or broad call, and thin the plants to nine inches dis- 
tance. It is annual, and mull be cut down to the root 
for drying, juft as it gets into flower. 

Chervil is ufed in fallads, and is alfo a pot -herb 
that was formerly in much eftimation for its warm 
nature. Sow it thick in autumn for winter and fpring 
ufe. When fown in fpring, or fummer, it runs quickly 
to flower. The feed muff be (lightly covered, and the 
leaves gathered for ufe young, cutting it down like 
parflev, (which it refembles) it fprings again. 

Gives are final! bulbs, and a fort of mild perennial 
onion, the leaves of which are cut for fallads, and 
culinary purpofes, at the fpring, before onions come in. 
As the bulbs increafe fall, fome of them may be flippec 
from the rooted clutter*, and ufed as onions. They 

are 



SECT. XVI* 



OF HERBS, &C. 



PA9 



are propagated in autumn, or early in the fpring, by 
planting five or fix of the little bulbs in a hole, air 
inch deep, and eight afunder. A bed of them lafts three 
or four years. 

Clary (the common garden) ranks as a medicinal 
herb, but it is ufed alfo in foups, and is very odorous, 
Sow it in fpring, and when two or three inches high, 
prick the plants out fifteen or eighteen inches afunder, 
x>r thin them to this diftance. It is biennial, and there- 
fore muft be fown every year as parfley is. There are 
forts of this plant cultivated for ornament, bearing 
pretty flowers. See Lift of biennials. 

Coriander isoccafionally ufed m foups and fall ads ^ 
for its peculiar high flavour; but moftly for medicinal 
purpofes, which its feeds are ufed in. For culinary 
ufes, fow it in April, and once a month, or oftenei> 
afterwards, in drills fix inches afunder, to have a fuc-- 
ceflion of young plants ; and make a principal fowing; 
in Augujl, or September, on a warm border. Cover 
fome of it with a frame, or it will die in hard weather.- 
If wanted early in the year, fow one hot-bed, in February' 
or March; or in this laft month under handglafjes. 

Corn Sal lad (or lamb's lettuce J isafmall, warm, 
wholeforne, hardy herb, and for winter and fpring ufe 
fhouid be fown in Augujl and September, and again irr- 
February and March, and once a month all fummer,- 
for it is tc^ be eat quite young. The plants mould : 
grow about three inches diftance: This ruftic vegetable 
ufed to be much in requeft, though now rarely cultivated. 

Cress, there are three forts of, plain, curled, and 
broad leaved; the former of which is much ufed as a 
Jallad herb, with mujlard, rape, radijh, &c. The curled 
and broad leaved forts mould be thinned to half an 
inch afunder; but the plain is to be fown thick. The- 
curled makes a pretty garmjb. In the cold months, 
tais fallad herb (as others) is fown on gentle hot-beds, ■ 
giving plenty of air; and as the fpring gets up, on 
warm borders, or under hand-glaffes* The London 
M 5 market 



£50 OF HERBS, &C. SECT. X"I. 

market gardeners fow it juft within the glaffes which 
cover their cauliflower plants, &c. In fuinmer it 
ftiould be fown in fhady cool ground, and daily watered ; 
or it may be fown in the moft funny fituation, if 
hooped over, and fhaded with a mat. Break the mould 
Jine, and draw level (hallow drills, and cover only a 
quarter of an inch. It may, however, be fown at 
broad caft, the ground being fir ft raked very fmooth, 
and the feed juft covered with fine fitted mould. Let 
it be fown (on an average) once a week, and cut 
young. If that which is fown in open ground, at an 
early feafon, be covered with a mat, it will forward the 
germination. The American crefs is much like water 
crefs, only more bitter. It anfwers well as a winter 
and early fpring fall ad, being fown in Augujl, at broad 
caft, or rather thin in drills. The plants being cut, or 
the outfide leaves pulled off, (hoot again. 

Dill is a very ftomachic herb, Wfa&fe leaves and 
feed veffels are put among vegetable pickles, particularly 
cucumbers, to heighten their relifh. The ftem,. leaves, 
and feed, are alfo ufed in medicine; leaves fometimes in 
foups and fauces. Sow it either in autumn, or early 
in the fpring^ at broad caft, or in drills, a foot af under,, 
thinning the plants to about eight inches. It flieds 
feed freely, and comes up at fpring. 

Fennel (the common fait) is an hardy pe?~ennial 
herb, of the fame family as dill, the ufes of which are 
well known. It may be fown either in fpring, or 
autumn, and the plants ought to be kept near half a 
vafd afunder; or it may be propagated by flips from the 
xoots of pld .plants* It fhouid be conftantly cut down 
to prevent feeding, w r hich would cover the ground in 
a trouble fome degree. Sweet fennel is an annual, cul- 
tivated for its feeds in medicine. 

FiNO-CHio.is a fort of divarf fennel, very aromatic ; 
the bottom of the thick ftaLks of which, being earthed 
up about three weeks, when nearly full grown, five or 
iix inches to blanch^ are ufed in foup and faliads, or 
8 .fiiced. 



SECT* XVI. OF HERBS, &C. 



85l 



flieed, and eat alone with oil, vinegar, &c. Sow it 
thick in March, in drills, about two feet afr nder, and 
repeat the lowing every month till Mid-July, as it 
prefently runs for feed. Thin the plants to feven or 
eight inches. It likes a dry foil. - In a warm fituation 
fome may be fown in February; the laft crop in June 
mult be in a like fituation, and will not be ready before 
winter; at the approach of which, protect it from froft 
with dry litter. 

Hyssop is ufed fometimes in a culinary^ but more in 
a medicinal way. There are white, blue, and red 
flowered forts of it:, but the blue fpiked is that com* 
monly cultivated, The parts for culinary purpofes are 
the leaves, and young moots; and the flower fpikes are 
cut, dried, and preferved for medical ufes, for which it 
is an excellent herb. As hyjjbp is a woody evergreen 
perennial, growing about a foot high, it may be planted 
ior an edging of the kitchen garden. It is propagated 
by feed, and rooted flips, in March, by cuttings in 
April, or young flips in Jane, or July. A poor dry, 
or fandy foil, bell fuite it. The plants may be nine 
mches, or a foot afunder, as an edging, but mould be 
near two feet from- one another in a bed, as they foon 
get large. 

Lavender (the common) i3, for its pleafant 
aromatic fcent, found in mo ft gardens, and makes a 
neat perennial edging in large ones. It is propagated 
by cuttings, or young flips, in April and May, fet a few 
inches afunder, in a lhady fituation,, and good foil; and^ 
when rooted^ planted out where they are to grow. Ths 
Hips ihould be occafionly watered,, and as-a mat would 
cover a great many, might be (haded when the fun is 
hot upon them, for a fortnight or three weeks, to* 
forward their rooting,. But though raijed in \ a good- 
foil lavender likes a poor and dry one beft to abide in. 
Set the plants at a foot diftance from one another. In 
a. rich rnoift foil, they are apt to die in the winter; but 
ia a dry hungry one, they rarely do- All plants tha 

Mi & more- 



OF HERBS, &C. 



SECT* XVU 



more luxuriantly they grow; the more likely they are 
to be cut off by fevere weather. 

Marigold has its varieties, and fome forts bear 
very fine double flowers; but the common fmgle kind 
is befl: as a pot-herb, being moll aromatic. All Jingl* 
flowers are preferable to the double of the fame kind 
for medicinal, or other ufes, as poffeffing a ftronger 
effence. Sow marigolds in fpring, and let plants of 
the Angle fort ftand a foot afunder, but the large double 
wider. They will grow in any foil, and are in flower 
moll part of the year. The time of gathering them for 
drying is towards autumn, when they are moft plentiful. 
Take care that they are not put up in their paper bags 
raw, or damp, and keep them in a very dry place. 
This flower is a valuable ingredient in broths and 
foups, however it may have got into difufe. It fows 
itfelf abundantly, and will bear transplanting about 
May, fo that there will feldom be occafion to fow. 

Marjoram is diftinguifhed into pot, winter, and 
knotted forts ; the two former perennial, and the laft 
annual. They are all occafionally ufed for culinary 
purpofes, but the knotted k chiefly cultivated as a 
jweet companion of our flowers. The propagation of it 
is by parting the roots of the perennial forts in autumn 9 
or fpring, and by fowing the annual kind in March, or 
April, on a warm border, and light dry foil. The 
annual fort fhould Hand at fix inches diftance, and the 
perennial at nine or ten. The knotted fort, if planted 
in pots, and houfed, may be prefer ved in the winter, 
cutting down the flower ftems. This kind is fome- 
times ufed for medicinal purpofes, and fhould be drawn 
up by the roots, for drying in the faade ; or at leaft with 
but little fun. 

Mint is a falutary herb, of which we have two 
forts, the fpear and the pepper ; the former for culi- 
nary, and the latter for medicinal purpofes. There is a 
little variety in the Jpear 3 as broader and narrower 

leaved 3 



«ECT. XVI. OF HERBS, &C. 



leaved, and alfo variegated forts, white and yellow, but 
thefe are confidered only as ornamental. 

Mint is propagated by pieces of its roots, or rooted 
flips, in the fpring, fet an inch or two deep, and eight 
afunder, on beds four feet wide. Cuttings will quickly 
ftrike root in any of the fummer months. It delights 
in a moift foil, and new plantations of it (particularly 
cuttings) fhould be well watered in a dry time. Mint 
is to be had young all winter, and early in fpring, by 
means of a gentle hot-bed, on which it mould be fet 
pretty clofe; and for a fuccefTion, make a new planta- 
tion every three weeks, as the roots will perifh in about 
that time. Or it may be conveniently planted in pots, 
and placed in any bed, and fo fhifted from one to 
another, if occafion. Do not let this, or any other 
herb be badly dried, or preferved, as is too common a 
cafe, For prefent ufe? gather only the young leaves and 
fhoots. 

Mustard is much ufed as a fallad herb, gathered 
quite young, and the white is the garden fort, th'e-black 
being cultivated in fields for its feeds to make flour of. 
It is managed as crefs, which fee, p. 249. 

Nasturtium, there is a greater and lefs fort of, 
both cultivated for their unripe berjies to pickle, their 
flowers tor fallads and garnijh, and as a garden orna- 
ment \ but the large is that chiefly cultivated for culi- 
nary purpofes. Being climbers, they fhould have 
fomething to lay hold of, as an arbour, or brufh wood, 
or nailed up with fhreds to a wall. They are of free 
growth, and flower abundantly for a long time, even 
till the troft comes. Sow an inch deep, in drills, in a 
light foil, and warm fituation, in April or fooner, if on 
a gentle heat, to forward them. It is beft to fow in a 
lew fmall pots, holding each two plants, from which 
they may be turned out whole (before they get too big) 
in May ; though fometimes they tranfplant without 
earth, about the roots, very well. Give them plenty 
of air while under cover, or they will be drawn up 

weak. 



£54 OF HERBS,&c; SECT, XVI* 

weak. A freih, but poor, foil; is better than a rich 
one, which makes them too rampant, and lefs fruitful. 
See Lift 8. Sett. 19, and Obfervation. 

The double najburtium is conGdered merely as a fine 
flower, but they are a beautiful garmfb. It grows from 
cuttings ; Plant thefe in pots, in June, and place them 
on a little heat, - and they will foon take root. Or if 
the pots are plunged in a warm border, and covered 
clofe with a handglafs, it may be fufficient. Gently 
water them when the mould gets quite dry. This 
plant is tender, in winter requiring a £ove^ yet it 
flourifhes all fummer in open ground, flowering moft in 
a poor foil. 

Parsley we have a plain and a curled kind of; and 
though the former is mofliy ufed, yet the latter is 
equally proper as a pot ''-kerb, and it makes a goo d garni ft) z 
hemlock cannot be raiftaken for it, as for the plain fome- 
times it has been. There is, however, more of effence 
in an equal quantify of the plain, than of the curled; 
but it is only ufing rather more of the latter, which, if 
not fuffered to feed, will fiand three years. To produce 
the curled fort very fine, [as tor garnifhl the plants 
fhould be thinned to three or four incnes- afunder ; and 
it may be fowii either at broad caft* or in drills about 
nine inches afunder, as the common fort is. Parfley is 
fometimes Town early in autumn, to have it young for 
the winter and faring; but the ufual time is earlv in 
fpring, and one lowing may be fufhc ; ent lor the year: 
Curit down often to get rid of the old, and young wdi 
fpring up- Cutting, down parfley ihonld never be 
omitted about the end of Stptember, that it may be had 
good through the winter and fpring. This, herb wilt 
bear tranfplanting.. For Hamburg patffey^ lee par/ley 
in the laft left ion, p* £o>0. 

Penny-royal is a pet and medical herb of the: 
mint fpices. There is-an upright and a trailing fort of 
k ; but the latter is that chiefly ufed : This is propa- 
gated by rooted branches, of which it affords plenty, 

93 



SECT- XVI. OF HERBS, &C. 255 

as it fp reads fad; and it will grow in the fummer 
months from flips, or cuttings. Set them a foot 
afunder in faring, or autumn, and in a ftrong moift foil 
it will mpft •flourifiu If, however, it is fufFered to 
mat thick, it is apt to rot. As this herb is often wanted 
in winter, let it have a fomewhat Iheltered fituation. 
If cut for preferving in winter, the time of flowering 
muff be obferved, and it muff, be very carefully dried 
and kept as it is apt to mould. 

PuPvSLANE is a low growing fucculent herb r of a 
cold and tender nature, ufed chiefly in fummer fallads > 
but fometimes for culinary purpofes. The forts are the 
green and golden, but the former is preferred, and is 
hardieft. This plant will not fucceed in the open 
ground till towards the end of May, and then it muft 
have a warm border. In March or April, it is fown on 
a gentle heat; for which purpofe the lining of a hot- 
bed may do. Sow in drills four inches apart, cover a 
quarter of an inch, and let the foil be light and rich. 
In dry weather, water it twiceor thrice a week. The 
end of the young fhoots only are ufed, and when cut 
down it fprings again. It is ufual to fow it three or 
four times in the fummer, in cooler places, as the 
weather gets hot. 

Rape, or cokfeed, is fown for a falladherb+io be eat 
while in the feed leaf, with muftard and crefs ; and is to 
be treated as they are : it is ftomachic, and forae perfons 
are fond ot it when boiled. 

Rampion is a Jallad and culinary root, in but little 
requeft . Sow it thin in April and May, and leave the 
plants at four or five inches diftance, for autumn and 
winter ufe : Draw it young. 

Ro combole is a root much like garlick, producing 
final] bulbs at head,, as well as root: is chiefly medicinal. 
The cloves may be planted in autumn or fpiirig, two 
inches deep, and four afunder. Treat it as garlicky 
which fee, It is fometimes ufed as a mild fubAitute 

for 



256 



OF HERBS, Sec. SECT. XVI. 



for garlick. The feeds are eatable as well as the 

cloves. 

Rosemary we have the varieties, plain, filver, and 
gold firiped. The plain is a ufeful medicinal herb, 
which mould be found in every garden. It is propa- 
gated by fuckers, layers, flips, .or cuttings, in the 
Jpring, fetting the two laft where they have not much 
fun; and when rooted, towards autumn, or in the fol- 
lowing fpring, allot the young plants a ftation rather 
warm, and fheltered, as rofemary is apt to fuffer, or die, 
in fevere winters, efpecially the variegated. 

Rue is a medical plant, propagated in fpring, by 
feed, flips, or cuttings. It ftands many years, but 
fhould be prevented feeding, and pruned iiown oc- 
cafionally, to keep it in a neat bufhy trim, of moderate 
height, and ftrong growth. 

Sage there are feveral forts of, but the common red 
is that ufed chiefly for ' culinary purpofes, and the green 
both for thefe, and medicinally for tea, &c. There is a 
narrow leaved green fort, called tea fage, or Jage of 
virtue; but the broad leaved green is reckoned by fome 
better, not being fo heating, and unpleafant to the 
tafte. The variegated forts of fage are only confidered 
as ornaments in the fl *wer garden, or fhrubbery. Sage 
is propagated by flips or cuttings of the laft year's 
fhoots, in April qx May, chufing thole that are fhorland 
ftrong; or of the young fhoots in the early part of fum- 
mer, fet in to an inch from the top, and about four 
inches diftance, in fome fhady place. Thefe, if they 
fpindle tall in the fummer, fhould be pinched down 
(in time) to about rhree inches, in order to form bufhy 
heads. They will be well rooted in Augujl, when they 
fhould be planted a foot afunder, in a funny and fhel- 
tered fituation, from the N. and E. that they may ftand 
fevere winters, which they will the better do, if the foil 
is rather poor. 

Samphire is by fome greatly efteemed fora pickle, 
ufmg its leaves, which are fometimes added to fallads, 

and 



srcx. xvi. 



OF HERBS, &C, 



237 



and occafionally ufed medicinally. It is perennial, and 
propagated by parting its roots, or by feed fown in 
April. It is fomewhat tender, likes a cool fituation, 
but yet prefers a fandy, or a gravelly foil: Let it have 
plenty of water. Some have iound it to do beft in pots^ 
let for the morning fun only. 

Savory we have a fummer and a winter kind of; 
the former is annual, and the latter perennial ; and both 
are ufed as medicinal 'and culinary herbs, but the fummer 
fort is that moftly cultivated for medicine. The annual 
is propagated from feed in March or April, fown thin 
and (hallow, in drills, eight or nine inches afunder. 
The perennial is fometirnes propagated from feed, but 
more ufually from rooted flips, or cuttings from the 
top, in fpring, as alfo from fide flips. The annual fort 
mould grow at fix inches diftance in the drills, and the 
perennial be allowed a foot. Summer favory, gathered 
for drying, is beft drawn up by the roots. 

Small age is a fort of wild parfley, found inmoift 
places, and was formerly much cultivated in gardens, 
and ufed in foups and fallads, and medicine^ as a warm 
herb. Sow it in fpring as parfley. 

Scurvy Grass (the Dutch', or round leaved) is 
fometirnes cultivated in gardens for its excellent medi- 
cinal properties. Sow it in autumn, or fpring, but beft 
early in the former. Though it will grow in any foil, 
it fhouldhave a moift one. 

Sorrel is an acid, perennial plant, much relifhed 
by fome as a jallad, often ufed as a pot-herb, and fome- 
tirnes as a medicinal one; Though found common 
enough in the fields, it is much improved by garden 
culture. The round leaved fort, commonly called the 
Roman, is reckoned the more grateful acid, and en- 
creafes in the ground apace. Sorrel is generally pro- 
pagated by parting its roots, either in fpring or autumn % 
and if propagated from feed, (which produces the fineft 
plants) it mould be fown in March. The plants of the 
common forrel mould be fix or eight inches afunder, 



f5B OF KERBS, &C. SECT. XVL 

fend the other a foot, or fifteen inches. Common forrel 
likes a cool moift foil, but the Roman a dry one. Cut 
It down at the latter end of the year, and cover it over 
with a little mould, firjft ftirriiig the foil. 

Succory is a Jallad, pot, and medicinal herb, but 
Hot much cultivated. To be good, it mull; be well 
blanched as endive, of which it is a wild fort. Sow it 
in March for autumn and -winter ufe. 

T ansey is ^culinary and medicinal herb, of which, 
faefides the common, there are curled leaved, tad vari- 
egated forts; but the former only is proper to be ufed 
medicinally. It is perennial, and propagated by rooted 
flips,, in fpring or autumn, fet at eighteen inches dif- 
tance, in beds, four feet and a half wide ; and will grow 
in any foil or fituation. 

Tarragon is a perennial pot and fallad herb, 
which is much admired by fome, for its peculiar high 
warm flavour. It is propagated fometimes from feed, 
but moftly by rooted, or other flips, fet in fpring, or 
autumn, at fix or eight inches diftance, and may be by 
cuttings in the fummer months. The (hoots die down 
towards winter, but the roots are hardy, and increafe 
apace. If wanted in winter, it may be dried as other 
herbs are, or forced as mint, in order to have it green* 
When the items begin to run. cut them down, in order 
to produce young (hoots, for the tender tops only are 
to be ufed : and that not too freelv, as it is an herb that 
heats much. 

Thyme is a pot-herb, of which there are commonly 
-Cultivated a broad and a narrow leaved fort, but the 
former moftly. There is a fore called lemon thyme, 
that is admired for its flavour, and another called Jilver 
thyme, which, with thefriped, are confidered rather as- 
merely ornamental. It is beft to raife the common 
forts from feed, though root branches, on account of 
their trailing nature, may be ufually had from old plants* 
Slips will grow, if fet in a light rich foil, in a fhady 
fituation, or kept moift by watering, Loofening the 

earth 



ICT. XVI. 



OF HERBS, 8cC. 



*59 



earth under, and drawing it up about old plants ona 
year, will produce plenty of rooted branches the next. 
The plants fhould grow at fix or eight inches diftance. 
If propagated from feed, let it be fown thin in March, 
and covered lightly. Slips are bed made in April. 
This herb makes a neat edging when planted clofe, but 
it is a great impoverifher of the ground. Keen it low. 

Tomatum or love apples, we have red, white, and 
yellow fruited ; and of the red and yellow, a cherry-fhaped 
fort. The fini, or large red, is that commonly cul- 
tivated, and it ferves for an ornament in the garden, as 
well as of ufe for the table, in a pickle made of the green 
fruit, and when red in foups, See. It is alfo fome- 
times pickled when red, (i. e. ripe.) At the end ox 
March, or beginning of April, it muft be fown in a 
moderate hot-bed; and being (bon thinned, let the 
plants grow two or three inches high, and be pricked 
in final] pots, to turn into the coi l ground towards the 
end of May ; or if not long and weak, keep them under 
cover a little longer. Give them a funny fituation 
againft a wall, for regular and timely training, or fup- 
port them by flicks. They take up 'much room, and 
in rows mould be three yards afunder. If planted out 
upon holes of hot dung, it would help their fpeedy 
rooting, and forward them much for ripening their 
fruit, which in bad feafons they fometimes fail in. 
They require much water in dry weather. 

Wormwood is a ufeful medicinal herb; and com- 
mon as it is in many places, in others it is not to be 
met with wild. Befides the common, there is a Roman 
wormwood — both are efficacious ; fome preferring the 
one, fome the other. They are commonly raifed from 
flips and cuttings, in any of the fummet months, or from 
feed fown in fpring. 



SECT. 



C **o 3 
SECTION XVIL 



OF PRUITS* 

THERE is a variety (and^f fome a great one) of 
each kind of fruit, and the difference of taftes 
makes it impoffible to pronounce upon their particular 
merits. With refpefi to fruit, there are provincial 
prejudices in favour of fome, and of apples in par- 
ticular; fo that in one county, a fort fhall be generally 
known and admired, and in another, not be heard of. 

In affifting the young gardener in his choice of the 
principal fruits, only a few forts will be named; fuch 
as have obtained almoft an univerfal credit. It would 
be well if the number of fome kinds (as mpeachesj were 
reduced ; for their multiplicity occafions a great uncer- 
tainly, and their fhades of diitinftion are hardly difco- 
vered by the beft judges. Nurferymen $ catalogues 
furmfh large lifts. 

Of the fame fort of fruit there is often a perceptible 
difference, owing either jointly or feparately to the 
flock, ftate of the tree, foil, foliation, management, 
and feafon. Bad ptanting, by cramping the roots , &c, 
will otten induce ficklinefs, and of courfe a good plant 
made to produce fmall, ill-flavoured fruit, and thus it 
will appear to be not itfelf. So that when the heft 
method is taken to procure good fruit, (or fuch that 
pleafe us) which is by grajffing, or inoculating from the 
very tree we have admired the fruit of, our expecta- 
tions may, in a meafure, be difappointed by a variety of 
circumitances. 



SECT. XVII. 



OF FR<UIT5. 



Nurserymen, it is often faid, are not to be de- 
pended upon, for if they have not the fort you want, 
they will fend you one they have; and this may fome- 
times be the cafe, as they may think it of little confe- 
quence if you have one that is good. But the cafe 
is, there is a great confujion in the names of fruit, by 
accident, ignorance, careleffnefs, &c. New titles have 
been arbitarily impofed on old fruits that have happen- 
ed to vary a little ; and diftin&ions made without a 
difference, of which circumftance Mr. Evelyn com- 
plained in his day, faying, " The difcriminating the 
feveral kinds of fruit, by their charatlerijlical notes, 
from the leaf, tafte, colour, and other diftinguifhing 
properties, is much wanting." But as Mr. £. obferves, 
the ability for this is only attained by long and critical 
observation. Dr. Hill (in his Eden, folio) profefles to 
have given great affiftance in this matter. " Under 
the'feftion of yh///,r, (fays he) we mail give their proper 
names and defcriptions, by which every one will 
know by what names to call thofe he fees." I doubt 
it; and that an intimate acquaintance only can do it. 

Difappointment frequently originates with the pur* 
chafer, who having met with a fruit to his mind, in- 
quires the name, and is told a wrong one, and that, 
perhaps, of a bad fort ; the nurferymen then comply- 
ing with his order, is blamed. A reduftion of the 
number of forts, to thofe in which there is an evident 
difference, with more care on the part of thofe who 
raife, and thofe who buy trees, in allrefpefts; and par- 
ticularly that of preferving the true name, feems necef- 
fary, therefore, in the affair of fruit trees. 

The choice of fruit trees mould be fomewhat govern- 
ed by foil and fituation; (which has been obferved) for 
that fruit which fucceeds in one, will not in another. 
Later fruit may be planted in light foils than in ftrong 
ones. Some forts grow fineft in a cool, others in a 
warm foil, and fome fituations are too bleak, either for 
early or late fruit, though the afpeft, and all other cir- 

X cum- 



M% OF FRUITS. SECT. XVII, 

cumftances, may be good. In planting fruit trees, par- 
ticularly thole of the wall, much discretion is neceffary 
to avoid di {appointment. 

As fruit 1x3^ are fo readily purchafed, few people 
care to raife them ; but thofe who may be difpofed this 
way, will find inftru&ions in the fections nurfery and 
graffing. The purchafer muft attend carefully to the 
planting* for which work direftions have been given 
• in the feclions of the formation of a garden, and that on 
planting. For the training and pruning of fruit trees, 
ample rules are laid down in the fection, On pruning: 
fo that nothing need be faid of their cultivation here, 
making proper references. 

Apples, as the moll ufeful fruit, it will be properto 
provide as many trees ot as there may be found due 
room and occafion for ; taking all care to procure good 
forts of the two kinds; i. e. for eating raw, and dreffed; 
and to have a proper ajjortment of the fumtner, autumn, 
and winter fruits. 

For the fir ft kafon, jenneting, common codlin, mar gar et 
apple, and fummer pearmain. Second, golden pippin, 
Holland pippen, golden rennet, white calville, and Kentifb 
codlin. Third, nonpareil, golden rufjet, Wheelers rujjet, 
winter pearmain, Kentijh pippin, ribjione pippin, margille, 
Norfolk beefng, and the John apple. There are, no 
doubt, other apples very good ; but, perhaps, thefe 
have as much merit as any. With refpect to raifng 3 
planting, pruning, &c. fee pages SO, S5, &c. 6S, &c. 
79, &c. 97, &c. 156, 1€Q. 

The gathering of apples, and other fruit, from ftand- 
ards, is often badly performed, damaging the branches, 
and breaking the fpurs off ; let this bufmefs, therefore, 
be properly attended to, particularly in young trees ot 
good forts. Do not Dinch, or bruife, fruit in gather- 
ing, for even the hardy apple may fuffer. 

As to the keeping of apples, thofe which continue 
long for ufe fhould be fuffered to hang late, even to 
November, if the froft will permit, for they muft be 

well 



SECT. XVII. 



OF FRUITS, &C. 1 



well ripened, or they will fhrink. Lay them on heaps 
till they have /iuea/ed a few days, when they muft be 
wiped dry. Let them then lay fingly, or at leaft thinly, 
for about a fortnight, and be again wiped, and immedi- 
ately packed in boxes and hampers, lined with double 
or treble fheets of paper. Place them gently in, and 
cover clofe, fo as to keep air out as much as poflible. 
Preferve them from frojl through the winter. Never 
ufe hay for the purpofe. 

Some of the choicejl table forts of apples may be 
treated as directed for the beft pears. 

The baking apples need not be packed, but either 
kept fingly on the floor, or (helves, or in heaps covered 
over, when they have fweated a tew days longer than 
the others, and have been wiped dry ; yet thefe, if 
packed, will certainly ftanda better chance of keeping 
the longer. Remove all decaying fruit as foon as 
difcovered, and fuffer no damp or mufty ftraw to re- 
main in the room : Ufe that of wheat or rye. 

Apricot is a fruit fomething between a plumb and 
a peach, partaking of a middle nature, both in growth 
and tafte. 

The early majculine, Brvffeh, orange, Turkey, Breda , 
and Moor park, or An/on, are the common and beft wall 
forts ; but the Turkey, and the Moor-park , though ex- 
cellent fruits, are idle uncertain bearers. The Dunmore 
Breda (excellent) is ripe in September. 

Gather apricots a little before ripe, or they will lofe 
that fmartnefs which recommends them. With refp eft 
to thinning the trees of young fruit, when too full, fee 
page 146. Particulars as to raiting, plantings &c. fee 
pages 30, 37, 71, 90, 105, 105, T29, &c. 

Berberry (fometimes called piperidge) is a pretty 
fruit, ufelul as a pre] r erve and garni 'fh ; a handfome fhrub, 
which makes a profitable, and alfo ufeful hedge, for by 
reafon of its thorns it is almoft impregnable. 

Befides the common red fruited, there is a Jlonelefs 
red, preferred for preferves. See Lift 3, feci:. 19. Of 
m'rfing this fhrub, &c. fee pages 76. 165. 

Cor- 



Of FRUITS. 



*ECT. XVII* 



Cornel; u e. Cornelia?? cherry. The fruit ufed to 
be by many preferved to make tarts, and a medicinal 
preparation was alfo made of it, called rob de cornis. 
See cherry, Lift 2, 19. 

Cherry : The forts may be the early May, May- 
duke, (ripe in June) white, red, and black hearts, bleeding 
heart, bigerodn, Turkey, trade/cants, and morella; to 
which may be added, the yellow Spanijh, and white Swifs, 
ripe in Augufi, 

In gathering cherries, take care not to pull the fruit 
fpur off, which is a very common thing. If they are 
properly ripe, they will part eafy from the tree. See 
pages 31, 37, 85, 90, 103, 157, 160, 163. 

Chesnut is not a garden fruit, but the manured, 
or Spanijh fort, in an open foliation, produces good 
nuts about Michaelmas , and may be kept all winter, if 
covered clofe from the air. See page 75. 

Currant, we have a fmali red and white, with a 
larger of each, called Dutch currants, the Champaigne % 
or pale red fort, and the black. There are currant trees 
with variegated leaves, and a fort with a goofebeny 
leaf. See pages 31, 38,76, 106, 159, 163. 

Fig is a fruit, the forts of which that are moftly 
planted without doors in England, are the co??imon large 
blue, early dwarf blue % early dwarf -white, and large white* 
The firftkind is thehardieft; but yet do not always 
ripen well with us abroad. See pages 29, 30, 74, 103, 
105, 35 1, &c. 

Filberd, we hav* a white and red fort of, and the 
latter judged moft agreeable in flavour. Other nuts 
are the Spanijh, cob, and hazel in variety. The firft is 
a large nut with a thin fliell, and the fecond is a large 
one with a thick fheM, but both are good. There is a 
nut near two inches long, but it does not kernel well. 
See pages 37, 71, 76, 158. 

Gooseeerry, there are many forts of, arifing from 
their propagation by feed, differing in their time 
oi coming in, fize, colour, &c. The large forts of 
goofeberries (weighing from ten to fifteen penny- 
weights) 



bECT. XVIK 



weights) have been much run upon, yet there are 
(mail ones better tailed. The names at leaft of the 
forts are numerous, (above £00) but thofe that have 
been long commonly cultivated are, the early black, 
Jmall early red, j?nooih green, hairy green, common and 
large white, hairy and jmooth red, ironmonger, Cham- 
paigne, yellow, amber, and taw ney. Seepages 31, 38, 
76, 106, 159, 165. 

Grape. The only forts likely to fruit well in open 
culture, are the black July, ivhiie and black fw set water \ 
black mufcadine, and black clujler.- See pages 29, 31, 
75, 103, 105, 147, &c. 

Medlar, we have an apple and pear (haped fort of ; 
but this fruit is little cultivated, and not good till rotten 
ripe. The forts are, the German, the Italian, and the 
Englijh, or Nottingham medlar. Gather at the begin- 
ning of November, lay fome on ftraw, and cover with 
frraw ; and others (to forward their ripening) put in a 
box, on a two inch layer of frefh bran, moiltened well 
with toft warm water; then flxcw bran between them, 
and cover two inches thick, which moiHe-i alio, but 
not to wet as before: Proceed thus, layer upon layer; 
and a week, ten days, or a fortnight, will do the bufi- 
nefs. See pages 37, 75. 

The chief value of the medlar ; as alfo of the fervice). 
is its late coming in for table ufe, when there is littjfc 
other fruit to be had : Few like it. 

Mulberry, there is a black, a white, and a red 
fort of ; but the former is the one generally cultivated 
for fruit, being as fuch the bell. The white fort of 
mulberry is that cultivated for tmdmgjfJk worms. The 
red fort is the common mulberry of Virginia^ hardy\ 
and fucceeds here. 

The mulberry tree mould have a grafs plat under it 
for t*he fruit to fall on : tor thole thus picked up will 
be fuperior to what mav be gathered. See pages 32, 
37, 75 1 157, " J 

N • Necta- 



266 



OF FRUITS. SECT. XVII. 



Nectarine is much like the peach in all refpe&s, 
only that it is fmaller, has a fmooth fkin, .and of firmer 
flefii. The Newington, red Roman, temple and murry, 
are good forts, to which the curious, in a good fitua- 
tion, may add the early nutmeg, the late green, or 
Peterborough, and the white Italian. 

Ingathering nectarines and peaches, never pinch them 
to try whether they are ripe; for when fo, the touch 
will difcover it, and when thorough ripe (as they fhould 
be) they will come from the tree with great eafe. See 
pages 29, 30, 7 h 90, 103, 105, 129, Ac. 

Nut, fee Filberd. 

Peach (in general) fucceeds better than the necta- 
rine, as to bearing and ripening. There is a great 
variety of peaches under cultivation in England, but 
on the Continent the number is much greater. The 
following may be recommended ; The early Ann, early 
Newington, early purple, the red and white Magdalens, 
the two mignons, nobleJJ'e, admirable, old, or late New- 
ington and Catherine. 

Peaches cannot be too ripe, (fee neclarine) fo that 
thofe which drop are by many reckoned the beft ; and 
thofe whofe flefh adheres to the Hone (called pavies) 
are by fome thought the more delicious. The noblefje 
and admirable part from the {tone. See. pages 29, 30, 
71, 90, 103, 105, 129, &£. 

Pear, there is a great variety of, claffed into Jummer, 
autumn, and winter fruits. The jummer forts may be 
the green chijjel, Catharine, Jargonelle, and jummer 
Bonchretian. The autumn, brown buerre, bergamots^ 
J'wans egg, and dean pear, or St. Michael. The 
winter St. Germain, crejan, winter bonchretian, cclmar, 
and chaumontelle. Thefe all come in for eating regu- 
larly, the firft in July, and the lait continues on to 
June. Baking pears, Parkinjons warden, the union, or 
Uvedales St. German, cadillag and black pear of Wor- 
cester * good to Midfummer. 

Gather 



5ECT. XVII. 



OF FRU ITS. 



£67 



Gather pears of the furrimer forts rather before thay 
are ripe, as when thoroughly fo they eat meaily, and 
will not keep well above a day or two ; even when 
gathered as they ought to be, in a week, or lefs, they 
will go at the core : They mould not, however, be 
gathered, while they require much force to pull them 
off. Autumn pears mud alfo not be full ripe at the 
time of gathering, though they will keep longer than 
thofe of the fummer. Winter pears, on the contrary, 
fhould hang as long on the trees as they may, fo as to 
efcape froft> which would make them flat in flavour, 
and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the 
middle of Oclober on full flandards , a week longer on 
dwarfs, and to the end of the month on wa\U\ but yet 
not after they are ripe. 

The art of gathering, is to give them a ///?, fo as 
to prefs away the ftalk, and if ripe they readily part 
from the tree. Thofe that will not come off eafy, 
fhould hang a little longer ; for when they come hardily 
off, they will not be fo fit to flore, and the violence 
done at the footftalk may injure the bud there formed 
for the next year's fruit. 

Let the pears be quite dry when pulled, and in hand- 
ling avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way (in the 
kali) bruiting it, as thofe which are hurt not only 
decay themfclves, but prefently fpread infection to 
thofe near them : When fufpecled to be bruifed, let 
them be carefully kept from others, and ufed fifft. 
Gather in (hallow bafkets, and lay them in gently. 

Houfe pears in a djy airy room, at firft thinly for a 
few days, and then put them in heaps to fweat ; in 
order to which, a blanket thrown over them will help. 
The fermentation muft be watched, and when it feems 
to have paffed the height of fweating, wipe the fruit 
quite dry with fine flannel, or clean foft linen, and 
fare them. 

The faring is thus; Thofe to be ufed firft, lay Tby 
fingly on fhelves, or on the floor, in a dry fouthem 

N - room^ 



OF FRUITS. 



SECT. XVII. 



room, on ckan dry mofs, or fweet dry ftraw, fo as 
not to touch one another* Some, or all the reft, may 
be ftored as direfted {ox apples: for they will thus keep 
very well, having firft laid a fortnight fingly, and then 
nicely culled. But the moft fuperior way is, to pack 
in large earthen, or China jars, with very dry long 
mofs at the bottom, fides, and alfo between them, if it 
might be. Prefs a coat of mofs on the top, and then 
flop the mouth clofc with cork, or other wife, which 
fhould be rofined over, with about a twentieth part of 
bees -wax in it. As the objecl is effectually to keep out 
eir, (the caufe of putrefaction) the jars, if earthen, 
may be fet on diy /and, which put alfo between, round, 
and over them, to a foot thick on the top. In all 
clofe ftoring, obferve, there mould be no doubt of the 
foundncfe of the fruit. Guard in time from froji thofe 
thatlie open. Jars of fruit mull be foon ufcd after 
unfealing. Seepages 31, 37, 44, 71, 74, 82, 89, 90, 
95, &c. 103, 153, 160. 

Plum, of the many forts the following are good: 
Green and blue gag£, Fotheringham, ivhite and blue per- 
irigon, drop d'or, la roche Carbon, la royal, and St. Ca- 
tharine. The imperial, or red magnum bonum, w\& white 
magnum bonum, are chiefly ufed in tarts, and for fweet- 
meats, as is the Wentworth. The early white primor- 
dian (not a choice fruit) is valuable for its coming in 
the beginning of July ; and the imperairke for not 
coming in till October, Damjm and bull ace plum, black 
and white, very late in the feafon, for tarts, and a fine 
acid preferve. See pages 31, 37, 71, 74, 82, 90, 105, 
IS 8, and 160. 

Quince, we have the common appk, and pear jhaped, 
and Portugal pear //japed. This fruit cannot be eat 
raw, but Tor marmelade, and baked in pies, &c. the 
houfewife finds it ufeful* The Portugal is moftly 
efteem-ed. Quinces may hang till November, The 
ripe ones only are of value, which after fw eating a few 



SECT. XVII* OF FRUITS, 

days, mull be laid fingly (at fome diftance from one 
another) on a ihelf. See pages 37, 74-, 103. 

Raspberry, the kinds are red and white, and of 
each a twice bearing fort, i. e. producing fruit in fum- 
mer and autumn. Of the red there is a prickly wooded 
fort, and a fmooth one, called the &xm\ and fometimes 
the reed rafpberry ; and the large Antwerp, of a yellow 
white, fometimes called the Middleton Rafp. 

Gather this fruit carefully, and not long before 
vvanted ; lay no great quantity together. Rafpberriea 
prefently lofe their flavour, and tend to decay. See 
pages 38, 55, 77, 106, 164. 

Service, (fweet) oxforb apple, is rarely cultivated 
for fruit, as it requires a warmer climate than England 
to ripen it. In fa£r, it never ripens or* the tree. It 
i& gathered late in autumn, in a very auftere ftate, and 
laid by on ftraw to decay, when in about a month it 
becomes agreeable to eat. The trees are hardy, and 
the curious often plant them, merely for the fingularity 
of their leaves and fruit. This tree is fometimes 
trained, on a wall, or efpalier, as pears. There is a 
variety, as the apple, the pear, (haped, &c. See lifts 
of trees, 1, 2, Seel. 19. 

Strawberry : Of this fine flavoured fruit, beau- 
tiful and fragrant, we have the following forts : Red, 
ivhite, and green wood ; red and white Alpine : fear let ; 
Carolina; hautboy; red and green pine-apple; Chili , 
ot forts; with forne feminai varieties, as feveral of the 
hautboy, and one in particular of the Carolina, called 
the pink flejhed ftrawberry. There is alfo a ftrawberry 
with one leaf, a variety of the wood and prolific. 

Gather ftrawberries regularly as they ripen, with a 
bit of their ftalk, and never lay many together to prefs 
upon one another. The frefher they are, the finer 
eating ; for this fruit, as the rafpberry, is quite naught 
when ftale. See pages 38, 5 1, 55, 77, 111, 165. 

Walnut, there are feveral forts of, as early and 
late, Jmall and large, thick and thin Jhslled, &c. Two 

N 3 only 



©F FLOWERS, 



SECT. XV I II. 



only need be named, the early oval thin fhelled, and the 
common rounds or royal walnut. All the others feem 
to be only .feminal variations from the laft, which is 
juftly reckoned the belt fruit. Procure trees from feve*i 
to ten years old, as they feldom bear till about twenty 
yea: s of age. See pages 76, 103. 



SECTION XVIIL 



OF F LOWERS. 

Flowers, the fole luxury which Nature knew* 
In Eden's pare and guiltlefs garden grew ; 
Gay withoul -toil, and lovely without art, 
They fprung to cheer the fenfe,. and. glad the heart. 

Barbaulj>» 

FLOWERS, as to their cultivation, are claffed into' 
annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals are thole 
that are fown and flower, and generally die within a 
year. Biennials are thole that are fown one year, and. 
flower and generally die the next; though fomeof thefe,. 
by fowing early, and forwarding by a little heat, will 
blow the fame year. Perennials are thofe that do not 
flower the year they are fown* but the next, and con^ 
tinue to live years afterwards, fome fewer, fome more : 
Oi this clafs there is a great variety, (perhaps fifty to 
one of the laft) mofily fibrous rooted, fome flelhy, 
fome bulbous, and fome tuberous, &c. Moft of the 
perennials are annual in their flalks, which die down 

to 



SECT. XVIII. 



OF FLOWERS. 



571 



to the ground in winter, and frefh {hoots rife in the 
fpring. But, ftriftly fpeaking, all of each clafs are not 
annual, biennial, and perennial ; for fome of the annuals 
come (though more weakly) a fecond, or a third year, 
as Chinefe holyhock and Indian pink, and a few others, 
(which die abroad) would live through the winter if 
houfed. Of the biennials, the fame may be faid of the 
flock July-flower, jweet William, and loait flower ; only 
the former of thefe plants does not always live through 
the winter. All are to be (own, or propagated, as they 
are claJTed, in order to have a certain and fine blow. 
Of the perennials, tome do not flower well above three 
or four years, as the holyhock, &c. for which a fowing 
ihould of courfe take place the year before they are 
wanted: A few may alfogo off the fecond year, having 
perfected only one blow. See pages 41, 42, 55, 56, 59, 
64, 65, 69, 110. 

What fweets are thefe which gratefully*<^ffufe ^ ■ 

Their fragrance round ? 

, 'Tis the flowers, 

The incenfe of the garden's breath, that fheds 

This balmy fweetnefs. — 

. r f o the fmell 

How grateful, not le r s pleafing to the eye 

The bloom of opening flowers. — Kind Nature here 

In nice proportion ail her favours deals ; 

Thofe gales around the blifsful garden pours, 

Neither too ftrong the organs to ouprefs, 

Nor yet fo faint the fenfes to elude. 

See in what various tints the flowery tribes 
Their feveral beauties (hew, and court the eye 
With new delight, diftinguifh'd each from each 
By different hues — how wife the bounteous hand 
Of that indulgent power ! tho' perfect all 
His works, who yet on all the charms bellows 
Of novelty to mew 'em dill more fair. 

NEWCONf B, 

N 4 l. of 



OF FLOWERS. 



SECT. XVrlT 



h OF ANNUALS. 

Annual flowers are ufually divided into three clafTes, 
i* e. lender, lefs fender, and hardy. 

In the lift, feci ion 19th, the tender annuals are 
marked I, the' lefs tender 2, and the unmarked are 

To this hjl of flowers might he added others, and 
fome poflibly that are pretty; but many of the annuals 
introduced for variety's fake in large gardens, planta- 
tions, &c. are weed-like, dull, and rambling, and per- 
haps a lev/ among thofe here mentioned may not be 
fufficiemly ornamental (as. for inifance, the whites* 
where there are other colours of the fame flower) to 
give general fatisfa&ion ; foi r a gay appearance is cer- 
tainly the fir ft object in the cultivation of flowers to 
adorn our walks. There are rare plants, and others 
admirable in their ftrufture and properties, which make 
no fhew ; but thefe are rather fubjefts for the curious 
lotanift, and he will defervedly think them worthy of a 
pJace in his garden. 

Some flowexs are both beautiful and fragrant; but 
many have only one of ihefe properties to recommend 
them. Some are cultivated chiefly for the beauty or 
"elegance of their leaf, as the tricolor, ice plant, pahna 
chrifli, and the turled mallow; and fome that bear 
pretty and fweet flowers, are meanly furnifhed with 
leave's, as the yellow fultan. Others obtain £ place in 
the garden, neither for fragrance, or flower, or leaf; 
but merely for the Angularity of the fruit, or feed 
veffel, as the egg plant, Jnails > cate/pillars > hedge hogs % 
horns, and others. 

In the given li/l, fome of the tender annuals may 
Occafioiialiy be confidered as lejs tender; as Amaran- 
thus, eoxconb, aid tricolor, balfams, double^ as well as 
fingle, w?Ajiramonium\ only they will not be fo forward 
a»d fine. Some of thofe alfp among the lefs lender may 



SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. 



£73 



be fov\ r n as hards, for a late blow, as China-after \ Indian 
pink, love lies bleeding, French and African marigold, 
princes feather, ten week flocks, and five et Julian. Some 
among the hardy annuals may advantageoufly be treated 
as the lefs tender, to enfure their termination, or to 
bring them forward, as belvidere, Inu^an com, (the large 
fort of which mujl be forwarded upon heat) mignonette % 
najlurtium, and perficaria. 



The Culture of each Clafs follows. 

L OF ANNUALS. 

About Mid-March is a general good time to fow 
the ten der (and in fhort all) forts, though the curious 
and (kilful being well furnifhed with proper frames, 
&c. may begin a month fooner; the end of March, or 
beginning of April, is, however, not -too late, and will 
(perhaps) better fuit a young gardener than if he fowed 
earlier. In order to fucceed in this bufinefs, there 
fhould be provided fine dry and rich earth, good flable 
dung, frames and lights, or roomy hand-glaffes, and 
mats to cover. 

A moderately ftrong hot-bed, for a one light frame, 
may be prepared, and the violent heat being certainly 
over, the feeds either fown thinly in drills, two or 
three inches afunder, on five or fix inches of mould, or 
lefs on a weak bed. May fow al: : 5 i pots, plunged to 
the rims. Gover the feeds from a quarter to half an- 
inch, or more, according to their fize. Some of them 
will appear in a few days, and others will lie a fortnight 
or more, according to the circumftances of their parti- 
cular nature, age, and the heat or imiflure they meet 
with in the bed. 

Thin the plants a little in time, and foon after to an 
inch, and then again to two, afunder. By no means 
let them be crowded, which would draw then) up weak, 

N 5 and 



£74 



OF FLOWERS. 



SECT* XVITI. 



and occafion a crooked growth; whereas a robuft and 
creft ftature is the beauty of any plant. 

Water 9 juR. warm, mult be gently given them, (not to 
beat them down) as they may appear to need it, and air 
(particularly in a full fun) as much as they can be 
thought to bear, a little at firft, and by degrees more, 
for this is elfential to their health and ftrength. 

The feeds may alfo be fown in pots, and plunged at 
the back part of a cucumber or melon bed. A bed may 
be got ready to prick them into when grown a little, or 
into pots placed in the like manner; and where only 
a few are cultivated, this method is advifeable, (to fave 
trouble) not beginning too early. 

Provide another bed by one month from the fowing, 
to fet the plants out in ; and having fix inches depth of 
mould, place them five or fix inches afunder, allotting 
thofe to the warmeft part of the bed which were longert 
coming up, and which are of courfe the weakeft, as 
globes ', Sec. or they may be put out in fmall pots of five 
inches diameter: Place the talleft behind. Let the 
mould be warmed through before planting. There had 
better be too little, than too much heat; but if the bed 
gets over cool, line it, or cover round with ftraw, as 
directed in the management of hot-beds, page 174. 

If not fown till the beginning of April, this fecond 
bed may pofiibly go through the bufinefs, with proper 
management to keep up its heat, and covering well on 
nights; but a third bed is commonly neceffary, in order 
to fucceed well, and bring the plants on forward and 
fine. In this bed, it being covered over with four or 
five inches of mould, the plants ihould be in fmall pots, 
one in each, and plunged an inch deep, clofeto one ano- 
ther. As the bed gets cooler, the pots are to be earthed 
higher, till up to the rims in mould; but if planted 
without pots, the diftance fhould be eight or nine inches 
afunder. 

More ivater and air is necefiary as the plants increafe 
in fize, and every time thev are ffcifted, let it be care- 

fully 



SECT. XVIII. OF F LOWERS. 



275 



fully, with fome earth about their roots ; though a 
warm bed will Toon make them ftrike, if without mould. 
Let them be fnaded from fun a few days; i. e. till 
rooted in their new habitation. As thefe tender 
annuals do not rightly bear the full open air till Mid- 
fummer, give them refolutely as much of it as poffible 
in the frames, (by degrees) even to taking off the glades 
in the middle part of fine mild days. Keep up a heat 
in the third bed as long as can be, that the plants may 
continue in a growing ftate, and not get ftunted by col { 
at bottom. To this end, a fourth bed, for fome of the 
forts, as globes, coxcombs, &c. would be a greater advan- 
tage as to fize, efpecially if tire weather is unkind. 

It is hardly neceifery to hint that the beds muft be 
larger, and frames deeper, every time the plants are 
fhifted. As the firil frame was a one light, let the fe- 
cond be ztwo light, and the third a three light, which 
may be raifed upon bricks, or boarded round the 
bottom, as occafion may require. From the fmall fats, 
let them be tranfplanted into bigger in time, or (as 
foon as they can fafely be) into warm borders, where, 
if covered with hand-glafies, fet on bricks for a while, 
it would fecure them from unkind weather, till got a 
little hardened. In this changeable climate of England* 
there is hardly any knowing when tender plants may be 
expofed fafely; yet too much boufing and covering is 
to be avoided as much as poffible. Many flowers will 
need fupporf. See page 55. For the method oijhifting 
plants from pots, as into bigger, or to the open ground, 
fee page 1£4>. 

Some of the tender flowers in pots may be plunged 
to the rims in the ground, to keep their roots cool, and 
ior the fake of being conveniently covered ; m which 
cafe,, it is proper to put a bit of tile underneath the pot 
to keep out worms, which other-wife would get in. 

Good feed from tender annuals will not be well had, 
but irom February fown plants. Skilful gardeners, 
(owing early, and having plenty of dung and drawing 

N 6 frames 



276 



OF FLOWERS. 



SECT. * VI I** 



frames, produce fnrprifmg plants of the tender annual 
clafs; fo that the globe amaranthus has been railed 10 
three, and the giant coxcomb, and tricolor, from three to 
five or fix feet high. Tender flowers deugned to gather 
Jeed from, mould begin to have feme prote&ion of 
glafs- about jSlid-Augujij at leait on nights, till they are 
fully ripened in September. 

Scoop trswels , oi two or three fizes, will be found 
very ufeful in the Slitting of flowers in general, but 
particularly of the hot bed fort; and as they (hould be 
cleau from dirt when ufed, fo alio fhouid they be free 
from ruft, by which they will work much pleafanter, 
and more fuccefs fully : In fhort all garden tools were 
better kept bright, as well for ufe as neatnefs. Before 
a trowel is ufed, in tbe removal of a plant, it is a fafe 
way to cut ftrait down round the root, and to the 
bottom, with a large, clean,- and not verv blunt knife ^ 
fo will the trowel take all up* whole, and the fibres will 
not be lacerated, or barked : But attempt not to take 
-up more earth in a bail than is Kkelj to hang together,- 
left all drop* by its weight. Tranfplant (if poliible) 
always m moiil, or cloudy we ther. 

hjriiaU watering pot, \ \, e. from IWO to three quarts) 
with a finely pierced rofe, is alfo neceffary, to give 
refrefhment without bending down the plants, or har- 
dening the furface oi the earth. The form of many a 
good flower is fpoiled in its infancy by rough watering,, 
and particularly cap[icu?ns ; to avoid which evil, what- 
ever pot is ufed, let it be onlv half fulL 

The potting of plants is often carelefsly, but onght 
to be mo ft carefully performed, that a* little check as 
poffible may be felt by the roots, Fill the pot one 
third, half, or more, full, (as the cafe may require} and 
then make a hole in the middle, adapted in lorm to re- 
ceive the plant, with its bail of earth ; and be fure do it 
right at fhil, fo as not to be too high, or too low, for 
once put in, it will not be fafe to take it out again, left 
the mould drop from the roots, Do not prefs the ball 



SECT. XVI It* OF FLOWED 5. 



217 



of earth, (as fome do) but only juft faften the loofe 
mould that is put round it. If the foil is light, prefs- 
that a little which is firft put in at the bottom. If a 
plant that is to be potted be zvithout mould about its 
roots, raife a hillock (at a proper height) in the middle 
of the pet, to lav the roots on and round: It muft 
always be avoided planting in the pots/*? deep, becaufe 
fo much of the pot is loft as is above, except the fort is 
apt to ftrike root above, as bolfams. In all tranfplanta- 
/ions, it is proper to fhorten fome of the roots, and the 
molt ftraggling are to be c ho fen for the purpofe; fo that 
when it is done with a ball of earth, fome of the ex- 
ternal fibres muft be cut off, if it was not done by taking 
up, which it generally is when the plants are any thifg 
forge* 

Annuals in pots will require water every day, in very 
hot weather, and in moderately fo, every other; but 
thofe in the open ground will do twice as long (or 
more) without water being given them. Some forts 
will need more water than others, as egg plants and 
halfamSy than coxcombs and tricolors. This matter, and 
a variety of others, will be learned by obfervation, 
without a talent for which, no one can poflibly become 
a good gardener. The mo ft exatt directions will not 
take in every cufe, and rules will be of little avail, 
wheie the mind is not in diligent exercife. 

In genera], potted plants require water according to 
the weather, their fit nation as to the fun, the fize ot the 
pots, the fulnefs of the roots, the quantity of leaves, 
and the particular nature of their fub fiance, as fuc- 
culent or not: The fmaller pots muft have it the more 
frequently. The earth alfo in which plants grow makes 
a great difference, as fome forts of foil retain mpifture 
much longer than others. It may be a quejlion whether 
pots of annual flowers ftanding in pans, fhould have 
water conftantly kept in them, or only watered (in due 
time) on the top, till it runs through: Both practices 
re followed by good gardeners; but the latter I think 



£78 ^ 



OF FLOWERS. 



SECT. XVIII. 



belt ; as keeping the young fibres at the bottom always 
fodden can hardly be right: With refpect to perennials, 
(except of an aquatic nature) it muft be wrong. Let 
pots of flowers in the. fummer be placed pretty much 
in the Jhade and fhelter but not by any means be under 
trees, or a roof. A fituation where they have only the 
morning fun till eleven or twelve o'clock is the befl ; 
and foine perfons are fo curious in this refpeft as to 
have awnings for the purpofe, and temporary reed fences 
to keep off the wind, to which flowers (particularly of 
the tender kind) mould not be wholly expofed. 
Annuals, or even a few perennials , may be put in 
covered places, when nearly in full blow, for the fake 
of*their ornament ; but the latter fhould not be conti- 
nued longer than while the prime (how lafls, for it will 
make them weak and crooked. 

It is advifahle not to pot more hardy^ plants than 
neceffary, as they occafion much trouble, if properly 
managed; and alter all, will not be fo fine as thofe 
growing in the open ground. Some things are too 
tender for open culture, and by potting they are con- 
veniently prote&ed by frames, or by hcuftng, and fome- 
times (imply plunging them in the ground, clofe again ft 
a warm wall, in winter, where a little proteftion may be 
eafily given them. Others it may be defirable to pot, 
for the fake of moving them into particular places, 
when in bloiv , and to have forne ready to put into the 
ground, where others are gone off, fo as to keep certain 
favourite borders and walks always well furniihed ; but 
do not have too much to do in this way. 

A fecond fowing of tender annuals mould take place 
three or four weeks after the firft, according as that 
wa& made, late or early ; for their beauties are certainly 
defirable, as long as the feafon will permit us to behold 
them, and they are the florij¥% chief dependence in the 
autumn, when, if he is emulous to do well, he may make 
a noble creditable (hew. See lift 7, in next fcclion, with 
the obfervations. » 

i The 



SECT. XVIII. 



OF F LOWERS. 



273 



****** 

The less-tender annuals fhould have a flight 
bed (about two feet thick) made for them at Mid- 
March, or a little after, being fown and managed a* 
directed for the tender forts. When they are one or two 
inches high, (according to their nature) they muft be 
taken up with a fcoop trowel, fo as to keep a ball of 
earth about their roots, and either tranfplanted on an- 
other bed, about one and a half foot thick of dung, 
or into the cold ground ; the fmall kinds at four or five, 
and the larger at fix or eight inches afunder, in a good 
well broke foil. Let them be immediately watered and 
kept moift, and (haded from fun till well fettled. Here 
they may grow till their leaves begin to meet, when they 
fhould be cut between their roots with a good knife, and 
lifted up neatly with a fcoop trowel, to be potted or 
planted where they are to flower : If this bufinefs is done 
zuel/y they will leceivebut little check in their tranfplan- 
%ation. Spindle rooted plants (as flocks J fhould be moved 
where they are to blow, as young as may be ; but fibrous 
rooted ones may be fhifted much older. 

Plants will flag a little even when removed with a 
large ball of earth ; becaufe feme of the fibres of the 
roots are either broke or cut, and a plant is chiefly fed 
by the youngeft and mofl extreme parts of the root. If 
poflible, let all fummer tranfplanted flowers be JJjaded 
from fun, by garden pots, (raifed a little) or otherwife, 
till they have (truck frelh roots, which they will foon 
do; but uncover on nights. This will occahon fome 
trouble ; yet the advantage attending it makes it very 
advifable, if not abfoluteiy neceflary, and efpecially 
when the plants are moved with none, or very little 
mould about their roots. I x 

A hot-bed for thefe, as it is moderate, may be covered 
with hoops and mats, and do very well, or rather better 
than frames and glafs; for it often happens, that annuals 

are 



OF f LOWERS. 



SECT- XVIIf, 



are kept loo clofe, by which they become weak, and 
get (turned when planted out in the free air, which, by 
over-nurfing, is made as it were unnatural to them. To- 
wards the end of April, almoft any of them will come 
up under kand-ghffis, or even without, on a warm 
border, in a light and rich foil ; but they will blow late, 
and be not near fo ftrong. The Chinefe hollyhock, 
though it will certainly come up well at this late fow- 
ing, will be hardly able to make a (how before winter. 
Thofe flowers of this clafs, however, that have been 
mentioned to be occafionally confidered as hardy, may- 
be thus treated for a fecond blow . 

Other modes of cultivation are, that a few of the 
lefs tender forts may be fown in pots, and placed (riot 
plunged) in any hot bed that is in work for other 
things ; but they muft not be kept clofe, or hot, which 
would draw them up weak : This plan may do for 
them a little while, and a flight heat may be got ready 
to prick them out upon, when air may, be given them 
- freely, and by no means keep them clofe. 

Again, both this clafs of annuals, and the former, if 
not very early fown, do exceeding well, (or rather bed) 
when on hoi beds, under hand-giafjes^ ox paper lights* 
particularly baljauis. 

What was laid of tender annuals apply here, as to 
air, water, and cover, but more freedom in the prefent 
cafe is to be taken. If any are under mats, the cover 
muft be removed on days, except the weather be bad : 
or it may be only turned back, and half off, to let the 
fun and light in from the foiith. Never let either the 
feeds or plants of annuals really want water when the 
weather is dry. See page 55. See Li/1 8 in the next 
Seftion, with the obfervations. 

# x % * # 

The hardy annuals have fome little difference in 
their temperature. Though all may be fown from the 

middle 



SECT, XVIII. 



OF FLOWERS, 



middle to the end of March, as the beft average feafon* 
fofcne may generally, with fuccefs, be fown at Mid- Fe- 
int ary, as candy tufts, cornbottles, larkfpurs, hawkweed* 
Livatera, lobel V catchfly, lupines, dwarf lychnis, nigella. 
fweet peas, poppies, mulberry -I light, oriental mallow + 
perftcaria, fun-flower, annual j nap dragon, Venus '$ look* 
mg-glafs, and navel-zvort. virgJnian, or animal flock* 
and winged peas, with fome others. 

But nature feems evidently to direel an autumn fow~ 
ing, foi many forts which are then -filed (fome always,, 
and others often) come up at fpring, and thefe make 
the fined blow, and produce the bed feed for propaga- 
tion. A number, (all the above forts] therefore, might 
be fcattered on the furface of the ground at random, 
not immediately as foon as ripe, but kept a little while 
to harden : This however is not a common practice, as 
gardeners like to have their borders at liberty to fpring 
drefs before they fow their annuals. 

For the fpring fowing, (about Mid- March) the 
ground being deep dug, and well broke, make hollows 
(by drawing the mould afide) of from fix to twelve 
inches diameter, or more, according to the ilzeof the 
garden, as large ones fhould have the biggeft patches. 
Sow thin, and cover according to the fize of the feed, 
from a quarter to an inch deep. Take out mould 
enough to leave the patches fomewhat hollow, which 
will ferve to (How where they are fown, and to receive 
the rain, or occafional watering. It may be proper atfo 
to put a bit of flick in the center of each, as a mark, that 
the feed may not be difturbed. If the plants come up 
crowding, be fore to thin them foon, and leave only a 
number iuitable to their ufual fize of growth ; as one 
of the belvidere, cornbottle, perftcaria, and fun -flow er ; 
two ot the lavaiera, oriental mallow, ?nulberry- blight, 
&c. three larkfpurs ; and four of lefs plants. Annuals 
are very often fown too thick, and fuffexed to ftand too 
clofe for flowering, and that altogether not by neg~ 
Lcl, but choice ; yet a few fhort firong plants with 



"82 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVIII. 

fine full flowers, are furely better than many tall 
dangling weak ones. 

A jecond. or even a third, fowing of hardy annuals 
may be made, at two or three weeks between, to con- 
tinue the blow, efpecially of thofe that come early, 
and are foon off : Mid-May is not too late. The lark- 
/pur, for infiance, will make a long fhow with us. bv 
autumn, and early and late jpring plants; in (faort of 
every flower that blows in Jammer, there may be three 
fowings, and two of thofe that come early in autumn, 
in order to a full fucceffion. 

Hardy annuals do not in general t ran/plant well, fo 
fhould be {"own where they are to remain, and they 
mull have a good foil in order to fuccefs. Take care to 
fow the iallejl growing forts behind, and the lowejl in. 
front, and to form the patches at a fufficient diftance 
from one another, that the ground may be ftirred and 
raked between thern. A garden may be too full of flow- 
ers, which it certainiv is, if the earth is notfeen diftinftly 
round about them : for when that is clean and frefh, all 
things growing in it appear more lively ; It is, as it were, 
the back-ground of a pifture. A few hardy annuals 
may be fown in pots, fetting them where they have only 
the morning fun, and when in flower, they will ferve 
to put into any particular place, tor ornament, or be 
turned out into the open ground, where fomething 
may be wanting. 

* * # # * 

2. OF BIENNIALS. 

There are but a few of thefe, and the principal forts 
will be found in the lift of them, next jeclion, where 
observations will be made on particular plants. 

Thefe are to he.fozcn in drills, or in beds, at broads 
caff, the latter end of March, or beginning of April, 
where they have only the morning fun, and the ground 
7 ihouid 



SECT. XVIII. 



OF FLOWERS. 



283 



(hould be cool, or kept fo by occafional watering : 
The beginning of May, however, is not too late. 

Thin the young plants on the feed beds a little, foon 
after they appear, to about an inch, and again to three 
or four inches afunder, and keep them well weeded. 
Thev may either thus remain till autumn, to be planted 
out where they are to blow : or if they grow r too ftrong 
and crowding, let every other be drawn in fummer, 
(chufing a moift time, if poflible) and planted out 
wider into nurfery beds for ufe in autumn, or the fol- 
lowing fpring : The latter feafon will do for final 
planting, though the former is beft, as the roots get 
dtablifhed in the ground ; when if moved in the fpring 
they meet with a. check. It is beft, if poflible, to 
tranfplant with earth about the roots ; but fhorten all 
ftraggiing fibres, and cut off dead and rambling leaves. 
In Jevgr* winters, thofe moved in autumn (if not very 
early) are fometimes killed, and therefore a few may be 
referved to fpring, in cafe of fuch an accident ; when 
being moved with good balls of earth, they will not be 
much checked. If planted late (as November) let them 
have fine well broke earth about the roots, and lay 
mofs, old bark, or fmall (tones round them for protec- 
tion from froft. Some of the Perennials might form 
another clafs, and be called Biennial-Perennial, &c. 
from their uncertain continuance. 

* * # * * # 

5. OF PERENNIALS* 

This clafs (as has been obferved) is very numerous* 
and the plants are propagated, many of them by their 
roots, according to their nature, as fibrous, bulbous, &c. 
fame by layers, Juckers, offsets, flips, cuttings, and a 
few by feed only. All forts (bearing feed) are occa- 
fionally propagated this way, for new varieties, or to 
produce finer plants, as thofe from feed generally proye, 
with reipect to ftrength r fymmetry, and flowers. It 

happens, 



£84 



OF F £ O W S R S'y 



SECT. XVIII, 



happens, however, when- propagated from feed, that 
though fometimes a better, more frequently a lefs beau- 
tiful flower is produced of many forts ; and this is the 
reafon why the other modes of propagation arefo tnucii 
adopted, by offsets, &c. as thus they come identically 
the fame with the mother plant. Another ob&acfe 
againft fome forts being fown is, that they are feveral 
years before they come to bear, as all bulbous, and tu* 
berous rooted flowers, 

The Dutch have made themfelves famous by their 
patience and perfeverance in raifing bulh and tubers* 
and fow every year fome of each kind, which pays then* 
well, when they meet with an eminently good flower. 
A new fort of anemone, auricula, carnation, ranunculus?* 
and even a polyanthus, will frequently fetch a guinea^ 
and a tulip, or a hyacinth, fometimes ten. 

To raife bulbous and tuberous rooted flowers^ they 
fhould be fown in boxes (fuppofe three feet long, two 
wide, and fix inches deep) of light rich earth, about 
the middle of Aagvjl, or September, and fetting them in 
a funny fheltered place not under cover. Sow anemone t 
and ranunculufes a quarter of an inch deep ; irifes, coU 
chicmns, and cyclamens } half an Inch ; and tulips, frit- 
tillaries, and hyacinths, near an inch deep, giving water 
in a dry time, fo as to keep the mould fomewhat moift, 
but not wet. A little hay may be kept over the feeds 
till the plants appear, which perhaps will be fprmg 
with fome. Sowings may take place a 1'fo in March, 
or April, removing the boxes in May, to where they 
may have only the morning fun. Thin them a little, 
if they come up thick, and when the flalks die, put on 
half an inch of fine mould ; and after the decay of the 
leaf next fummer, they mull be planted out in nurfery 
beds, (latter end of Augufl) two, or three inches afun- 
der, (according to their nature) and fome will blow 
the following year, as the anemone and ranunculus, &c» 
though the hyacinth will be four, or five, and the tulip 
fcven or eight firft. Thefe mult be removed from 

the 



SECT. XVII 1. 



Or FLOWERS. 



the firft nurfery bed to another, (as foon as their tops 
are decayed) and planted at fix inches dirtance; and 
■ever after treated as blowing plants. Keep them vePf' 
clear of weeds, particularly the feedings ; whkfi pre ?t 
in fevere weather from froft, or heavy rairt, by 
.and hoops. A reed hurdle, or fomething elfe r put up 
at the Mi E. end, to break off the wind when it is harin, 
will be proper. 

Fibrous rooted, &c. perennials, if propagated from 
feed, are to be treated as biennials ; but they are moftly 
*increafed (as obferved) other ways, with lefs trouble, 
and chiefly by parting the roots in autumn and fpring, 
or by rooted flips or offsets, ftiortening their flraggling 
fibres. Many of them have creeping roots, and in- 
creafe fo faft, that it is neceffary to take them up every 
three or four years ; and a removal of this fort is proper 
for molt perennials, in order to greater neatnefs, and a 
iuperior cultivation ; for though large tufts look hand* 
fome, they may be too bulky, and fome kinds are apt to 
rot (as bachelor s buttons) when thick, the ftalks and 
flowers come weak, and the leaves,- toward the bot- 
-rom, turn yellow. 

ia ihe next Jecllcn, is a lift of the moll common, 
Oinamenral, or curious perennial flowers, (eafy of cul- 
tivation) having fibrous and f.ejhy roots, of which not 
ail the forts are named, but thofe only which feemed 
molt worthy for felection. 

The genera! culture of bulbous and tuberous roots is, 
to take them up annually, foon after they have flowered ; 
wfren their leaves and {talks turn yellow and decay, 
then the root is at rejl, and its fibres die. When firft 
taken up, lay them covered in dry ground for a few 
days, and then clean and harden them in the fun, (if 
not exceeding hot) when they muft be ftored in a dry 
place, till wanted : damp is apt to rot them. Never 
put many together, or into earthen yeffels for keeping 
them, left they mould and iicken. 

It 



288 OF FLOWERS. SECT. X V 1 1 1 , 

It is not abfoluiely neceffary to take bulbs and tubers 
up every year, as every fecond or third may do ; but 
it is the common practice of gardeners to do fo, be- 
caufe it gives an opportunity to remove the offfets for 
propagation, and the mother bulbs are .thus ftrengthen- 
ed, as alfo from the renewed foil they meet with by a 
frefh plantation. Some people fuffer bulbous roots to 
remain many years without taking up ; but then they 
cramp and ftarve one another, and are apt to go off 
from their original beauty. 

Bulbs and tubers may be either replanted immediately 
on being taken up, or kept out of ground during their 
natural periods of reft ; or for fome forts even longer, 
as Anemony and Ranunculus, for feveral months. Au- 
tu?nn flowering bulbs are to be taken up in May, if their 
leaves are decayed. 

Spring flowering bulbs fliould be replanted in Sep* 
Umber or Oclcber ; thofe of the fummer in Oclober, or 
November; and thofe of autumn in July or Augujl. A 
little before, or after, is not very material ; only when 
they are put in tqo foon, the Spring ones come fo for- 
ward as to be liable to be damaged in fevere winters, 
and fprings ; and when kept out of the ground too long, 
the bulbs fpend themfelves firft in making roots. The 
Jcaly bulbs (as lilies) mould not be kept out of the 
ground above a month or fix weeks. Thofe that 
flower in fummer, may be put in the ground at different 
times, as early and late in autumn, and early in the 
new year, (not later than February) to obtain a fuc- 
€effion of blow. If any are put in at the end of February 
or beginning of March, they fhould remain two years 
for increafe. This is a common practice with the 
anemone and ranunculus ; but when planted in %vintcr % 
the foil fliould be a dry one, or made fo, by digging in a 
good quantity of fine fea-coal afhes, and coarfe, or drift 
fand ; elfe they are apt to rot, if much wet falls, before 
they have ftarted fibres, efpecially when followed by 

fharp 



SECT. XVIII. 



OF FLOWERS. 



28. 



fharp froft. They may be prote&ed from wet by 
mats, and from froft by peas haulm, or wheat ftraw. 

Offsets of hulbs, ind weak tubers, muft be planted 
a month before the full-fized roots ; and as they are not 
expe&ed to flower the firft year, fho'ild be di'pofed of 
in nurfery beds, (rather clofej where they may grow 
a year, or two, according to their ftre«gth, as fome 
will be this rime, or longer, before thev flower. Thofe 
taken from Jcaly bulbs, will not endure to be out of 
ground, and mull: therefore be planted almoft immedi- 
ately. Bulbs t iken up out of J e of on, i. e. when they 
have remained fo long in the ground as to have ftruek 
out frefh roots, mould be removed with balls of earth, 
for though they may live without this care, they will 
be exceeding weak ; it is therefore neceffary exactly to 
obferve the proper feafon for removal. 

The foil that bell funs' bulbous and tuberous roots in 
general, is a fandy loam ; but moft of the forts are not 
very nice. The ground for them mould however be 
well dug, even two fpa^es deep, that their fibres may 
(hoot freely, and wet be completely drained from them, 
w r hen much of it falls. This work mould be done a 
week before planting, that the ground may fettle. In 
a light foil, roots of the ranunculus have been found to 
ftrike a yard deep, w T hich may admonilh, that in a clay 
bottom, it is proper to lay a body of (tones there, (ftfp* 
pofe at eighteen inches) that too much moifture may 
not be detained to ficken the roots. 

The depth at which bulbs lhould be planted, mull be 
according to their fize, three or four inches deep, from 
their top. Tubers alfo according to their fize ; ane- 
mones and ranunculufes at two, or two and a half 
inches, &c. Some bulbs will come up even when a 
foot below the ground, as crown Imperials, and crocufes 9 
at fix inches, or more ; fome perfons, therefore, plant 
them deeper than the above rule, in order to be able to 
ftir the furface of the ground without damaging them, 
but-it is not advifable. - 
f'-^.-u - < r, * .. -The 



OF FLOWERS, 



SECT. XVIII 



The proper difpojkim of battKjus and tuberous roots ; 
is either in beds fa trifle rounded) of from three to four 
feet and a half wide, for the curious forts ; or in patches \ 
to form chifters of three, four, or five, agreeable to the 
room they require. There fhould be only one in a place 
(generally) of the white, or orange lily, crown impe- 
rial, and fuch like large bulbs. 

In teds, the fancy forts of bulbs, and tubers, may be 
fet in rows, eight or nine inches afunder, and from 
five t; r ;ven inches in the rows, according to their 
fize. Tl ::ce of four inches apart is, however, 

I \ foifse . .its, thought fufficient for anemones and 
ram- - ; but certainly more were better, where a 

fhoi;f is a firft object. Hyacinths fhould be 

planted 2* -even, or eight, though they are more com- 
monly fet at fix inches. Tulips hhould be at eight, or 
nine, though fix is often all that is allowed them. 

When planted, if rain does not come in about four 
days, beds of bulbs and tubers fhould be watered* to 
fee them growing, that they rm.y not mould and rot. 

Though bulbs may be planted by a dibble, (taking 
care that the earth does not lay hollow about the 
roo*s) a better way is, to draw drills, and place them 
in, giving them a gentle preffure into the ground, and 
covering neatly up. A little free jand mav be ftrewed 
along the bottom of the drills, under hyacinths^ anemo* 
nes^ and ranunculujes , it the foil is not a dry and light 
one. The befl way of planting bulbs is, however, to 
draw the mould off the bed to a fufficient depth ; then 
lay the furface perfectly level ; give a watering ; and 
%\hen the top is a little dry, mark it out into proper 
fized fquares ; then place a bulb in the middle of each, 
and carefully cover up, fo as notlo throw them on their 
fides : Give the whole a little preffure with the back of 
a fpade to faften the mould. 

Bulbs and tubers in beds> may conveniently be fm* 
tefced) when in flower, from rain and fun, by an awn~ 
ing H which will continue them in perfection of blew 
4 much 



S"£CT. XVIII. Or FLOWER'S, 

Mow much longerthan if always expofed. When thefe 
ilowers, in beds, firft hreak ground, if the weather js 
fevere, ffiey may then have an awning ot mats, or cloth, 
occafionallv over them; or a little peas hdulm % or 
wheat jlraiv, laid thinly on, juft to protect them in 
their tender ftate a little ; this regards particularly 
nights, for on days a cover mould not remain on in to- 
lerable weather. But before the Ihoots appear above 
ground, valuable beds of thefe flowers mould be iheh 
tered f'om having much wet, (even all through winter) 
as moifture gives frcjl fo great power. If a body of 
/now lies on, it mould not be fuffered to melt there 
when it thaws. 

Spring flowering bulbs may be brought forward bf 
planting them in pets, or in zvater-glajjes, and fetting 
tbem in warm rooms, or hot-beds ; and thus 5 even in 
winter^ we mav have ornaments and fweets that court 
our admiration. The great variety of hyacinths and 
polyanthus narcljjus, furnim us amply in this way ; but 
other early bulbs mav alfo be thus forwarded. Pots % 
placed in a light warm kitchen window, may be brought 
forward to make their blow in the parlour.; or if placed 
in any window, open to the fiuth^ it will forward them, 
Thefe mould be potted in October, and have a light dry 
foil, occafionallv giving water. Bulbs may be put in. 
glajjes at this time, and once a month after, to February^ 
lor a fucceflion. Let the bulb juft touch the water, 
which fhonld be foft, and replenimetl fo often as to keep 
it up to the bottom of the bulbs. Let it be completely 
changed about once a week ; and if a bit of nitre, the 
iize of a pea, be put in each time, it will ftrengthen 
the blow. 

Though bulbous flowers are propagated plentifully 
by root offsets, yet fome are increafed from little bulbs 
formed on the fides or tops of the Jialks, as the moly 
tribe, and the bulbiferous lily. Thefe fhould be taken 
off in Auguji, dried a little in the fun, and then planted 
m fcarfigry beds as offsets, 

O Bulks. 



C90 



OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVIIl. 



Bulbs, propagated from offsets, produce a flower ex- 
actly like the parent ; and varieties are only to be ob- 
tained from feed, which never produces flowers quite 
like the original the feed came from. ' 

Let feed be faved only from choice flowers, be 
» thorough ripe, and being hardened a little in the fun, 
.may be fowed foon alter, in pots, or boxes, of good 
light earth. See page 584. Pei fons of leifure and cu- 
riofity, would do well to amufe themfelves in this way% 
that we may not be fo much indebted to foreigners, for 
a fupply of new flowers*. 

An observation may be here made, that the fame 
bulb (as is often thought) does not always continue ; 
for fome are reneived every year, as the tulip ; and 
others the fecond, third, &c. ; fo that when taken up 
to remove offsets, the principal bulb of the tulip, &c. 
which is commonly eiteemed the old one, is,, in faft^ 
a neiv formed one-, though (perhaps) not lefs in fize, 
and it may be bigger. 

****** 

As many Shrubs (1. e. woody plants) are propa- 
gated in a view principally to their fovjers, they will 
properly enough be confidered a little here, as to their 
propagation. See feflion 9. 

The deciduous fnrubs that are moll ufually cultivated 
for their ornamental nature, will be found in the lilts 
of the next Jeclion ; and their modes of propagation are 
denoted thus :— b> budding — c. cuttings — ^v-graff — 
/. layers — r. roots—/, feeds— fl. flips — y'^. fuckers— by 
r. r&ots, includes offsets. 

Of the various methods, of propagating trees and 
flirubs, that by feed is the beft, where it can be adopted 
(as has been obferved) and the feafon is autumn or 
fpring. If in autumn , it may be earlier, or later, as 
the feeds ripen ; for foon after they are ripe is the moft 
proper time to commit them to the earth, covering the 

fmaller 



/ 



shCI. XVIII. vr FLOWERS. 



fmaller feeds from half to a full inch ; kernels, nuts, &c« 
from two to three inches, according to their fize. Any 
fort that it is doubted will ftand the winter in feed-beds, 
may be fown in pots, or boxes, fet in a garden frame or 
houfed in fevere frofls. If in fpring, (as it is a good 
rule to fow a little at both feafons, and fome tender forts 
require the latter) the feed mull be carefully kept front 
damp and vermin, and put into the ground towards the 
end February, or early in March. \The feeds of fome 
of the more delicate forts will require to be fown, at 
this feafon, on a flight hot-bed ; and if a few of mojl of 
the forts were thus treated, it would be a good method, 
to infure their germination, and to forward them. Let 
fpring fown feeds be watered occafionally, according to 
the weather, to keep them moilh The earth they are 
fown in* fhould be moderately light, dry, and rich, 
and formed into beds of four feet wide, either in drills 
or at broad-cojt, firft drawing earth off into the alleys, 
to cover with. See p. 69, 7 1 . 

American trees and ihrubs do very well in this'clu 
mate, but the young plants are generally tender, and 
ihould have fome protection, one, two, or three years, 
till they get woody, and inured to the climate. 

I 'or graffin g and budding, (as fome ihrubs are propa- 
gated this way) fee the fection On G raffing; and iof 
the propagation by fuckers, cuttings, layers, &c. fee 
feci ion 5 ; about fuckers, fee pages 64, 111, Thofe 
trees, or flirubs, from which cuttings of the fame year's 
growth may be had in June, or July, may be greatly 
helped to ftrike root, by covering them clofe with a 
hamUglafs ; (as directed for the arbutus, lift 5, feet, 19} 
and if a glafs were put over layers, that are difficult to 
ftrike, it would help them, 

This mode of propagation is particularly adapted to 
fome forts of evergreen fhrubs, which emit fibres more 
freely from the ymngefl wood. If year old wood it 
treated thus, the cuttings may -be fet early in fpring; 
or glaffes" may be put over thofe put out in auiimm* 

2 But 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 



But fpring Cuttings, treated as the arbutus, is the fureft 
method to make difficult forts flrike root. 

It may prove an ohfervation of fome ufe,~that trees 
and Ihrubs raifed from feed grow the largeft, from 
layers generally lefs, and from cuttings the leafh 
Where budding can be praftifed, it is preferable to 
graffing for the propagation of fhrubs. 

For planting and managing fhrubs, &c, fee fection 9, 
f "or pruning^ fee page ICC. 



SECTION XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, SHRUBS AND FLOWERS. 

The names of the choiceft forts of fruit trees, 
will be found in feftion 17. 

THE modes of rultivation are here directed by the 
letters, as in laft feclion ; adding m. for moijl, 
'w. for wet, and d. for dry. Thofe not marked are to 
be underitood as (pretty much fo) indifferent as to foi^, 
and indeed thofe marked otherwise may grow in a con- 
trary kind, and often do, though not fo flourifhingly, 
or fafely as to extremes of heat or cold. 

The time of f owe ring is annexed to thofe trees and 
fhrubs that are thus at all ornamental, and the more 
ordinary heights they are found to attain are denoted 
in the arrangement ; a circumftance hitherto much 
wanted, as ufeful and necefjary to be known, in order 
to a right difpofal of them. Thofe of a naturally low- 
growth have been, fometimes, planted behind in Jhrub- 

herieS) 



:ECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



293 



btries, Sec* and the taller forward ; but yet this unfor- 
tunate circumftance ffiuft be unavoidable to every inex- 
perienced planter, who has no other guide, -than that 
this is a iret % and that is a fhrtib, which are vague, in- 
definite terms as to flature. 

The colours of the flowers are generally mentioned, 
as agreeable to be known, and of ufe in the difpofal oi 
trees and fhrubs at planting, to diverfify the fcenewith 
more propriety. In a few inftances the flowers, either 
as to time or colour, are not noticed as being too infigni- 
ficant to be ornamental, though the fruit, or foliage, 
or both are. 

Such observations ', as may be thought moft ufeful 
and neceflary, will follow each lift ; but as neither alt 
the forts, nor the varieties of each fort, could be enu- 
merated in fuch a work as this, fo alfo.the mtnntia of 
propagation, &c. is more than could be comprehended, 
or expected : Folio volumes (fo copious is the fubject) 
have left a variety of plants unnoticed, and much un- 
faid refpe&ing cultivation. For ordinary ufe, a greater 
enumeration, or more enlarged particulars, would in- 
deed have made the book lejs valuable. If the feleclion 
and information is good, (and pains have been taken 
in the hnfinefs) thole for whom this book is deftgned, 
will have no reafon to complain. 

The names of trees, fhrubs and flowers, are in many 
cafes various, as fometimes & Jcientific name prevails, 
and at other times a trivial ; and of neither is there a 
perfefi agreement, for of both there is often more than 
one. The objeft therefore here has been, to give that 
name by which each is fuppofed beft known. Different 
plants are fometimes called by the fame name, arid a 
nice difcrimination is made by botanifts, according to 
fQwer, leaf, &c. ; but thefe are no farther noticed than 
neqeffary. Such defcriptions are given of each, as can- 
not (it is hoped) fail to identify the fort, when applied 
for to any nurfervman. 

O 3 In 



£S4 



LISTS OF TREIS. Sec. 



SECT. XIX. 



In the following lifts of trees, the larger are marked 
with an afttrijm ; and in the offends ^flowers* 
Jifcrirnination of £ze is made by figures, each being 
.divided into four forts, as to height ; the lowefl are 
marked No. l; But it is ever to be underftoed, that 
the yi/7, and other eircimiflances, will make a differ- 
ence, as to ftature ; fo that the greater may become the 
iefs. and the Iefs the greater. 

Where &c. is affixed to forts, it means that there 
are others j and where it is added to the time of flower- 
ing, it ngnines of more than one month's duration. It 
is 'the nature of lb me things to keep in blow ne^fh .'X 
fummer; to encourage which, and to ftrengthcn the 
plants, dead or dying flowers Ihould be ipeedily taken 
ovr. as they occur. See page 56. 

# * # * • # 

I. 

List pf deciduous trees, ufually called forejl , or tun* 
her trees, ferving both for ufe and ornament : 

Abele, .is the white fof larj A/pen the tremulous poplar 
$ Aider, common, hoary leaved, American, &c. c. I. f. wv 

* AJh, common, and American white, red and black,/. 

* Beech , common, and American purple leaved,/. /. d. 
Birch, com. white, Virginian, and Canadian, Sec./, l.fn, 

* Che/nut , edible Spanifh, and common horfe, /. May, 

* Cjprefs, deciduous, or Virginian fwamp, /./. w. 

* Elm, fmall and broad leaved, wych, or Scotch, &c./. Lfu, 
Hkkery Nut. imooth white, and rough barked, /. 
Hornbeam, common in variety, as to leaf, /. /. 

* Lime, common, red-twigged, black American, 4c. /. c t j\ 

* Larch, common red, white and black American, &c,/» 

* Maple ) greater, Norway, and Italian, /././/, May. 
r* Sugar, plain tree, mountain, &e« ditto 

-s for other forts, fee the lifts z and 5. 

Medlar com. German, Nottingham and Italian, /« /. May 
Mountain ajb is fome times a foreft tree, fee next lift 

* Nettle tree, as next lift, grows large, and is a foreft tree 
Nut tree 3 common hazel, or any orchard fort. Ufa. f. 

* Oak 



viXT. XIX* LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



996 



* Oak Englifh, American forts, Spanifh, Italian, Scc.f. 

* Plane, Eaftern, Weftern, middle or Spanifh, /. I. c. May 

* Poplar, white, black, tremulous, and Carolina, r. l.f». m* 

* Service tree, the wild er maple leaved, j\ I. June 

* Sjcamore, is the great maple, which fee. 

* Walnut, the common, or royal, and black Virginian,/. 

* Willyw, white, or fijrer leared, purple and fweet, &c. 

%* for nnder^ivccd amongft foreit trees, the ufual forts 
are alders, a/b, beech, birch, hazel, himbeani, falliiv, 
-willow, and fometimes the -jujck-elm, common maple, poplar, 
and fycamore. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR TREES. 

Alders, cuttings of it grow readily, and may be thick 
truncheons a yard long, pointed, and thruft into foft 
ground half way, or into a hole made with an iron bar. 
This is the way alfo to propagate poplars, ivillows, and 
fallows; alfo elders. There is a dwarf alder. 

A/b, the American forts do not grow near fo large 
as the common Englifh* For the ornamental afhes, f<* 
the next lift. 

Birch is reckoned the worft of timber, yet the wood 
hag its ufes in feveral particular bufinefles. The 
American forts grow much larger than the Englifo. 
The tree is of that accommodating nature, that it will 
grow in any foil or fituation, wet or dry. It is well 
known, that a ivine is made of its fap, by boring holes 
in full grown trees in fpring, before the leaves come 
out ; from a number of trees a great deal may be col- 
lected. Without being unpleafant, (if properly made) 
birch wine is rehfhedby many, and is reckoned very me- 
dicinal in fcorbutic, and other complaints.* There is 

* It has been the wifh of the author to fpeak of the me- 
dical properties of many plants that have occurred in this 
work, but room could not be allowed it. The procefs, &c, 
of birch wine, with the properties of moll plants, will be found 
in Mey rich's Family Herbal, 8vo. a good book. 

O 4 a me- 



296 



LISTS ^OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 



a method of catching the liquor, by putting into the 
holes (deeply bored) fauce ts of elder . See next lift. 

Che/nut, ornamental. Seethe next lift. 

* Elm, the wych is the quickeft grower, and will 
Sourifh in any foil; but the broad leaved is reckoned 
the belt timber, and the fmalh leaved the moft orna^ 
mental ; it fnotild have a good foil. The wych is eafily 
raifed from feed, (fown dire&ly after it is ripe) but the 
other forts are propagated from fuckers, or layers, or 
grafting on the wych. In order to obtain fuckers, and 
fhoots for fayer$,Jlools are to be formed by cutting down 
fome young trees, almoft clofe to the ground. Trees from 
layers are better than from fuckers. Obferve, that 
whatever is to be propagated by Jayers, or fuckers, 
makmgjlools is the way to procure them. 

Hornbeam, the common fort will grow very large in 
fome foils, but the Virginian (flowering yellow) will 
hardly reach thirty feet, and the hop not above twenty. 
The hornbeam feathers down lower and thicker, than 
any other tree, and the property of holding its decayed 
leaves on all winter, adapts the common fort for a 
fcreen from winds. See page 111. 

Nut tree, as timber, will be beft propagated from 
nuts, either to remain where fown, or planted out 
while young, keeping the ftems trimmed up, free of 
fhoots, to about five or fix feet, (according to ftreogth) 
and then to form a head, topping the leading {hoot for 
the purpofe, which will occafion feveral branches to 
proceed from the upper eyes ; and this is the way to 
form all forts of trees to good heads. 

Oak, the Englijh produces the belt wood, but the 
American forts are the fa'fteft growers, though they- do 
not attain to the fize of the Englijh. ; A coo! ffrong 
foil produces the handfomeft trees, and tougheft timber* 
Oaks fhould not be above three or four years old. before 
they are planted, for 'the older they are, the more cheek 
they receive, and it is a tree that . does not tranfplant 
well. Hence all the care .fhould be taken that can be 
I in 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



in the bufinefs. See feftion 10. But oaks fucceed beft 
without removal, having a tap, or downright root* 
which is frequently broke in taking up : All trees 
would probably thus come finer, if it was convenient. 
The confequence of preferving the tap has been fuf- 
pefled ; but it is certainly Nature's direction, for rather 
than give up the point, the tap of the oak will make 
its way downward, in a direft line, through the hardeft 
foils. Seepage 80. 

Poplar to propagate by cuttings, fee alder ; but- 
younger and fmaller cuttings for this tree do better, as 
thofe of one or two years old, and half a yard long : 
The black poplar does not fucceed well by truncheons'. 

Walnut, when planted for timber, mould be young, 
and the tap root, if poffible, preferved whole. The 
black Virginia** grows more erect, but the other makes 
the largeft tree, and beft wood. The white Virginian 
is the hickery nut. All thefe make the bell trees, when 
grown from feed without tranfpl anting; 

Willow and fallow, to propagate by cuttings, fee* 
alder. 

*#* Of all the fore// trees here mentioned y the ajh, 
the beech, the elm, and the oak, are the principal ; and 
to plant thefe, and others, is a work of the moll com- 
mendable, and eventually of the moft profitable kind,. 
See pages 78, 112, 11$, &c. 

# * * # # 
IT. 

List of large deciduous trees, confidered chiefly a3* 
ornamental y for pleafure grounds * &c, 

* Acacia y triple thorned, fewer thorned, &C./.7. c. jhijuigr 

* AJh> Galabrian manna^ and large flowering, f>gr\ Apr. 

weeping and variegated r wh, and yeh leaved,^. gt%? 

- — — dwarf flowering (fmall white bunches) f.gf* May 

* Beech* white, and yellow ftriped leaved, .&.gr,in>- 



38 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 

Birch, weeping or pendulous twigged, /. /. fa. 
Buckthorn, common purging berried, l.fa.^c. May 
Cat alp a (tree bignonia) or trumpet flower, c. I. fa Aug, 
Cherry, the bird, common and Cornifh, Sec./, b.gr. May 

Cornelian, malecornus, or cornel, /. c. I. fa. Apr. 

Chefinut, fear, and yellow flow, ftrip. leaved,/, b. gr.Mzj 

Date-plum) or perfamon, is the pijhamin below. 

Elm, pendulous twigged and variegated leaved, Lgr. 

Frangulajy alpine and berry bearing alder, /. c. I. fa. June 

Gleditfia is the acacia above, which fee. 

Hornbeam, variegated, hop, and oriental, ^r. /. /. 

Laburnham, com. broad and narrow leaved,/", C\ !. May 

Lurch, or the deciduous pine, fee laft lift. 

Lime (or linden tree) with variegated leaves, /. cgr. 

Magnolia, umbrella, glaucous leaved, Sec. f. I. c. June, tk 

Maple , fear, flowering, and mountain, I. /.fa. May 

< Cretan or Levant, and Tartarian, ditto. 

Mountain afi>, or bird's fervice, pi. and (tip./. /. May 
Nettle tree, black, and purple fruited; /; Lfa. May 

bloach leaved of both forts, gr. May 

Oak, ftriped, and red leaved Virginian, b.gr./. 
¥ ami n plum, or date, European, /./. ///. May, d % 
Pfaichia nut, or com, turpentine tree, &:c./. I. May 
Fcp.'ar, with, variegated or ftriped leaves, c. I. gr. 
Robfnia, com, or faife acacia, wh. flow./, c. Lfa. June 

■ for other (ens, fee the following lift 

Service tue, or forb apple, true, and baftard, /. /. May 
Taccmahacca, or balfamic poplar tree, c. Lfa. 
Tulip tree, fometimes called lily flowered,/. Lfa. July 
Vibumham, or meafly war. faring tree, /. L c. fa. May 

American forts, and ilriped, b.gr. in. May 

W&faw} weeping, mining leaved, and yel. twigged, c m 

# * Thefe ornamental trees are proper to plant at the back 
of lnrubberies, &c. and here and there one on che fkirts 
and fronts of woods, or plantations of timber, and along 
the boundaries of grounds. Here they will appear to great 
advantage ; but more fo, if planted fwgly in detached 
fixations : Melt of them are good wood for timber, 
ierving one purpofe or other* 

P OBSER* 



LISTS G£ TREES, &C. 



299 



OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR TREES. 

Buckthorn, if raifed from feed, fow early in autumn, 
as foon as the berries can be procured, and perhaps 
fome may come up the following fpring, but moil of 
them will lav another year. This is the cafe with 
other feeds, mjweei briar, &c. See page 7S. 

Catalpa mould grow fingly, that it may have its 
natural wide fpread, and, if poffible, let it be-on a plat 
of grafs, where it will appear to great advantage. It 
is very hardy ; but as it comes out late, it is advi fable 
to give it a favourable afpect. 

Maple, of the fcarlets, there are the Virginian and fir 
Charles Wager 's, both very ornamental, but the latter 
moll fo. The Mountain hath mining leaves, and con- 
tinues late in autumn. 

Magnolias are to be conndered as rather tender, 
efpecially voung plants. The glaucous leaved is or 
the loweft growth, (about ten feetj but all are elegantly 
ornamental with their white flowers : There is alio a 
blue flowered one. Let them have a dry foil, as all 
tender plants mould, as well as a warm fituation. 

Mountain ajh produces its white flowers in May, lis 
foliage is -pretty, and its fruit of red berries is one of the 
greateft ornaments of autumn, coming very early, and 
hanging all winter, if the blackbird, &c, will let them 
alone. As it deferves the moft confpicuous fituation, 
it will be proper to plant fome near thehoufe, and moft 
frequented places, where birds may be difturbed from 
their too frequent vifits. 

Pifiaraln, or date plum, is chiefly cultivated here as 
ornamental for its mining leaves ; its fruit is, however* 
eat by fome, like the medlar and fori, in a Hate of de- 
cay. Houfe young plants in pots the firft winter : ^Al- 
low this tree a dry foil and- (helter. 

Pijtachia, this is the hardieft of three forts. Treat 
it as a tender plant, wlnlft young, for three or four 

O 6 years, 



LISTS OF TREES, &C 



years,- arid let it have finally a fhelterect fitiiation" from 
wind, and a dry foil. 

■Tulip -tree is tender whilft young, but afterwards 
vei y hardy ; is uncertain in flowering, but han'dfome 
in its leaf and growth, and has been ufed to be planted 
finglyon lawns, &c. It is a native^)f Virginia, where 
it attains to fo vaft a ftze, as to be from twenty to thirty 
feet in girth, though here it keeps pace only with an 
ordinary elm. 

Virburnham, or way-faring tree, is very pretty, in, 
its hoary leaves, and white flowers, fucceeded by fruit , 
in autumn, in bunches or red berries. The American 
forts grow not near fo high, but they rarely ripen their 
berries here., The variegated fort does not grow fo 
large as the plain, which is the cafe with ali flriped 
plants* See next lift.. 

# # # # # * 

i ; in.. • ' , y ■ 

List of fmalfer deciduous trees, or Jhmbs of tree 
growth* ornamental for pleafure grounds. 

* Almond tree, fweet and bit. red andi wh*„ flow./. £. April 

* oriental filver leaved, /. b. April 

Amorpha y or baftard indigo, pur. fhawer, f. Jh June 
Andromeda, tree fort> or Carolina forrel tree^/. fu.f^ 

* Apple, Siberian and Virginian crabs,,/, gr. May 

* Tartarian crab, beautiful large fruit, gr. May 

* , . . double flow. Chinefe fPyrus jpeclabilh J gr. May 
— American, very frnall or berry crab, /. gr. May 
Aralia, thorny, or Angelica tree, yel. flow./, r. Aug. 

* Azarole thorn, Virginian cockfpur, &C./. 7. b a gr. May 

* Azederach, com. bead tree, or paternoftef nut, /. July 
Berberry, red, white, and black, fee p. 263, r. L f.fu. May 
Benjamin tree, or benzoin gum, yel. flow./. /./* April 
Btgnonia, fee trumpet flower in this lift. • 

* Bladder nut, five and three leaved forts,./, fu. /. r • May 

■ > > Jena, fee colutea 

Buckthorn* 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



Buckthorn, fea, European and Canadian,/, r. /. June 
Caragana, or Siberian robinia, yel. flow. c. l.f.fu. Ma/ 
Cojbiobury bujh, or baftard cafline, wh. flow. /. /. Auguit 
Cherry, com. double white and -blufti flow, b.gr. May 

weeping or pendulous branched,/, b. gr. May 

Mahaleb, or perfumed cherry,/, b. gr. May 

Chinquapin > dwarf American cheftnut, or oak,/, in. May 
Clematis , (a ciimber) fee virgin's bower. 
Cotutea, com. or tree bladder fena, yel. flow./. /• July 

* Date plum (pimamin) Virginian, Lf.fu. May, d. 

* Dogwood, or bloody twig, com. and Virginian, c. /./.June 

* Elder, bl. wh. gr. and red berried and ftriped, c. /./. June 
Gueldre rofe, often called fnow-ball tree, c. l.fu. May 

* Hawthorn, com. doub. fcarl. berried, &c. b.gr. I. May 

* Glafhnbury , blows in the winter,/, b. gr. 

Virginian thorned and thornlefs, /./.£. ^r. May 

* jfudas tree, com. and Canadian, pur. red, wh./. May 
Kidney. bean tree, Carolina, (a climber) blue,/. July d. 

* Ldac, com. purple, blue and white flow. f.fu. I. May 
Medlar y woolly leaved, pur. fl. red fruit, /. /. b.gr. May 

* Nettle tree, eaftern vel. flow, and bloached, /. /. c.gr.Mzy 

* Olealhr, narrow leaved,, or wild olive, /. c. June d. 
Peach, doub* bloiT. as a ftandard, no fruit* b.. April 

* Pear, doub..blc{I. harfh baking fruit, b.gr. May 
Plum y doub* bloiT. and ftriped leaved, b. gr. May 
Privet, deciduous, plain and ltriped,/.y//. /. c. June 
Robinia, or rofe acacia, fear. flow./, c. I. fu. May 
fhrubby quaternate leaved, yel. Lf.fu. June 

* Spindle tree, nar. broad, and ftriped leaved, /. b. c.gr.Ap. 

* Stewartia, or Malacodendron, white flow. J.Jl. I. c. June 
Sumach, tanners, wh. fl. and flag's horn, red, l.fu.f. June 

■ — Carolina fcarlet, and Canadia red, Sec. ditto 

Tamarifk, French, withpale red flowers, c. l.f. July 

; Venetian,, (cotinus) pur. flow. Lfu^f. July 

* Trumpet flower, (bignonia) fcariet and yellow^ c* /./.July 
Vibumham, American forts, white flow,/.:/, c.fu. July 
Virgin' $ bower, entire leaved, doub* pur. flow. /. c. Aug, 
— — — fingle pur. blue, red ftriped^ b. c. JuLy 

« ■ — fee clematis, in the next lift 

1 Whit* beam, or white leaf tree, wh, flow../, /.//..May 



OBSER. 



302 



LISTS OF. TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 



OBSERVATIONS ? N PARTICULAR TREES, &C. 

Andromeda tree is tender, and mud therefore have a 
fituation accordingly. It was always a part of the green- 
houfe furniture, but does fometimes abroad ; and it is 
very well to try what may.be done w T ith the hardiejl 
green-houfe plants. 

Apple, thefe crabs produce rather (lender wood, and 
therefore fhould not be in a crowded, or fhady fituation, 
but rather, as much as poffible, in detached Tingle 
plants. The fruit of the three fir ft makes fuperior tarts, 
and the latter an excellent ^/v/^w; and the fruit of all 
of them may be introduced in the dejcrt, when full ripe. 
Allow the double fioiuering apple a good fituation, to 
preferve its charming crimfon blow as long as poffible. 

Azederach confider as tender ; its foliage is beautiful, 
flowers white, and fruit vellow. 

Cajhlobury bujh muft have a fheltered fituation, par- 
ticularly the young plants, which fhould be protected 
for two or three winters. 

Spindle tree (fometimes called prichwood) is very 
beautiful with its leaves in autumn, tor which (as many 
other plants) it is chiefly confidered as ornamental, its 
flowers making no fhow. The feed lies two years be- 
fore it conies up. 

Stewartia, a fine ffirab, a little tender whilft young. 
Layers require two years to ftrike. Cuttings manage 
as directed for arbutus. Seeds are imported from Vir- 
ginia. 

Trumpet flower, fometimes called Jcarlet jaj 'mine, is a 
trailing plant, and therefore requires training to a Wall 
for fupport ; or having fomething to climb on it will 
proceed much in the way of an hcneyfuckle. It is. rather 
tender, and muft have a good fituation, but when 
properly managed is a great beauty. Prune it to a 
few eyes, precisely upon the principle of a vine. The 
(hoots will ftrike into cracks of the w r alls and mount 
high where there is room. See Catalpa, lali lift. 

List 



SECT. XIX, LISTS OF TREES, &C, 



* # # # * # 

IV. 



List of the lower deciduous trees and woody plants, 
called firubs, cultivated for ornament-: 

2 Almond, dwarf, fing. and doub. red fl. f.fu. b. gr 4 April 

2 dwarf, with leaves hoary underneath, ditto 

3 All fpke tree, Carolina, or pompadore, I. May d. 

1 Ally/on, prickly and hoarv leaved, wh. /.//. c. July </. 

4 Althea frutex, pur. red, white (trip, fl. &c. Ufa. J. Sept. 

3 Amelanchitr, dwarf bl. fruited medlar,/, I. Ju. b. gr. May. 

2 Andromeda, fhrubby, wh. yel. red and pur. fl. /. /.//. July 

3 Aralea, herbaceous Canada and Virginian, r. /. June 

4 Alalia, American honeyfuckle, wh. red, fear./, r. July 

4 Bladder fena, Pocock's early deep yellow, /. /. Tune 
4. oriental, or the blood red, J\ /.July 

3 fhrubby Ethiopian fcarlet, /. Aug. d. 

fee colutea in the laft lift, and below 

,4 Bramble, doub. blolTomed, and wh. berried, l.fu.f. May 
4. Briar, fw. fing. doub. femi. pink and {qzlt././u. /. June 

2 Broom, com. Englifh, Dyer's, and dw. Portugal, /*.-/% May 

3 — large Portugal, and upright, Montpelier, /.r.June 

2 * wh. flowered, trailing and upright,/*, r. June 

2 Buckthorn, dwarf purging berried, J. /. c. May 

3 — l or! g leaved dwarf ditto,/. /. c. May 

4 Button tree ffcephelanthus) American, f. /. r. July 

2 Clematis (virgin's bower) upright wh. blue, r. f. June 
4 1 — oriental, climbing, yel. flow. /. c. May, &c_. 

4 Candlebfrjy myrtle, wh. flow, "blue berried,/*. /./#. June m. 

3 d w# Carolina, br. leav. c. Lf.fu. Ju.m. 

4 Chafle tree, nar. and br. leaved, pur. andwh./. c* Sept. 

3 Cherry y com. dwarf, and dw. Canada bird,/. £. ^r. May 

4 ^Clethra, aider leaved, full of wh. flow./. /.//. July, &c. 

1 Cononilla jnncea, or rufh-like Spanim,/. June 

3 Cotoneajtel-, (a medlar) dwarf quince, /. /. b. gr. May 

4 Coreopfis, two American forts, yel. flow. off. July, &e. 

2 Cinquefoiljhrub) (potentilla) com. yehflow./a./. r. June 

1 grandiflorus, and filvery, yel. fl. r.f. June 

1 — — — wh, flow, upright, and trailing, r.f. June 

3 Cyiifus 



$04 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 



3 Cytifus, bi. bafed, and fefliie leaved,/, r. /. June, d. 

3 ZsZa^r, dwarf, wh. flow, and black fruit,/, c. July 

3 GWlf, the fweet willow, or Dutch myrtle, r. June <iv. 

2 Germander tree, wh. yel. and pur. flow./. c.J\ July, 

4 Hawthorn, goofeberry leaved, yel. fruited,/. May 

3 Hamamelis (witch hazel; Virginian,/. /. flow, in winter 

4 Hsneyfuckle, climbing Eng. wh. and red, c. /./. June, &c. 



^ . — -T- climbing Dutch red, early and late, ditto 

4 climb. Italian, wh. red, and yei. c. l,f. May 

^ erecl fly,,wh. flow, and red berry, ditto 

^ ; * erecl alpine, red flow, and red berry, ditto 

~ _ erecl: acadian ( die r<v ilia ) yel. /. c. f*Ju. May 

there are two climbing ftriped leaved forts 



3 Hydrangea, Virginian white flowering, r.fu. Aug. m. 

3 Hypericum frutex, br. and nar. leaved, I. jit. c. June 

4 John's wort,, {linking, inodorous, and Canary,//. /. June 

1 — large flow, fomewhat tender,//. Aug. 

4 Itea, Virginian, full of white flowers, /./ July, &c. 

4 J a I mir h wn * fl..plaiiv a nd wh. and yel. (trip. /. c. June 
4 trailing yellow flowered, /. /. fu+ June, &c. 

2 \ erecl dwarf yel. flowered, /. c. fji„ July, &c. 

4 hyy* deciduous five leaved, or Virginian creeper, c. /. /.. 
4 Mallow tree, com. fhrubby lavatera,/. r. June, &c. 

3 . — three-and five lobed fhrubby, do./ c, June 

3 Medlar, dwarf alpine,, red fruited,./ /. b.gr„ May 

3 — Canada, fnowy, purple fruit,, ditto- 

fee amelanchier and cot one after 

2 M^r^//, wh. purp.. reds and crimfons,./ Feb.. 6L'C.- 
z Orobus, or bitter vetch, pu.rp. and blue,./..?-. Apr, &c»- 

4 Per/tan lilac, blue and- white flowering,/. //. /. June 

1 Pol/on oak, common,, white lowered,.?-. L [, July 

4 ajb, or varnilh tree,, ditto- 

5 Pur/lane tree, .fez, two forts, r..Augv 

4 Pomegranate,. fmg.,doub. and ftrip. .flow. /. 3. in July 
4 il^^m^common fweet. flowering, purple.///. July 

2 Reft harrow, com. fhrubby purp. flow.-/ May, &c* . 

2 Rhododendron, alpine, and Mount Baldis red,/ r. Sept 

3 ( _ ferrugineous leaved, red flow. / Aug. 

2 Robinia, dw. quaternate leaved, y eh .flow ./, c* l.fu. May 

7?f/h: The low eft forts are, dwarf Scotch Angle red, — 
dwarf common fingle white, — dwarf- Penfilvanian Angle 

and- 



6 ECT. XI5ft 



LISTS OF -TREES, &t. 



865 



and double red* — dwarf burnet leaved fingle red and 
ftriped. — rofe de nieux**- crimfon Burgundy, and dwarf 
blufh Burgundy. 

Middling heights.— C innamon , fi ngl e and do nbl e, red— 
common red and white, {ingle and double, and femi- double 
—monthly red, blufh, white and ftriped— maiden's blum 
double — virgin pale red thomlefs— roofs provence' double 
red — rofeof the world, femi-double ftriped— velvet, double 
and femi-double. 

Taller forts are > — Provence red, blufh, and white double 
— darrialk white, red, and blufh femi double — York and 
Lancafter femi-double variegated — Auflrian fingle, yellow, 
and another fingle, red one fide, and yellow on the other — 
double yellow. 

Tallefi forts are,— Apple bearing, fingle and double red 
— royal red — Frankfort, purple red — great burnet leaved, 
fingle red — Carolina and Virginia fingle red — mufk, fingle 
and double white. 

4 Scorpion fena, com. large, yel. flow, c, /./.June, &c. 

2 m , , . > common dwarf, ditto 

4 Snowdrop tree, or fringe tree, white flow. /. /. June 

3 Spirea frutex, com. willow leaved, pink, /a. /. c. June 
3 . — — . downy leaved red, and wh. flow, ditto 

4 guelder rofe leaved, wh. Sow,/», /. r. July 

3 — Siberian and Spanifh, wh. n\/#. /. c. May 

3 Sumach, myrtle leaved, white flowered, fx. /. June 
Sun-fivwer) tickfeeded, fee coreopjls 

4 Syringa, large plain and ftri. leaved, wh* c. Lfu. May 
2 ■ dwarf double-flowered, white ditto 

4 Tamarifk, German, very pretty, red fl. c. /./. July, &€• 

— for other forts fee laft lift 

Toxicodendron, fee poifon oak and afh 
Treet re foil, black bafe, ^fecundus clujii) fee cytifus 

1 Tutfan, or park leaves, (like St. John's wort) /*./.. Jul jr 

2 Vetch, wood, or fylvan, wh. many flowered,/, r. Aug, 
4 Virg'mian Jiiky variety, pur. flow, a climber, c. /. July 

2 Willow herb, or French willow., pur. Sec. r. j\ July, m. 
J fee loofeftrife, lift XT. 

%* As it is common to plant low herbaceous perennial 
flowers in the front of fhrubberies, &c. fo among the 
fiuubs, forne of the loftier forts may properly be, though 

an n 



£G6 LISTS OF *?mm» 9ECT. XIX* 

annual in ftalk, as the tall aconites, or mnkjhoods. often 3 
ewerlafting fun -flower y &c. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR SHRUBS. 

All-fplce-4ree mull have a warm and dry part of the 
fhrubbery. The whole plant is aromatic. 

Aralla, thorny, is propagated by pieces of its large 
roots, and perhaps many other plants might be fo: In 
this way, the pyramidal campanula fucceeds. 

Azalea likes cool ground, and rather fliady ; mull be 
fheltered as to winds, and in this climate mould rather 
have a dry healthy - foi 1, kept codlby occafiojial watering 
during fum-mer. It is a very beautiful fiirufr. 

Candleberry myrtle is fo called, from the Americans 
procuring a wax from the berries of this plant to make 
candles of. It is rather tender, yet likes (as many 
American plants do) a moifl foil; let it be well fheltered 
from bleak winds. 

Cleihrais an elegant fhrub, flowering all fummer and 
even winter; it prefers a moifl: foil. 

Ccrsnllla is too tender to abide fevere winters, but in 
general will do, with a little attention : Its flowers are 
very pretty, of a bright yellow. There are other forts 
more tender, which muft be potted for prote&ion from 
fro ft s, by houfing them. 

Cytlfus, deciduous and evergreen, there is a variety 
tff, and all very ornamental, with their yellow flowers. 
They are rather too tender for the open ground, and 
the hardier forts here mentioned, if tried abroad, muft 
have a dry warm fituation. Seedlings fhould be houfed, 
or well protefted in frames for the firft winter^ but not 
kept too clofe. 

Germander tree treat as tender, for though it will live 
abroad, it is moftly a green-houfe plant. 

Hydrangea confider as rather tender, and pot fome : 
it can hardly be kept too moifl at the roots. 

.Mallow tree manage as the cytifus, though it is not 

quite 



<£CT. XiX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 307 

quite fo tender. All feedllngs that can be brought up 
in the open air, make much finer plants. The tender 
forts fhould be put out in nurfery-beds, and occasionally 
protected by covering, and fome potted to be occafionally 
houfed. 

Poijon trees, even the touch of the leaves of thefe 
plants will affett the {kin, but the lap is very (even 
dangeroufly) acrimonious. 

Pomegranate muff have a good fouth wall, and rich 
foil. The double fort fhould be occafionally mated in 
fevere froft. In very favourable fituations (however) 
they have fucceeded in ejpaUers, dwarf, half, and even 
full fianclards. The bell feafon for planting the pome- 
granate is in fpring, when jufi beginning to (hoot. It 
is rather rude of growth, and mull therefore have 
timely training. The principal pruning fhould always 
be in autumn, and from time to time all draggling, fu- 
perfluous growths taken off, that fhoots may be encou- 
raged to put out ftrong bloffoms, in the fullnefs of 
which the great merit confifts. Thefe bearers fhould be 
fix inches, or rather more, afunder. The mode of 
flowering is at the ends of the young fhoots: nothing 
equals this plant in finenefs of blow. The double fort 
is more commonly planted; but the fmgle flower is very- 
beautiful, and its fruit, which will ripen in fnug fa- 
vourable fituations and feafons, makes a fine fhow alfo, 
cfpecially when burft. Both flowers and fruit are of a 
very fine fcarlet. 

Rofe claims precedence of other fhrubs. In its 
varieties it fhould be planted in all fituations ; but the 
Provence more particularly. This fhrub, in raoft (if 
not all its forts) does beft in a cool ftrong foil. 

The order of blowing may be reckoned thus: Cin- 
namon, (fometimes called the May -rofe J monthly damajk, 
burnet, Scotch, Penfylvanian, apple, &c. Then the kteft 
rofes we have, are thofe of the monthly again, and the 
mujk. Occafionally ever)- fort may bear a few late 
ones, but chiefly the Provence. To encourage this 

fhrub 



I 



S0i LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 

fhrub to treat us in the latter part of the year, pulling 
off the firft rofes, as foon as they begin to decay* is a 
means; but to pull off all the buds, at the nfual time of 
blow, from a .tew trees, is a more certain method. A 
more fure way Oil], is to top the new fhoots towards 
the end of May, or prune down to two or three eves : 
Thefe .manoeuvres mould be particularly exercifed on 
the monthly forts, Tranfplanting rofes in fpring, is a 
means to effeft a middle blow ; and if into a North 
border, and cool ground, this may be done late in 
April % or even in May, (occafionally watering) pruning 
at the fame time fhort. Early rofes are obtained by 
being trained againft a fouth wall. The monthly thus 
planted, and having glafs fas the light of a cucumber 
frame) put before it will foinetimes come as early as 
the end of April] or beginning of May It is a good 
way to put mofs round the roots of thefe wall trees in 
March, to keep the ground warm, and at the fame time 
moift, which helps us to both forward and large rofes : 
In dry and hot fituations water often. 

To difpofe rofe trees to bear forward, the not fuffering 
any flowers to blow the prefent year, and pruning fhort 
in July, or Augujl, is a means from which much may 
be expefted, efpecially if there is any artificial warmth 
ufed in the fpring to force them. With a view to 
this fomegood brufhy rooted, low growing plants, may 
be potted in autumn, not fuffered to bear the next 
Jammer, and being pruned down (as above) will force 
well the next fpring. Rofe trees potted for an ordi- 
nary blow, muff not be in too fmall pots, nor placed in 
a warm fituation, except early in fpring, and rnuft be 
kept cool by frequent watering. 

As to the propagation of rofe trees, many will fend 
forth fuckers enow, and thofe that do not, fhould be 
layered, by flitting (as carnations) or budded; but may 
be two years before they root. See page 66, Some 
will come by cuttings, bat uncertainly, as the burgundy 
&c. The China evergreen, or everbkzving rofe, takes 



SECTc XIX. LISTS Or TRIIS, &C. 



SQ'J 



well by cuttings; but feldom will do abroad, except in 
the faminer months, and therefore is not in this lift, 
There are two colours, pale and deep red : It grows 
low, and rather weak. The burnet, apple, or any other 
fort producing good feed, may be propagated that way; 
but k is- a flow way, the feed feldom coming up till the 
fecond vear. The double yeliozu rofe blows indiffer- 
ently, but tvhen fair, the flowers are very beautiful, 
Plant it again ft an call wall, and in dry, but firong 
ground : I fufpetl an infect makes it fail. 

Snow-drop tree is confiderablv ornamental. Layers 
will be two years in rooting. If raifed from feed, 
■imported) fow it as foon as it arrives, in pots, or boxes, 
ana houfe before frofts come. If they come not up 
fhe firit year, fet them on a gentle heat the following 
fpring, and they will foon appear* Shelter the feed- 
imgs m a frame, or a green-houfe. 

'fiiijan grows wild in woods, and will therefore do 
well in the fhade, as among trees. Every fhrub, or 
plant, that uvV/flourHh in Inch a fituation is valuable; 
and a gardener's attention will be well employed to 
difcover them, by trials, &c. The St. John's wort, 
and St. Peter s wort, (allied to tutjanj may be planted in 
the fhade. 

Willow herb, as its roots run much, fhould fome of 
it be put in large pots; and as it loves moiflure, may be 
fet in the (hade, and kept well watered. 

****** 

List of evergreen trees, fome of w r hich are confu 
dered as foreft", or timbentrees. 

* Arbor <vit<se> common American and Chinefe,/. /. r. 
Andromeda j or Carolina forrel tree, /. l.fu. July, m. 
Arbutus , com. and fear. fl. fing. and douW/. I. e. in. Nov, 

* _ : oriental, broad leaved, d. 

Baj 



$10 LISTS Or T?vEES, &C. SKCT. XIX, 

Bay free, common, doub.fi. and ftriped leaved, h f.fa. &. 
Box tree, broad and narrow leaved,/. /.//. r. See lift 6. 
*- Cedar of Libanus, Carolina, and Virginia, /. 

i Phoenician, Lycian and Bermudian,/. 

Cork tree, fee the article oak 

* Cyprefs large -common upright, and male-fpreading,/ 

Portugal pendulous, or gte cedar, /. 

the lower upright, or pyramideal fhaped, /. 

* Fir, fpruce, Norway, American forts, Sec./. See Bimel 

* fiver, (i.e. the pitch nr.) and balm of giiead,/ 

* "hemlock, and variegated balm of gtlead,/ 

.• fevvefal plain, and many variegated forts, / /. gr m b. 

- Dahoon, and Yapon, ox S. fea tea tree, ditto 

fi;>::/cr, Swedifti, and two Spaniih forts,/. 

~ — — fee cedar, Virginian, ;i. e. the red) &c. 

Laurel, com. cherry bay, and ftriped "forts, /. c.f. fu\ 

Portugal, reddifh wood, bright leaves, ditto 

-Maple, evergreen cretan, /. c'Jfu. ^ 

* Magffilfa, or laurel leaved tulip tree, L j\ c. Auguft 

* Oak (ilex j, common evergreen, br. and nar. leaved,/. 

* — i Montpelier, or holly leaved'oak, /. 

9 — cork tree, broad and narrow leaved, /•- 

* — Molucca, or the American live oak,/. 
.* — fcarlet bearing, or the kermes oak,/. 

* Pine tree, wild Scotch pine, commonly called /o/ 

* — pinafter, ftone, mountain Siberian,/ 

* j , Weymouth, torch, or Virginia rfwamp,/. 

* Carolina iwamp, or prickly coned, Sec. A 
Privet, common evergreen, white flower,/ L June 

* Fyracantha, or evergreen thorn, red berry, / /. c. May 
Softie large upright Portugal, See next lift, / /.^r. 
Spindle tree, American plain and ftriped evergr./. /. f, 
Sirawtfcerry tree, fee arbutus in this lift, 

Yenv, ih'ort, narrow, broadband ftriped leaved,/. 

%* Some of thefe, though they attain, in a ccurfe of 
years, .confiderable height, maybe occafionally considered- 
as large fbruhs, infteaa of trees^ and planted accordingly; 
SfeUfdl pruning will help to keep large fiuubs down, and 

i.^ad others to mount, . 

OB£ER- 



SKCT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



. OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR TRELS. 

Andromeda tree fhould have a dry foil, and fheltered 
fituation : protect firlt winter after planting. 

Arbor vitx, though both forts are in eftiination, yet 
the Chlneje is moil ornamental. Naturally they are 
of large growth, and hardy, yet fometimes the Chinefc 
fort is kept in pots, as an agreeable companion (for 
feveral years) ot other exotic evergreens. 

Arbutus may be propagated from the firlt. young 
(hoots of the fummer, planting them in pots, and pat- 
'ting them in a. moderate hot-bed, (rather of bark) 
covering clofe with a hand-glajs that is air tight; and 
thus moil tender (hoots of woody plants, which are 
found difficult to ftrike, may (raoft probably) be made 
to grow, as the bay, celajlrus, cyprefs, &c. They may 
be tried on a warm border, keeping the earth, cool, 
and the glafTes clofe. If the cuttings are planted juft 
within the glafs, watering well round the outfide will 
reach them, and thus they need not be uncovered: If 
the glafTes are taken oil for watering, it is «ot (how- 
ever) material, if they are carefully fixed clofe again. 
As foon as the cuttings appear clearly to grow, air muft 
be given them. See next lift. 

Bay, the common plain fort is rather tender, and 
requires a fituation meltered'from bleak winds; but 
the variegated and double flowered forts are tenderer 
fill] ; and as they rarely fucceed well abroad, they are 
commonly confidered as green -ho ufe plants. 

Cedar y the Bermudian, is tender whilft young, and 
ftould have a favourable fituation afterwards. 

Fir, there is a variety of each fpecies, denominated 
from the number of leaves, and the Ihape and colour 
of the cones. The bairn of giiead, and hemkck, forts, 
are the lo weft growers. To get the feed from the 
rones, lay them before a good fire, fo as not to 
fcorch them'; and if they come not-^ut well, after 
: , heating 



LISTS Ot TREES, Sec. SECT. XIX. 



heating this way, bore a hole up the middle, and drive 
fomething of iron in to fplit them open. 

Oak, the evergreen lorts are excellent timber, and 
very ornamental in pleafure grounds: See page 27. 
The red excrefcences upon the kcrmes eah, are occafL 
cried by infects making infertions in the bark for depo- 
siting their eggs, which caufing an extravafation of lap, 
it there condenfes, and forms the little granulous fub- 
fiances, ufed for fcarlet dying. 

Pine, there are feveral other forts of lefs eftimation, 
The Weymouth and torch pines are the loftieft, and the 
Carolina fwamp the low eft growers. To get put the 
feed, obfeive what is faid above, as the pine cones are 
harder to open than the firs. 

Pyracantha requires fome fupport of flakes, pales, 
or wall, though it may be trained as a ftandard bufh, 
or form an hedge impregnable. It is very pretty when 
in full fruit; but it fo often miffes being fo, through 
bad pruning, that it is got much out of repute : See 
page :69. It does beft in a dry poor foil, and an 
eaitern afpefr. Young cuttings, in June, will ftrike, 
being potted in good earth, and fet in the Ihade till 
autumn and then plunged in the ground under a warm 
wall. See obfervations on the Arbutus above. 

& # * * # # 
VI. 

List of low evergreen trees and Jhrubs. 

3 Adam's needle com. and Virginian, pur. and wh:/. r. 

4 Alatemusy large, variety in leaf, pi. and ftr. /, /. Feb. 
3 _ lower growing, ditto 

I Arbutus, trailing, or U<va Urfi.c.JI. L Nov* 
I Andromeda'y box leaved, Canada, /.y//. c« July m. 
4 Box-tree y white and yel. ftriped, c. /. See laft lift.' 

i ■ —* dwarf, plain, and ftriped leaved,^. /. c.f. 

Briar, fw. evergr. doub. red and yel, fi.ySi /. b. May 



SFXT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. SIS 

1 Buglofs evergreen trailing br. leaved, blue/. May 

2 Butcher's brosm, common, knee holm, or holly,/, h 

2 — br. leaved, or Alexandrian laurel,/ r. 

1 i — i — long leaved, or Alexandrian bay,/ r. 

^ ; large, or mining leav. Alexan. bay,/ r» 

3 Cela/irus, or (raff tree (Eaflard Euonymus) / /. July 

3 Cijfus, poplar leaved, gum, Sec. feveral, wh./. c. May 

4 Clematis, evergreen, or Spanifh climber, c. /./. Nov. 

3 Cyiifus, hairy evergr. Spamfh, yel. fl./. c. June, &c. </. 

2 Auftrian, large and fmall flow. yel. ditto 

2 Furze, com. yel. and white flowered,/ April 

3 French, yellow flowered, ditto 

4 Ground fel tree, ivy leaved, oleander, &c, wh. fl. / /. r. 
4 HarSs Ear or Ethiopian Hartwcrt, yel. / r. July 

i Heath, com. Englifh pur. wh. and yel. flow. /. r.f. July 

1 Hvffbp, com. andftriped ieaved, (fee p, 25 1 ) /./. c. June 

3 Jtrujalem /age, yellow and purple flow. r. /. c. June 

4 Iz>v, tali plain, wh. and yel. ftrip. c. I. f.fl. Sep. fr. Jan* 

2 ■ — - — corn, dwarf black and yellow berried, ditto 

1 Germaudet tree, yel. wh. and purple flow././, c. July, d, 

1 fhrubby, the greater and lefs,/#. r. July 

4 funifer^ common fhrubby Englifh, yel. flow./ April 

4 }hue\jifckle, evergreen fearlet trumpet, c. l.f. June 

4 Kalhua, broad leaved, pale red flow././z. A July 

- narrow leaved, bright red flow, ditto 

2 hairy leaved, reddifh purple flow, ditto 

1 glaucous leaved, pink flower, ditto 

i La-ocnder cotton y com . and rofemary , (fee p. 2 5 1 ) yel. r./ Ju. 

1 f ea> com. and fhrubby Siberian, bl. r.ji. i\ 

2 ~ French, (ftsechas) yel. flow. r.J!* c. June 

3 Laitrujlinus, com.br. andnar. leaved, /./ c. Aug. tec. 

3 . _ hairy, fhining, and ftriped ieaved, ditto 

4 yiovi-infid, (medicago) fhrubby, yel. flow. May, &c* 
4 Phillyrea, mock privet, or privet leaved, ,/. /. March 

■ imped, box leaved, bay, rofemary, &c<dd'« 

1 Periwinkle s trailing and upright, blue fL /. c.fu. Feb. 

1 — — doub.fl. and white and yel. ftriped, ditto 

2 Purjlave tree, (fea ill very leaves,) com. and Spanifh, c* 

2 Ragwort, common fea, hoary leaved,/ c. June, <fee. 
4' Rhododendron, large, or laurel leaved, red fl./ /. Aug, 

3 ™_™„„ dwarf, or the Pontic bav/f. /* Aug. 

P 4 



LLSTOF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX* 



4 Rofe, common rriulk evergreen, wh. flow. L fu. Aug. 

4 Rofemary, com. plain, and variegated, r« Ljl. June, </. 

3 j&rcy broad, narrow and ftriped leaved, e« l.JI> June 

3 Aleppo, broad and narrow leaved, ditto, d. 

3 Savin, common piain fpreading, and variegated, /. /. c. 

4 Smiiax, or rough bind- weed, wh. fl. red fr, /. r./. June 

I Widow watt, (cneorum) a trailer, pi. fl. c. /./. May, &c. 

l Wormwood, fea, or lavender leaved, and Roman, JI. r* 

* If the tenderer forts of t 1i ;fe fhrubs are judicioufly 
planted, they may fucceed abroad, and are worth the 
trial, as their place may, at any time, be eafily fupplied 
by fome {hrub from the nurfery. While young, for a 
winter or two, in fevere weather, a few bullies laid 
round, and a little peas haulm on the top, would fave 
many a curious exotic, when they are nearly hardy enough 
to endure our climate. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR SHRUBS. 

Adam' s needle (yucca) is fomewhat tender, andfhouid 
be out of the way of cutting winds. 

Andromeda tree is too tender for the open ground in 
general, but has furvived abroad, our ordinary winters, 
being in a favourable fituation. It naturally likes a 
moift foil : but keep the roots dry in winter. 

Oyius, all the forts are rather tender, but if brought 
up as hardy from the fowing as may be, and planted 
in a dry foil, fhelter and fun, will ftand ordinary win- 
ters abroad in the fhrubbery, and prove delightful or- 
naments : Cuttings do not make fo fine plants as feed- 
lings, but are hardier. 

City/us, Spanifh, mull have a dry warm fituation. 

Germander tree, though generally confidered as a 
green-houfe plant, it is afTerted, by fome, will endure 
ordinary winters abroad, with proper management, 
Rifk of experiment in thefe cafes, or the trouble at- 
tending, mould not be minded, for if a (hrub mill live 
abroad, it is furely much better there; and it has been 

found 



SECT, XIX, LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



found that feveral things will do fo, which have been 
ufed to be houfed, even in ftoves. 

Gmindfel tree, or ploughman's fpikenard, rauff have 
a friug lituation abroad, as hard frofts are apt to cut it; 
and it it is potted and houfed, it muft have a great deal 
of air, as it only needs protection in fevere weather. 
This is an argument for trying all things abroad, of 
which there is a chance of doing well, for they cannot 
have the air they require in a green -houfe, where are 
Co many phnts of a tenderer nature. 

Hares-ear is a handfome fhrub for the Jruth front of 
a plantation ; — fomewhat tender. 

H.-ncxfuekU, evergreen, allow it a flickered fituation, 
and ler. it be as mucli as poffible in fight. 

Mom- trefoil is a very beautiful evergreen, flowering 
from Ma\ to OrJoher\ but as it is tender, mult have a 
dry warm function, and then a little attention- of cover 
in fevere frolh may fecure it. 

Pbillyrea in all its varieties, though rather a rambling 
grow er, is conudered as one oi the Handing ornaments 
of our ihrubberies ; yet it has beauty in neither (tower; 
nor frail, as is the cafe with fome other plants, (parti- 
cularly evergreens) being retained only for their foliage; 
The jhiped fort Should have a (beltered Tituation, as 
indeed is, in a meafure, neceifary to all variegated 
plants, as their ornamental nature, in this refpeit. is 
che confequence ot hereditary weaknefs. 

Periwinkle is a pretty under fhrubby evergreen, if 
properly kept up to the lower part of paies, or a wail, 
or the larger fort may be grained to a low itake, or 
even kept as a little bufh. It i3 very well to confine 
the roots (being apt to run) by flaty {tones, or tiles : 
It fucceeds well in {hade and muifture* 

PurjJane tree, the Spanifh is not fo hardy as the 
common fort, but will generally furvive our winters, 
in good fkeltered fituauons. 

Ragwort, this fort (as all the others) ufed to be 
houfed in wimer ; but will fumd abroad m a warn*:. 



LISTS OF TREES, &X, SECT. XIX. 



fheltered, dry fit nation,' and its hoary leaves are very 
ornamental, though there is no great beauty in its 
flowers. When -rai fed from feed, it is apt to get 
greener in leaf, and therefore it will be bell raifed 
from cuttings, which fhould be taken from the whiteft 
plants, A likeriefs to original plants is frequently loft 
from propagation by feed, but is affuredly maintained 
from cuttings and layers. 

Rofe, this fort will need fupport, being rather trail- 
ing ; train it to a fheltered wall. 

Rofemary will not do in all filiations. See page 256. 

Savin variegated leaved is beautiful : grows (low.. 

Smilax, as it is trailing, or climbing, is commonly 
planted to run up the trunks of trees, &c. It may be 
trained to tall flakes, and fhould be planted in fight, as 
in the front of plantations. There are feveral forts of 
it> and the bay-leaved Virginian has black fruit. 

* . * # * *< 
VII. 

The Fxqwers in the following lift of annuals are 
numbered (as the fhrubs were) agreeable to their moft 
uiual heights. The time of flowering is not mention*, 
ed, becaufe that will vary, according to the time of 
fowing, management, and feafon ; very few before, of 
after June and July. Many of the forts continue 
longer in flower than a month* 

TENDER ANNUALS. 

4 Amaranth us tree, tricolor, and bicolor 

3 — _ — — globe, purple, red, white, and ftriped 

^ — — . coxcomb, com. large red, fear, yel, &c. 

,2 — com. dwarf coxcomb colours, as ditto 

3 — — fpike flowered coxcombs, a variety 

3 Bal/hms, double, red, fcarlet, and purple ftriped 
3 Broivallia, fpreading/ and upright, blue Jlowered 
2 Calceolaria^ or flipper-wort, winged leaved 

4 Capjicum % 



£T£CT. XIX. LISTS. OF TREES, &C, §17 

4 Capficumiy red, yellow and white podded 

3 CI cme, prickly ftalked, and five leaved 

4 Colutea, cr (cablet African bladder fena 

4 Convolvulus, fcarkt, (ipomaja quamociit) a climber 

3 Eggplant, white, yellow, red, and prickly fruited 

2 Humble, or fpreading branching Jbnfitrpe plant 

I /A??/.", or diamond rkoides, wh. and yei. flowered 

4 Indian Jbot, or flowering reeds fear, red, yei. 
4 Ptntapatt s pbatmeia, fcarlet flowered 

3 Pbjjhlis, or wintei cherry j angular and downy 

4 Seftfitrvey or Double Memofa ; — fee humble plant. 
4 Slda, or Indian mallow, heart leaved, pink 

i 2 Spigetia Anttielmm^ or American Worm Grafs, red 
4 Simmomfi/rty or thorn apple, double purple, <£c. 

%* Some pcrfons cultivate the ferpentine cuatmccr, or 
fnel-n, as a curiofny of the fummerj the fruit being pro- 
duced from one to two yards long, under good manage- 
ment ; but it is to be remembered it will take up much 
room. 

As to the fpirfivg for wild) cucumber^ though it may be 
mentioned here, ir is very hardy, fo as to fow itfelf in 
autumn, come up in fpringj and will abide as a perennial. 
Sow in March, and allow it two yards fquare. I bis is 
merely propagated for dkterfew : for if the fruit is touched 
when ripe, it burrU and throws its fetid contents to fome 
diiiance, perhaps (wittily) oVer the clothes of the adven- 
turer, and perfumes him. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 

Amcrcnlhus, the tree fort, grows larger than the 
others, *nd bears purple flowers. The tricolor and bico- 
lor are io called, 'from the former having the leaves of 
three colours ; i. e. a bright led, yellow and green : 
and the latter of two, a deep red and purple ; and it is 
for thefe, and not the flower, that they are cultivated. 
The flowers ol the globe forts have the peculiar property 
of retaining their form and colour a long time (years) 
when gathered. Clear the feed of this flower from its 

P $ downy 



318 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 

downy covering before lowing, as a means of forward- 
ing, the germination. 

Balfa??i,_ when double, and well marked, is a very 
'fine flower. The plain coloured red and white, femi- 
doubie and tingle ones, are not of much account with 
the curious, but may be put out in ordinary borders to 
make a ihew. The feed of this flow r er fhould be nicely 
faved from the fulleft'biciTomed, and diftinfdy ftrlped 
forts, that have not grown near, fmall, or felf-coloured 
ones. The plants feiefted for feed, fhould he protected 
from the wet and cold, after Mid-Angujl, by putting, 
them under lights, or in a green-houfe window, where 
they may have the full fun. 

Calceolaria, the flower of, is efleemed only for the 
curfofjty of its flipper fhape. The blow may be con- 
tinued all fummer, by planting cuttings. 

Capjieums are ufualiy ranked in the lefs tender clafs, 
and though they are in nature fb, yet to have them fine, 
and to fruit in time, they fhould be brought forward, 
by being treated as balfams, &c, at leafl in fituations 
far north of London. They are grown for the beauty 
and ufe of their pods, which are varioufly fhaped, as 
long, heart, cherry, &c. See p. 248. 

Cieome is a very tender annual, (has been long con- 
fidered as a Jlove plant) but may cojjie under the cul- 
tivation of the ordinary fiorifl, by continuing it. longer 
in a frame, as fuppofe to Mid- July, or later, if the lea- 
fon is then unkind ; and then plunging the pots in a 
warm border. When autumn approaches, a hand-glafs 
may be fet on forked flicks over this, or any tender 
plant, and thus preferve it longer. 

Colutea is a perennial fhrub of fomewhat tender na- 
ture, that hardly fucceeds abroad. Though the feed 
will . come up on cold ground in high fpring, yet by 
fowing it as one of this clafs, it may be "brought for- 
ward enough to- produce its beautiful flowers the fame 
autumn. See lijis "IV. and X. In this laft lift it is 
confidered as a biennial as it may be houfed the fir ft 

winter, 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C, 



winter, and turned out into open ground tlie following 
fummer, and fuffered to die. 

Egg plant mult have a dry foil, and warm fituation, 
but yet plentv of water in hot weather. The bloffom 
is not Unking, but the fruit is often as large as a fwan's 
egg, and with common management will be as big as a 
hen's. This plant requires, however, to be fown for,., 
ward and mould be brought on by a third hot-bed, if it 
might be. 

Humble plant is one of the fenfitives, the property of 
which is to clcfe its leaves, or drop them upon being 
touched. The common fciifitive plant will grow to 
eight feet in a hot -f. cafe, (which is its proper place;] but 
the humble plant is ipreading, and feldom reaches more 
than a fiat u re of two Feci; tor its lower growth it is 
therefore more proper for our purpofe here. It ia 
called humble from its receding and dropping fo com- 
pletely when touched, foot-fialk and all, as it making a 
bow. The humble plants are diliinguifhed from tine 
common upright growing fenntives, as the latter only 
elofes the leaf, without dropping the flalk. 

Ice plant trails and fpreads wide on the ground, 
makes no fhew in its flower, but is beautifully covered 
with chryiial drops, mining like diamonds when the fun 
is on it; or as the frozen drops of icicles. It is not nice 
in its culture, or weather, though it mould not be put 
out too young. The bell way is to plant one in a pot 
of fix or feven inches diameter, 'without any thing at 
bottom over the hole; and keeping it in the frame till 
it gers too big for the pot, plunge it in the ground a 
little over the rims. Thus the plant will not be too 
luxuriant, but yet fufficiently nourished, (for it has 
fmaU roots) and will flower fooner, and ripen the feed 
better for this treatment 

Indian Jbotmu&be fown forward, and brought on 
by different hot-beds to blow the Janu year, being 
rather a tender houhoufe perennial* 

P 4 LESS 



S20 LISTS OF TREES., &C. SECT. XIX 



****** 

VIII. 

LESS TENDER ANNUALS. 

3 Alkelengi, or winter cherry, angular and downy 

3 Amaranthus, trailing^ or pendulous flowered, red 

j —bloody leaved-, with erett flowers, purple 

2 — — upright, -reddilh purple flowered 

3 Chma, doub. wh. red. pur. brown, ftriped, &c, 
2 Balfam yellow, noli me ta?igere, or touch me not 

2 Bafily common fweet red and purple flowered 

1 dwarf, or bufh Bafil, a variety in leaf, See p. 247 

Capjicums, fee the laft lift, and pages 248 

2 Carthamus, or common baitard fafTron, yellow . 
2 woolly, or diftaif flower, yellow 

2 Cerinthe, or honeywort, great and fmall, pur. and yel* 

4 Chryfanthemnm, doub. wh. and yel. plain and quilled 
4 Convolvulus majors pink, purp. and deep purple 

1 Geranium, African trailing, variegated flower 

4 Hollyhock, Ckinefey lingle and double variegated 

2 jfacobea y purple, red, and white flowered 

1 India, or Chinefe pinky flng. and doub. ftriped varioufiy 
4 Indian corn, dwarf, red, yei. wh. and variegated 

Love-apple, or tomatu?n y fee page 259 

Love lilies bleeding, fee amaranthus trailing 

1 Mignonette, fee obfervatior-, next Hit 

4. Mangold, African, pale and deep yel. pi. and qui lied 

3 French, yellow and crimfon ftriped, velvety 

2 — = - — dwarf forts of both African and French 

4 Marvel of Peru, white, yel. red, purp, and variegated 
Nafurtium, yel. and orange flow. July, fee p. 253 

3 Nolana, Peruvian dwarf, a trailer, blue flower 

4 Palma Chrifti, large and fmall, a variety in ftalk 
Perficaria, fee next lift 

2 Poppj Mexican, or prickly poppy, yellow flower 
Princes Feather, fee amaranthus upright 
Scabious, fometimes made an annual, fee biennials 
2 Stock, com. ten week, red, fcarlet, purple and white 

I dwarf French fine fcarlet, and ditto 

i Pruffi&n, or wall- flower leaved, ditto 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



% Siveet fultan, yellow, purple> red and white flowered 
4 Tobacco, common broad and nanow leaved Virginian 
3 Xerantbemum, or eternal flower, wh. violet and purp. 
3 Zinnia y yellow few flowered, and red many fowered. 

%* The feeds of mofl of thefe flowers will come up in 
cold ground, (if not fown too early) but are forwarded by a 
little heat, fo as to have them much earlier, and a finer 
blow, producing feed, which lase plants will not. The 
ibrts that moil require a little heat are, after, bqfil, geranium , 
hue apple , marvel of Peru, palma Chrijii, yellow fultan, and 
zinnia , 

The gourd may be added to this clafs ; but to fucceed 
weW, it ihculd have a good fouth wall to be trained againfly 
and" it will take up a good deal of room there. Sorts nu- 
merous,, as to fize, fhape and colour. The common pumpion 
(fee page 237) is the hardieft ; and the warted orange goutd- 
is the pretcieft'.. 

©BSERVATIO'NS ON PARTICULAR- FLOWERS 

After, to come forward and fine, fliould have a fe- 
eond. flight hot-bed to prick. a few out upon, and indeed 
this would- be a great advantage to any of the other 
forts,. Thole- not thui forwarded, win raaMe a feconcl 
blow.. The firiped forts are much the prettier!, yet the 
plain ones make a good ihew r and do very weil for 
ihrubberies. Sec. particularly the fuper-k white and red. 
It is a- good- way to plant a few afters, or any. flowers 
defigned. for feed, in beds by themfelves,. in a way of 
nurfery, as in. the befl: borders it is much neater to have 
all decaying flowers- pulled off regularly,, as^ foon as 
their beauty is over : Pull, up all. bad flowers (as foon as 
ever they are difcovered.) from amongft fucix feeding 
planjts, or they will be contaminated. 

Baljam, yellow ^ov. touch-me-not, is more frequently 
fown in cold ground,, (as others of this lift,, carihamus^ 
c&r'mthe^ Mexican, poppy, princes, feather,, and xeranthe- 
n/«wJ.butit.is-worth, while to afford theaffiftance of a 
liuleLheaU This flower is- mfficiently. ornamental %m 

P & xneritt 



lists $f trees, &c. sect. xix. 

•merit a place in the garden; but is chiefly curious for 
the elaftic property of its feed pods buriting-with force, 
when juft pr.effed between the fingers, throwing the 
feeds to a diftance. 

Ckinefe btilljhotk mould be brought forward 'efpeci- 
allv northwards) to enfure a timely blow. See p. 280. 

Chrxfantkemnm, to preferve fome of the fineft donh.es, 
plant cuttings, or flips, the beginning of September, in 
pots, and houfe them before N(rwni>er\ left the troll 
come; and they will generally fafviva the winter, and 
flower much earlier, though not fo ftroiig as thofe fown 
in fpring. 

Convolvulus major will need fupport by a wall, flake, 
or otherwife, to be trailed, or run up, as a fcarlet bean. 
The deep blue fort is called convolvulus nil, or anih 
The major convolvulus makes a good fhew, and may- 
be fown in April, in the places defigned to (lower ; 
but it is the beft way to fow three or four feeds in a 
final] pot, which being placed on a gentle heat, will be 
much forwarder and finer, and mav be turned out whole 
(when about three inches high) into open ground; for 
this flower (as many other annuals; does not trans- 
plant well; A7/ will not do without heat to bring 
it up. 

India pink is new brought to blow much more double 
and variegated than formerly, and it isaveiv neat, 
engaging flower, tailing a long time. Prick the plants 
out when quite final], (for they readily ftrike; that they 
may not be drawn up weak, and let them grow in 
fingie detached plants, in a dry light foil, and they 
will be -ilrong. If cut down as foon as the principal 
blow is over, they will flaud another year.. 

Marigold, the African, grows jftrongly erect. There 
is a variety in the form of the flower, and the quilled 
forts are moftly admired. The French fort grows 
weakly Spreading, but there are beautiful varieties of it 
from feed, which fhould be carefully fayed from the 
molt double Howers, having had no fingl ones growing 

near 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C, 32S 



near them. The fmell of thofe commonly fown is 
unpleafant; yet there are fvveet-fcented forts. 

Marvel of Peru is confidered as an annual, yet is na- 
turally perennial in root — as our climate makes it an- 
n ual . It the roots of thofe growing abroad are taken up in 
richer, and dried a few days, they may be packed in 
dry fand,. and kept in a dry place (from froft) till 
fpring ; when potted and placed on a gentle heat, they 
will ihoot, and come forward. 

Pabna Ckrijli, the large leaved (often a foot broad) 
will grow from feven to ten feet high, according to 
culture,, as early fown, &c. As it is valued for its 
noble ftature, and ample felLge, fome gardeners bring 
it forward as a tender annual, in order to pioduce a 
giant \ but it is not advifeable. The fmall leaved, grows 
to about four feet high, and is an agreeable plant in the 
leaf, in other refpects than fize. 

Najlurtiu?n is impatient of froft; hence it has been 
confidered in this clafs^ to have it flower early. Late 
fown plants,, if potted and houfed, #81 blow in winter,, 
and live round to fpring. Cuttings ot it will grow. 
The dwarf fort is preterred by fome for flower borders, 
but is not fo floriferous as the large. There is a. double 
kind, fee page 254. 

Stock, ten week, (beautiful and fragrant) is the mod 
important annual flower we have. Every one admires 
k, and its ab fence is always felt. It therefore merits 
every attention, to raife fine- double flowers, to have 
them early, a continued fuccef II on,, and as late in the 
jfeafon aspoffibiev 

There mould be four {bwinr^ of this flower in the 
year. Let the firjl be early m the fpring, (as 
February, or beginning of March J on a gentle heat:: 
and being foon thinned a little, they fhould be pricked 
out in. about a fortnight upon another moderate hotbed., 
at four inches afunder,. where they may grow till this 
diffance is thought too crowding; but the beft rule is, 
to give them their final ftatlon. as foon as they have ac- 
quired fix or eight teaves. J * 

PS" Thft 



MB 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX 



2 B'elvidere, annual, fummer, or mock cyprefs 
% Borage, variegated leaved,, purp. and red, fee page 247 
1 Campion, dwarf vifcous,, or dwarf lychnk, purple 
1 Candy -tuft, common white, 'red, crimfon,. and purple 
I -bitter, and iweet-fcented white 

1 Caterpillar Plant y four forts, yellow, fee page 272, 

2 Catchflyy Label's y red, purple,, and white 
Cerinthe,. or honey-wort, fee laft lift 

2 Clary , annual pink, purple, and white topped 
I Convolvulus minor, blue^ white, and itriped 

4 Cyanusy or corn-bottles, blue, red^ pur. wh. and ftripv 

Devil-in-a-bujh, or Fennel Flowery fee nigella 
l Geraniuniy annual red muik, and a fhowy blue and pur*. 

1 Erigerouy or Canada flea wort, white 

3 HavAweed, (baftard) red, pale, and a deep yellow 
a Heart 3 s Eafe y or panfey, large Dutch, &c, a variety 

4 Indian corn y dwarf, or maize, yellow flow, red fruit 
7. Ketmia,, bladdery or flower of an hour, yellow 

4 LarkfpuYy tall, unbranched, branching, and rocket 

2 — dwarf rocket, as of ditto, a variety 

3 — - Neapolitan, branched and fpotted 

2 Lathy rus, joint -podded, blue flowered 

3 Lavateray or eretan mallow, red, white, and purple 

2 ► — — _. t hree month's Syrian, pale red flower 
j Lupine, fweet-fcented, yellow flowered 

3 common, two blue forts, and a white 

4 hairy giant blue, and rofe coloured 

— — fcarlet^. fee fea y Tangier. 

LychniSy dwarf annual, fee campion 

4 Mallow y curled leaved Syr ian^ and Chi nefe* pifi&L 
■ - Venetian, fee ketmia 

• Cretan and a Syrian, fee lavatera 

3 Marigold, giant, or large common double 

2 _ large cape, hybrid, or mongrel 

l _ — dwarf cape, leafy, and naked (talked 

1 Mignonette y (trailing) or fweefc-feented refeda 

3 Mulberry blight, or firawberry fpinach, red fruit 

1 : - — dwarf plain, and variegated leaved 1 

Najiurtium, fee obfervation, laft lift. 

2 Nigella, blue, white, and yellow, Angle and double 
Normandy tuft \ i.e. red candy tuft, which fee 

4 Pea } fweet, purple, fcariet, whitevarid^black 



SECT. XIX. 



t.ISTS OF TREES, &C, 



4 Pea, pink and white, or the painted lady 

4. Tangier, fo me times called fcarlei luphtt 

2 blue floweret!, or cultivated lathyras 

4 — ! — crown, rofe, or cape-horn, pink and white 

1 winged, or winged podded lotus, red flower 

4 Perfiearm, oriental, redflowered, fee pages 2 7 3, z2t 
4 ^ 9 PPJi tall, double purple, fcarlet, carnation, &c» 

2 dwarf, or corn poppy, doub ! e, a variety 

2 prickly Mexican, or yellow flowered 

3 chelidonium, or horned fcarlet poppy 

Scabious, fee next lift, and the obfervation 

1 Snails, hedge hogs, and horns, yellow, fee page 272 

2 Snap. dragon, annual Sicilian, white flowered 

1 Stock, dwarf annual, or Virginian red and white 
4 Sun-flintier, large double, pale, and full yellow 

3 dwarf double ditto 

2 Tod&flaxi or three leaved antirhinum, y eh blue, &c» 
1 Whithtw grafs, white, and yellow flowered 

1 Venus' s leaking glafs, blue, white, and purple 
I ■ navel wort, common, and Portugal, white 

Xerantbcmutr,, or eternal flower, fee laft lift 

%* There will not need many obfervations on the 
flowers of this clafs. Directions refpecthig their culti. 
vation will be found in the laft feciion. It was there 
faid, that May was not too late for f owing tfaofe annuals 
that come quick into flower : — the feafon may be extended 
(for late blows) to fome, through June,, or even the be- 
ginning of jfcfyj as annual ftoch, candy tuft, co&vehvului 
minor, cttn bottles^ heart' s eafe, yellow lupine, mignonette, 
J\veet-pea, and phtafanf s eye. But, if dry weather, the 
feeds mull be watered to bring them up, and the plants 
alfo to bring them forward. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR F LOWERS. 

Belvidere is admired for its beautiful regular growth. 
The autumn fawn feed make far the fineft plants, and 
as felf-fown ones often come up, they mould be pre- 
ferved. -This flower is adapted for potting, and thus 
it looks will. See pages £73, £SL 



3£8 LISTS OF TREES, &0. SECT. XIX. 

Kcfmia, the flower fades in a very fhort time, when 
the fun is out ; but the plant produces a great number, 
in long fucceffion. 

Larkjfur is fetfeni permitted to attain its ut'moft 
perfection,, net allowing it room enough* The large 
forts Jhoula r be from a foot to eighteen inches afunder, 
and the dwarf half this diftance- See page xS2. Pull 
up all fine les. See pa^e 59% 

Mignonette is fomewiiat tender, and is often fown on 
hear, early in the fpring, to obtain forward plants, for 
pricking out into pots, boxes, or ballets, to be hoofed 
m windows, &c. Asr'it does not tranfplant we'll, take 
k up with a little earth about the roots • and, if con- 
venient, put the pots, &e. on a little heat. t:il .rooted'. 
Summer fev/.n-. plants, if houfed m winter,, become 
Biennial ; cut them down fir ft* 

Mulberry blight, or more properly bllte ; i. e, the 
herb blitum r whofe fruit refembles a red unripe mtiU 
berry > It is al fa called J}.rawberr\ jpimich, from tin 
leaves being like thofe of the prickly j;pinach T and the 
fruit like a fcarlet Jlraivberry. The plant muil be 
foppestedbya waM, pales, or flicks,, or the weight of 
the fruit \ not eatable) Will bring them to the ground* 
It looks belt, and is very handfome, when trained, 
which it mould be, juft as a fruit tree r fuffering no.hde- 
ihoots to remain on. The- feed is near a month- com- 
ing up, which makes autumn fown plants- valuable, in. 
order to have the fruit forward and fine. Some perfons- 
ibw it in fpring upon a fright hot- bed, and prick the 
plants out where they are to grow ; but to fow forward,, 
in their proper place (not to be tranfplanted) generally 
does very well; as it will then decorate "the autumn^ 
when other things begin to fail.. 

Stock, annual, if fown about Mid-Augujt. for an-: 
edging, or in little patches, will make. a pretty early 
fpring blow, as it is very hardy :. A light foil fmts it 
belt. This little flower is commonly Ipoiled by being 
fuffered to grow thick, which makes it trail, and ram- 



SECT. XIX, 



LISTS O I TREES. &C; 



ble too much. Four in a patch, about four inches a- 
funder, is iufficient. 

* * * * * * 

X. 

List of biennial Jtcivers. 

2 Campion y rofe, red, wh. and (lr. and doub. crhnf. July 

2 — . Spanlfh vifcous, red flowers, July 

z Portugal, whitifh green flowered, ditto, July 

2 Canterbury bells, blue, purple, and white flow. June 

2 — variegated, and double flow. June 

2 Carnation, (or gilliflower) a great variety, fee obferv. 
2 Chelone, forking, penciled, American, purple, Sept. 

2 Clary, garden, a variety in leaf, pur. fee page 24.9, June 
Colutea, fee Jena, bladder , belcw 

3 Goat's Beard, greater yellow flowered, July 

3 Honeyjuckk, French, red, wh. and ilr. flow. June, d. 

3 Honcfh, fatin-flower, or moon-wort, pur. and wh. May 
2 Lion's tail, Virginian, or inonarda punctata, yel. July. 

4 Mallow, t-,re, (proving fometimes biennial) pur. June, d+ 
2 vervain, ditto, red, and white, June, d, 

2 Milk <vctcL\, fox-taii, (often biennial) yeliow/y! June, d m 

4 Mulltit£ branching, phiomoide and finuated, yel. June 
2 Penfcman, (a biennial-perennial] violet and pi.y'l Sept. 
2 P-fpy, common, horned podded, yellow flower, July 

^ Primnfe, tree, com. hairy and fmooth-ftem'd, yel. June 

2 Rampion, (fee p. 255) a large bluebell flow. June 

4. Rudbcdia, three lobed Virginian, yel. flow. July, d. 

3 Scabious, pur. black, red, wh. and ftrip. flow. June 
, nen z n & chicken flowered, purple, June 

5 : — (tarry, Spanifti and Montpelier, purple, July 

4 Sena, bladder, (colutea) Ethiopian fcarlet, Attguft 

2 Snap-dragon, red, pur. wh. yel. and variegated, June 

2 — re d, cScc. with variegated leaves, June, </♦ 

3 Stock, B romp ton, fcarlet, blufh, and white, May 
3 — hfi queen, red, blufh, and white, May 

3 Twickenham, purple flowered, May . 

3 fhrubby, white, tinged and fpotted, May 

4 — large red Dutch, and Patagonian, May 

2 Siveef 



SSO LISTS OF TREES, &C, SZCT. XIX» 

2 Siveet William^ fingle and double, a variety, June 

2 mule, or fw. Wil. pink, doub. red, June 

2 broad-leaved ftrip. and red flow. June 

2 WalVflvwery large, yel. and bloody, iing. and double 

1 , — white, and dw. yel. iing. and double, May 

2 * ■ winter and early fpring, fingle yellow 



Several biennial flowers, if fown early,, or brought 
forward upon a little heat, will blow the fame year, 
only later, as French hone\juc\le> honeflj> fcubiojis-, fenna> 
and flocks; but it is not generally delirable to attempt 
this, as they do not come fo fine and ftrong, when made 
annuals of. Thofe juft named, of courfe, though fown 
late the preceding year, will blow the next ; but fome 
of the biennials, in this cafe, will not blow the next year, 
2s Canterbury Belh y a few of which, though fown at theix 
proper feafon, may ftand over for the fecond year. 



OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR ? LOWERS. 

Campion, though a perennial, fhouM be confidered: 
as biennial, in order to a timely fupply ; it fomeiimes is 
of no longer duration. The double |as bearing no 
feed) is propagated by flips from the roots \ and it is a 
very fine flower. Pot lome. 

Carnation is feldorn confidered as a biennial, though 
in fact it is fo, as much as feveval others, ufually de- 
nominated of this ciafs ; for, after the fir ft blow, the 
plants become ilraggling, and flower weakly; it is, 
therefore, that they are always layered, &c. to con- 
tinue them. The plain, deep red, or clove fcented 
carnation, is the original, and an eftablifhed cultivated 
fort. The reft are -claffed under the heads, flakes, 
bizarres, picquetces, and painted ladies, according to 
their colours, ttripes, fpots, and pouncings. For layer- 
ing, zn&rai/ing carnations, fee the end of this i echo ru 

Chelone, the feed of this flower is bell fown as loon 
as ripe, in autumn ; and coming up m the fpring, they 

may 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS Of TREES, &C. 



may be planted in the borders, in June and July, and 
will flower the fame feafon. 

Goafs Beard, the young {hoots are eat (as thofe of 
fnlfafy) like afparagus at fpring. 

Prifnrofe tree, makes a pretty Chow, but produces fb 
much feed, that it becomes rather a troublefome weed 
to fome people. Cut the flower Hems off, or pull up 
the plant, before the feed pods are ripe enough to ihed 
their numerous contents. 

Rudbeckia, or American fun-flower, this biennial 
fort is called hardy, but {hould neverthelefs have a dry 
lheltered (ituation. The narrow leaved dw r arf perennial 
{about three feet) fometimes proves biennial, and may 
be fown as fuch, a little every year, by thofe who 
would extend their culture of flowers. 

Scabious has been noticed in the two lad lifts as an 
annual, which it becomes, if fown early ; and fome 
gardeners make a point of doing it on a little heat to 
forward them. As a biennial, it fhould not be fown 
too foon ; but if forward plants are tranfplanted in 
June, it will prevent their flowering till next year, 
when they will come very fine and flrong, and this is 
the way to produce good feed; 

Sena, bladder, or Ethiopian fear let cohttea, is rather 
tender, and the feed ling plants mult be potted and 
houfed, or lheltered by a frame from (harp trolls. 
This flower is properly a perennial, (fee hit IV.) but 
as it is apt to be cut off in fevere weather, it is here 
confidered as biennial, and may take its chance after 
the firft flowering. It is fometimes made an annual of* 
See colutea, lift VII. 

Snap dragon we confider as biennial, it not blowing 
fo haudfome afterwards. The variegated (as all ftripes 
are) is tenderiih ; this muft be propagated from mt± 
-tings, as indeed the phnn mav be, though the fineit 
plants come from feed. This flower is of longeft con- 
tinuance in a poor foil, and will grow and flounfh out 
ot cracks in old walls* 

- Stocky 



39$ LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 

Sf.cckj or ffock gilliflower, is apt to get too rampant 
(in fame feafons) before winter, and when killed by 
froft, it is chiefly owing *to this circum fiance ; for no- 
thing Hands fevere weather well, that has grown very 
freely. Hence it ufecl to be the cuftorn oi florifts to 
tranfpkmt them feveral times in the Cummer ; (even at 
every kill moon) but to keep them down, and hardy, 
by this means, tends directly to weaken the blow, if 
not to kill the plant. The inoft reasonable method in 
this bufinefs is. not to fow too earlv, (or before the 
fir it week in April) to thin them, and to prick them 
out in time, that they may not be drawn up long 
legged; and by no means to let them have a dungy 
foil to grow in, or a very rich one. Prick them out 
the firii cool w-eather after they have fix leaves, at fix 
or eight inches afunder, where let them remain till 
Augujl, choofmg a (howery time, (rather about the 
middle) to plant them out where they are to blow ; 
but let not this be into a moi'fl foil, or damp fituation : 
It is a good wav to mix half fand in the mould that 
lies about the ihanks above the roots ; and when wet 
and troll comes, to lay coarfe, or drift fand, round 
about them, three or four inches high, which remove 
at fpring. Some of the weakeft plants may remain in 
the nurieryvbed till fpring, which put out in coo! ground, 
tor in fuch a foil- they blow belt, though they do not 
ftand the winter well in it : Stocks blow much finer 
m a ihowery fummer than in an hot one. It will be 
a great advantage to thofe moved at fpring, to have 
balls of earth to the roots, though they do not well 
retain it. To difpbfe them to it, and make them fitter 
to tranfplant, they mav be cut round m autumn, with 
a long knife, five or fix inches deep, and about three 
inches from the ttem, making one Riming cut under 
the root, at fix inches depth, to cut thole afunder that 
Arike directly down. This is a practice th.t would 
anfwer in moll things that are to be removed at fpring ; 
and if not, it would generally be of fervice, as the cut- 
ting 



6I1CT. XIX. LISTS O.F- TREES, -&C. $$$ 

ting off the end of a downright root, occafions it to 
throw out feyeral others of a more fibrous nature. 

Sweet William for bearded pink) is diftinguifbed 
into broad and narrow leaved forts. This flower 
conies very diverfified from feed, fome plain, others 
beautifully fhiped, and a few double, perhaps one in 
thirty or forty. But the fingle ones are generally fo 
ornamental, that the want of doubles is not much la- 
mented. The double forts are propagated from layers, 
as carnations. The fweet William is perennial, but 
as the plants ceafe to be handfome (and in fome cafes 
die) after the firft blow, it is neceffary to raife fome 
every year for ordinary ufe. 

Wall-flowers^ raifed from feed, produce fome doubles ; 
but the chance is not great for fine ones, which are 
to be continued from Hips or cuttings in May, June, or 
July, plant them in a rich foil, and (hade till routed. 
The double zvbl/e wall-flower is tender, and mould be 
potted for housing, as indeed other good forts of this 
| flower mould be, and generally are. 

# ¥r * # * 

XL 

List of fit rous rooted perennial flowers. 

. 2 Adonis, or perennial pheafant's eye, yel. r . /. Aug. m. 

3 Acanthus, frnooth and prickly vvh. and pink, /, r. July, d* 

3 Agrimony, the large, or odoriferous yellow,/, r. July 

3 , — hemp, common wild, red, /. r. Auguft, m* 

2 * fpotted ftalked American, purple, ditto 

3 lower Fennfylvanian and Virginian, wh. ditto 

^ Canada, or tall purple flower, ditro 

4 tailed Pennfylvaman, white flowered, ditto 

i Aljffjn, rock, Cretan, and prickly, yel, and wh./. r. May 
i Authe??ii$, or fea camomile, a trailer, white,/. July 

3 _ ox eye 'fort, yellow, white and red, r. June 

i Jmbjllisy double, pur, and fear, trailing,/. r< jane 
i 4 Arum 



3gH LISTS OF TREES, SECT. XIX, 



4 Arum, dragoru common fpotted ftalked purple, r. June 
I Afarabacca, Virginian vein leaved, &c. purp. r. May 

Afphodel, or king's fpear. See the next lift. 

After, a variety, fee ftar-jjort below.. 
I Auricula, or bear's ear, fee obfervation end of lift. 
X Avens, com. alp. yel. and marlh, pur. &c./. r. May, 
g Bachelor's button, frog, and doub. red and wh./. r. May 

— blue, fee cyanus 

I Balm^ grandiflorus, purple, red and white, r. June 
I Barrens rt, alpine (epimedium) red, r. May,J%ade 

Bear's breech, fee acanthus 
I Bear's ear/ankle, of Matthiolus, fine red, r. Tune, *i 

1 Bear's footy or hellebore, greenifh flower, j\ r. Feb. 

2 Betony, com. Damfh, oriental, pur. red, wh. /. r. July, 
4 Bee larkfpur, common and great flow, blue,/, r. July 
2 Blocdiuort, or bloody ftalked dock, white,/. May. 

2 Borage, oriental perennial, blue flower, /. r. May, d t 

1 B+Je, com. pyramidal blue, red and wh. r m May, z*. 

2 Buglofs, com. (fee p. 253) blue, wh. and red,/. June 

I -oriental trailing, and Virginian, yel./. May, 

2 Burnet , com. (253) and agrimony lea v. red,/, r. June 
4 Bryony , common white flowered, red berried, /. May 

2 Cacalia, alpine purple, a variety in leaf,/, r. June 
Calamint, Hetrurian, fee grandiflorus, 

4 Campanula, pyramidal, or fteepleflow. blue, /. fL A 1 . 

1 — grandiflora, and Carpathian, purp./. r. July 

— — fee Thrcat-cort> Campion, fee laft lift. 

1 Candy Tuft, round leaved perennial, wh. r. c. June 

3 Cardinal floujer, fcarlet, blue and violet, / r t c. Aug. d. 
Carnation, is properly a biennial. See the laft Hit. 

7," Catch fly, or vifcous campion, doub. red and wh. r. June 

4 Centaury, great pur. and woad leaved ye!./ r s June 

2 Che/one, Virginian, &c. wh. blue, red and pur. r a Sep* 
4 Chervil, perennial, or fkveet fern, white,/. June 

I Chriftmas rofe, or black hellebore, white, r. January 
4 Clary, Indian blue, and glutinous yellow, / r, June 

3 Columbine, com. plain, itriped and fpo tied, A >\ June 
3 _ — ri,. lt , i feathered, (thalictruni) wh. and pur. ditto 
2. ~ — — mountain, or alpine, large blue, /. r. May 

I i — — - Canada dwarf early, red with yel./. r, Ap, 

C Qi,ho. flower > or meadow pink % fee nigged robin 

,4 Ccr^^ 



SECT* XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C, $85 



4 Coreopjisy verticillate, yellow, a long blow, r. July 

1 Cowflip, double yellow, and double fcarlet, r. May 
, _ American, or Meadia, purple,/! offs. May 

2 Crowfoot, meadow, double yellow flowered, r. May 

1 . mountain, double white flowered, r. May . 

2 Cyanus, mountain, or perennial blue bottle,/, r. June 

i Daify y wh. red, fear, variegated, coxcomb, Sec. r. April 

1 globe, (globularia) a fine blue flower, r. June 

3 ox eye, American and Montpelier, wh./ r. July 

Michaelmas, feeflarwort tradefcants 

2 Dodartia, oriental, deep purple flower, r. May 
DbdecatheGUy fee cowflip American 

2 Dog's bane, willow leaved, purp, and wh. &c. r. July 
(Afclepias) Virginia orange offs* July 

3 Dragon's heady Virginia purple flowered, /, r. Auguft 
2 . hy flop leaved, blue flowered,/. June 

j Etyngo, or fea holly, Amethyftine, and Ruffian,/. July 
2 maritime Englifh, and aquatic American, ditto 

2 Eternal flowery pearly, or white everlafling, r* June 

3 Feverfi-ujy two doub. fl. and a curled lea v. wh./ r, c. June 

4 Fignjoorty Spanifh, elder leaved, red andgr./. r. July 
^ aquatic variegated leaved, ditto 

4 Fig?.*, perennial Siberian blue flowered,/. June 

3 Fox -glo ve y pur. red, wh. and iron coloured,/, June 

2 _ — great and lefs yel. and Spanifh purp. ditto 

■ — American, fee monkey flower 

3 Fraxineliay white and purple flowered, /. r« Jane 

3 French hovey/ticklcy Canadian, red, wh. pur./. June, d+ 
^ — fenfitive, branched, yellow, ditto 

1 Fumatorjy diffufed, branching, yel. and wh./. June 

2 . — upright American, purple, ditto 

3- Gentiatiy great yellow, and purple flowering, /. July 

i ; afclepias leav. and crofs-wort, blue,/, r. May 

I Geiitianelhiy fine azure blue flower,/*, r. May 

1 Geraniumy (Englijh) blue, pur. red, black, r. May 
- — — — — Africany or tender forts, fee obfer^uation 

2 Globe flower, European, and Afiatic, yel. /. r. May, m, 

4 Globe thifthy great blue and white flowered,/. June 

2 ~ lefs, deep blue, and white flowered ditto 

3 Golden Rody common Mexican and American, r. Auguft 




tall late blowing American, r. September 

Geldeu 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



SECT. XIX, 



Golden Rod, New York, flefhy leaved, evergr. r. Oc~L 

. loweft, or dwarf Pyrenean, r. Auguft 

2 Gcldy loch, German, a bright yellow flower, r. c. July 
I HavA-veed, (cr grim-the-collier) orange col./, r. July 

1 ■ great yel. or French goat's beard,/. June 

Hedge Mufiard, fingle and double, fee r^r^v yellow 

^'Hellebore, (veratrum) wh. black, and yellow, /. r. May 

2 Helonias, -two forts, wh. and cream col./, ^f. July 

t Hepatica, red, blue, wh. and ftr. fmg. and doub. r. Mar. 
i Heart's eafe, or tricolor violet, yel. pur. wh. r. April 

Herb ben net (geum) fee &Vem 
4. Herb' ~Ch rift opher, com. and long fpiked, white, /. June 
4. Hollyhock, com. doub. wh. yel. pink, red, fca*. &c77? -Aug* 

fig -leaved, or palmated, a variety, ditto 

— Chinefe, or painted lady, fee lift VIII. 

I Ladies mantle, com. fringed, Alpine, &c. r, / Mav 
1 Ladies [mock, double pur. and double wh. r. May, if. 
1 Ladiesjlippen, yellows, purples, red, &c./. r. May, a*. 
1 Indies finger, (Anthyllis) fear. doub. fl. / June 
I Lavender- fca i great, &c. wh. and blues, r.jl. r. July 

1 Lily of the valley, wh. red, ftr. fing. and doe!), r. May, m. 

2 Lion's foot, fing. and doub. blue flowered,/', r. Jmvr , A 

2 Lion's tail, fear, and pur. fl. pi. and ftr. leaf, r.JL c. July 
x London pride, or none-fo-pretty, (potted fiow. ri May 

3 Loofeftrife, common great yellow flowered, r. June v 
2 willow-leaved, white Spanifh, ditto 

2 ciliated Canadian yellow, ditto 

1 money-wort, or herb two-pence, yel. ditto 

■ fee rwilhvj herb, lift IV. 

2 Lupin£, perennial Virginian blue flowered,/ June 

1 Lungwort, common, blue, purple, and red, r.f May 

2 , Virginian, blue, red, par. and wh, fl. r.f. Mar 

3 Lychnis, fing. and doub. fear, pink, and wh. / r\ c, July 

3 — — Chinefe, fine orange-coloured flow, ditto, d. 

2 Lychnidea, red, pur. blue and wh. fw. fcented, r. c. J^T 

Mad-wort, fee Ahjfotr 
2 Mallow Virginia, fmooth and rough leaved, wh. /. r. June 
1 Marjh Marigold, double flowered yellow, ?-. April, m % 
% Mafter-vjort great black rooted, yellow, r« June 

4 fttwdkm rue, common and Montpelier, yel. r. f Jutfc t «r. 
MicbatlmGi daifj % Isjktpwtrt tradejeann^ winch f§fc 

1 Milkwort) 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



337 



1 Milkwort, com. and bitter, blue, red, wh. Sec. / June, d< 
3 M/# vetch, goat's rue-leaved, and oriental, yel./. July 

x _ (Anthyllis Montana) purple, trailing,/. July 

2 Monkey fio<wer, or American fox glove, blue, r. /. July 

3 Marina , pur. wh. pale and deep red,/. <^f. June 

3 Mttgivort, filv. fir. and gold ftr. pur. r. June 

4 Mullein, yellow, purple and iron coloured, r. / June 
I myconic borage leaved, trailing, blue, ditto 

I Na<i>el~juort, perennial trailing, blue flowered, r. c, April 

Orchis, biennial, fee next lift 

Orcbus, fee bitter 
z Orpine, the greater, purple and white, y7. July, d. 

i the leffer, (anacampferos) a trailer, pur. ditto 

i true, (tclephium) white flowered,/ r.JJ. c. July 

4 Ox-eye-daify, American and Montpelier, white, r. July 
2 corymbus flowering, white, ditto 

P a/ cue ftciver, fee next lift. 
4 Pqffioh flo-uoer, com. palmated blue rayed, c. /.//v. July 
4 iW, everlafting, red, fear. pur. and large fl./ r. June 

Pceony, being tuberous rooted, fee next lift 
i common, red, white, plain and fringed, damafk 

i red cob, white cob, painted lady 

i maiden, or matted, and grey leaved mountain 

r pheafant's eye, &c. a great variety 

3 Plumbago, or European lead wort, blue, pur. wh. r. Ocl, 

1 Polyanthus, a great variety in flower,/ r. Apiil 

2 Poppy, oriental fcarlet, and Welfh yellow,/, r. June 

j Primrofe, white, red, fcarlet, doub. yel. Sec. r. March 

3 — : tree, the larger, (perennial) yel./ r. June 

2 Ragged robin, or meadow pink, double red,/ r. May 

4 Reed, Portugal, or Spanilh, variegated leaved, tr/jfa 

2 Reft barrow, common purple, with red flower?,/ M^y 

3 Rhubarb, com. and weaved leaved Chinefe wh./ June 

4 — palmated Chinefe, and large Tartarian, &c. 

2 Rocket, fing. and doub. wh. pur. and red,/ c. r. June 
2 double yellow, or double eryfimum, r, June 

4 Rudbeckia, jagged leaved Virginian orange, r./ July 

2 dwarf hairy, yellow, purple, &c. ditto 

i Ru/h, fweet flowering, pink, wh. and pur. r. July iv, 

1 Sanguinarea, Canada, (puccoon) ling. and<doub. wh. r« 

2 Sarracena, or fide-faddle flower, pur, and yel./. r. July 

Q, 4 $#WiJWort 9 



338 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 



4 Saw-wort, New York and Maryland, pur. flow. r. June 
3 Saxifrage, pyramidal, often called fedum, fee next lift 



2 fpotted hairy, and ftrawberry, wh. ditto 

t _ ladies cufhion, a low trailer, wh. off. May 

2 golden, two forts as to leaf, yellow, r. July 

i double flowered, granulated, fee next lift 



4 Scabious, perennial Alpine, blue flowered, f. c. r. July 

2 oriental, filvery, and grafs leaved,/. July. 

3 Scullcap, talleft, or nettle-leaved, purple,/. June, d. 
2 — . Alpine, violet, and white flowered, ditto 

2 eaftern, germander leaved yellow, ditto 

Sea pink, fee lavender and thrift. Sea Cale, fee p. 241* 

3 Sena, wild, or Marilandic, (caffia) r.f July d. 

1 Sifyrinchhm, Virginian and Bermudian, blue, r.f June 
fee iris, next lift 

2 Sneezewort, double flowered white, r.f July, m. 

1 hoary yel. and fllvery leaved wh. r.f July 

3 Soapwort, double flowered, purple, and fcarlet, r. July 
1 Soldanella, purp. blue, wh. and fringed, r. March, m. 
3 Sole-man's fe&ly many flow. fw. fcented, Sec. r. May, 

3 Sophora, oriental, fox-tail-like, blue, r.f July 

4 ~ four-winged-podded, yellow, r. June 

1 — ; tinclorious Virginian, trailing, yel. r.f July 

Speedwell, fee veronica 
Spider wort, fee next lift 

1 Starwort, dwarf alpine, purple flowered, r. r. June 

x — • — dumofus, bufliy white flowered, r. c. Aug, 

2 ^ — — fea, or tripoiium after, blue, h c. July 

2 _ _ flax leaved blue flowered, r. c* Auguft 

^ — — New England, violet coloured, r. c. Sept. 
^ J trade fcants, a pale blue flower, r. c t Oclober 

3 - — — - Catefby's pyramidal Virginian, blue, r. r. Nov. 

2 - ; ■ — — Italian, large bright blue flower, r. c. Nov. 
1 Stock, dwarf Shrubby, or window flow. red,/. June 

1 Stone crop, fmall and great, trailing, yellow, c. r. July 
1 — — — poplar leaved, upright, pinkiih, ditto 

4 Sun flower, many flowered, com. double, &c. r. July 

3 Swallow -wort, common wh. black and yellow,/, r. June 
1 Thrift, greater and fmaller,~red, fear, and wh./ 7 . r. June 

3 Throat-wort, great, double wh. blue and pur. r. June 

4 —giant, blue, white, red and ftriped, ditto 

2 Threat* 



S£CT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 339 

1 Throat -wort, dwarf, fmall fine blue flower, f\ June 

2 Toad flax, a variety yet. pur. andwh.y?. c. r. July 

1 .. dwarf Alpine purple flowered, ditto 

3 Valerian, common red and wh. mountain red,/, r. June 

2 — — Greek, pur. wh. and variegated, J\ r. May 

4 Veronica, a variety, blue, white, and blufti, r. /". June 
! dwarf blue and wh. and Welfh blue, ditto 

3 Vervain, common, and fpear leaved, blue, /. r. June 

4 Vetch, white wood, tufted blue, /. r. July 

3 bitter, (orobus) a variety, blue and pur,/, r. May 

2 Siberian, unbranching orobus, yeliji r * April 

fee orobus, next lift . 

I Violet^ com. blue, pur. and wh. {ing. and doub. r. March 

I Auit rian purple, and Ceniffian blue, r. April 

i Alpine, double red, and purple, r. March 

i yellow, and grandifloms yellow, &c. r 4 April 

Wake robin, fee arum 

Willow herb, fee loojeflrife 
I Wood forrel, common white and purple,/. June, m, 

1 Worm Grafs, Maryland, (fpigelia) red flower, r. July 

2 Yen row, or milfoil, the purple flowered, Auguil 
fee maudlin and fnee-zewort 



OBSERVATION r,S ON PARTICULAR f LOW ERS. 

Acanthus, or bear's breech, is admired for the ele- 
gance of its leaf. It fpieads wide, and fi-ould have 
room allowed it, in a warm light foil, and flickered 
fituation ; but ftill rather a Liady, than a funny one. 

Alyffhrtis do belt in a dry hungry foil, but fliould 
have a favourable fituation, where they will blow 
long and prettily, 

Averts will grow in any cold rnoift ihady ground. 

Auricula, from the great and elegant variety of its 
flower and leaf, arifing perpetually from feed, is one 
of the fioriffs chief delights, and to which he pays 
much attention in the culture. It is one of the firft 
flowers, and ranks in nature with the pumnfe and 
polyanthus, The forts admitted in the prefent collee- 

Q a tic**, 



340 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



SECT. XIX. 



tions, are about four hundred. The auricula, the car- 
.nation, tulip, hyacinth, ranunculus, anemone, &c. are 
called fancy flowers. For the propagation and culture 
of the auricula, fee the end of this feftion. 

Bear s ear Janicle is very hardy, yet being low, is a 
proper plant to pot* It may be plantea in any cold 
place, and fhould have a dry lean foil, but be duly 
watered in fummer ; and mod things that a poor foil 
fuits, muft ftill have water freely in warm weather. 
This fanicle is about fix inches high ; that of Gmelin 
only four. 

Beiony, as a native of the woods, is proper to plant 
in fhrubberies, and fhady places. 

Birth-wort is tender, and feedlings of it muft be 
iheltered by a frame in winter. 

Bryony is a climber, and is proper to grow in planta- 
tions to run up trees, &c. 

Campanula pyramidal, may be propagated (as well 
as from feeds and flips) by pieces of its root, planted 
about an inch and half in the ground, in a fhady, but 
not moift border. The fineft plants are produced 
from feed; but will be three or four years before they 
blow. Sow a few every year in April, in a light frefh 
foil, where the morning fun only comes. As much 
wet in the cold feafons is apt to rot this root, it will 
be proper to guard againft it, by fome occafional 
covering, when there is a continuance of rain, or fnow. 
A iew potted Biay be removed under fhelter. h mat 
fet high over is a proper covering for a bed of them. 
In the Jummer they muft never want water, especially 
when fpindling, or in blow. There is a white fort, 

Cardinal flower muft have a dry foil, and a warm 
fituation ; occafionally alfo a little protection. They 
are commonly potted, and fome fhould at leaft be fo, 
left thofe in the open ground be cut off : This flower is 
very ornamental, but the fcarlet moft fo. 

Ch rift mas rofe is very hardy, but a dry warm fitua- 
tion may be allotted it ; and when in flower, a little 

protection 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



541 



protection to preferve the flowers in beauty, as a band" 
glafs may be advifeable. A plant or two potted (large 
pots as it fpreads) is agreeable enough, at fuch a feafon, 
to houfe when in blow. 

Columbine comes in great variety, and the feed fhould 
be well chof 1, which, when fown in fpring, is rather 
apt to mifs. Autumn is therefore preferable; and 
thefe plants will from this fowing be much ftronger. 
The plants Tumid not Hand above two years after 
flowering, a* afterwards they get unfightly, and plain. 

Cowjlip American is commonly potted, as indeed 
fome plants mould be, as it thus appears to advantage ; 
but it is hardy, and grows beft in borders that are fome- 
whai fhady, not having the afternoon fun. 

Dragon s bead mould have a moift fhady fituation. 

Figzvort, the plants are fomewhat tender, and may 
be only expefted to ftand through ordinary winters, 
in a warm foil and fituation. Let fome be potted, for 
houfing, left thofe abroad be cut off. 

Fox-gloves do beft in a fomewhat ftrong foil, and 
fhady fituation, and will be found a ufeful flower in 
Ihrubberies, &c. in all its varieties. 

Geranium, (ox crane's bill, fo called from the fliape 
of the feed veffel) the exotic forts are tender, Africa 
being their native climate. As favourite flowers, the 
different forts are cultivated by all defcriptions of peo- 
ple, as opportunity affords to preferve them in winter. 
They are properly green-boufe plants. The principal 
kinds are as follow, claffed according to their ordinary 
height of growth : 

1. Flaming, or Vervain mallow leaved, fcarlet. — > 
Three coloured ; i. e. red, black, and white. — Ladies 
mantle leaved, whitifh and bluifli. — Sweet-fcented mal- 
low-leaved, white. — Goofeberry-leaved, reddifh. — Ca- 
raway leaved, or variable geranium, red, crimfon, pur- 
ple, white, &c. — Vine leaved, red and white. — Night- 
imelling, yellowifh with dark fpots, three forts. — ^Pin- 
nated, or proliferous, of different colours. 

Q 3 2 Spear- 



LISTS OF TREES, &C% SECT. XIX, 



2. Spear-leaved, white.- — Flefhy flalked, or cetin- 
dine leaved, white. — Square ftalked, flefh coloured. 

3. Birch-leaved, reddifh. — Sorrel leaved, blufh, plain 
and ftriped flowered, and variegated leaved. — Three 
gouty fialked, or columbine leaved, purple — Rofe- 
fcented, a purplifh blue. — Glutinous vine leaved, red- 
riifh purple and white. — Horfe-fhoe, green leaved, va- 
riegated, filver edged, fil'ver ftriped; gold ftriped, pink, 
two fcarlets and a purple, and one large fcarlet or 
grandiflorum. 

4. Vine-leaved, balm-fcented, blue. — Shining, and 
mallow leaved, fcarlet and deep fcarlet.— Butterfly, or 
variegated flowered, with a pointed mallow leaf, — » 
Marfh-mallow, or hood-leaved, purplifh ; and a variety 
of this with angular leaves. — Rafp leaved, flefh colour, 
Spotted red. — Two coloured, purple and white. See 
the end of this feclion. 

Gcntianella likes a coo! loamy foil, and eaflern fitua- 
tion, and fhould not be often removed, or planted in too 
fin all pieces when it is. 

Globe ft&tvet, or globe ranunculus, is very ornamental. 
The. European k fometimes called locker goivlans. They 
both do well in a cool foil, and north border ; though 
the name Afiatic feems to direct to a dry foil, and 
warm fituation. The cafe is, they are natives of 
frioift, fhady places ; and whenever this is the cafe, we 
may conclude fuch plants are organized accordingly, 
and that they ffluft be accommodated by us agreeable 
to their nature. The confUiution of plants is neceffary 
to be known, in order to their proper culture; and a 
gardener cannot direct his attention more to his credit, 
than to make objervations and experiments to difcover it. 

Golden red will grow in lhade, and particularly the 
evergreen fort : but being late blowers, this circum- 
fiance directs to a fnug flickered fituation. 

Hellebore, the white flowered, is the common offlc ; - 
nal plant. A light foil and dry fituation, not fubject 
to fnails, fuits it belt. 

Helonias 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C 



$4$ 



Helonias is a very elegant and ornamental plant 
worthy of the moll confpicuous part of the pleafure 
garden. It requires only the ordinary culture of per- 
ennials. Seeds are imported from America, as the cli- 
mate does not ripen them here. 

Hepatica is found to tranfplant beft when in flower; 
but it fhould never be in fmall portions, left it wither 
away ; they never look well in fmall patches, as is the 
cafe' with all dwarf blowers. Situation and foil the 
fame as gentian ell ] a. 

Ladies fmock, and ladies flipper, do beft in a moift 
foil and fhade, as in a north border, where not many 
other things do well. 

Lily of the valley mould have a cool fituation, and 
if not in a moift foil, give it at leaft an eaji border, or 
where it has only a little morning fun. 

Lions foot is fomewhat tender, and to do well muft 
fcave a favourable place in the garden, as to fun and 
fhelter ; it does beft in a light, or fandy foil. Let fame 
be potted, it is pretty, and blows all fummer. 

London pride (a faxifrage) ufed to be planted much 
as an edging ; but it does not anfwer this purpofe well. 
A few plants here and there in patches is beft ; by no 
means allow it a good border : It prefers a moift foil 
and cold fituation. 

Loofejlrife, the common, is found wild ; but it is a 
(howy plant, and where a variety is wanted is very 
admiffable. It grows in fhady moift places, and (hould 
be planted accordingly, in the borders of a fhrubbery, 
&c. The fmalleft fort is a trailer. 

Lupine will be beft raifed from feed, without tranf- 
planting, as the roots ftrike down deep : If they are 
tranfplanted, let it therefore be quite young. 

Lungzvorts prefer a fhady fituation; but the Fir- 
ginian (an elegant little plant) rather one that is dry 
and fheltered. 

Lychnis, the double fcarlet is a beautiful flower, but 
not apt to encreafe much at root ; recourfe is therefore 

Q 4 to 



344 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 



to be had to cuttings, which alfo are not certain in 
frriking root. In June, or July, take cuttings from 
the fide (hoots, (without flower) and let the pieces 
planted have three, or at the raoft four eyes. Put 
them into a good foil, fine and rich, but not dungy , 
as deep as half way between the fecond and third joint, 
in an eajl border I and keep them cool, but not wet. 
A hand-glafs will greatly affift in this bufinefs, as in 
all other like cafes, See pink at the end of this feftion. 
The Chineje lychnis is rather too tender for open cuU 
ture ; but m a choice fituation may abide moderate win- 
ters. It makes a good potted plant among myrtles and 
geraniums. 

Lychnidea, take the cuttings off clofe to the ground, 
and difcharge the tops ; and plant them in pots, or 
borders, in a place not of much fun. 

Mafter-wort (a medicinal plant) is of no great or- 
nament; but is commonly cultivated for borders of 
fhrubberies, &c. as being of low growth, and hardy 
nature. There is an alpine fort about a foot high* 

Marfh tnarigold is a plant (as its name imports) 
that will flouriQi in a wet foil ; but yet it does not do 
much amifs in a diy one. In default of a moift foil, 
any plant that requires one, fhould at leafl be aceom- 
modated with a ihady fituation, and never want water 
in fummer. 

Milk vetch is fomewfaat tender, particularly the 
feedlmgs, which fhould be protected by a garden frame 
in winter. Fox tail tort, fez biennials, 

Monkey fozver is very ornamental, and of eafy cul* 
ture, not difficult in fituation. 

Monk's hood is a poifonous plant in every part, but 
very ornamental, and commonly cultivated. Shade 
fuits it, and it will even grow under trees, or in any 
damp place, where few other things will. 

Morina is worthy of a confpicuous place in the 
garden. It has a flrong tap-root, and fhould be tranf- 
planted whilft young, that it. may not be damaged; 

but 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



but fowing in the place where it is to grow (as directed 
for the lupine) is the belt way. 

Mulleins prefer a light foil, but like a north border ; 
and the borage leaved being very low, is proper for an 
edging in a cool fhady fituation. 

Orpine, this, as all fucculent plants, fhould have a dry 
foil and fituation, and not often watered. 

Paflion flower fhould be planted againft a warm wall, 
where it may have room to fpread, as it is a very tree 
mooter. The forts are numerous, (for green-houfe 
and Jlove) but only this well fuits open culture. In 
fine fituations, and the fouthern parts of England, there 
are two more, however, that may do abroad. Prune 
it about Michaelmas, leaving the fhoots from two to 
four feet long, as the ftrength of the plants, or room, 
diftates, and a foot afunder. Before the frofts come, 
cover the roots, a yard round, with dry litter ; and re- 
new it with dry, when afterwards it gets much and 
long wet. The branches alfo fhould be covered with 
a mat (a thin one, and not over clofe) before jevere 
frofl fets in ; but uncover as foon in fpring as may be; 
or, in Ihort, in mild weather, on days through the 
winter, if not too much trouble. This flower has 
been fometimes trained to a Itake, in which cafe, 
fhorter pruning mufl take place to keep it down. It 
bears upon the young fhoots, which fhould be regu- 
larly trained in. The flowers are the glory only of a 
day, but generally a great number are produced in fuc- 
ceflion. It takes readily from cuttings, of about feven or 
eight inches long, cut in March or April, and planted in a 
good foil, kept cool by water, and fhaded from much fun. 

Pink, the forts are numerous, for feed is conftantly 
producing new varieties, occafionally one among many 
that vies with its famed predeceffors in beauty, and 
whofe fuperior excellence is not neglected by the fiorift* 
He gives it a name as f ncy directs, and it is enrolled 
in the nurjeryman s catalogue of worthies. The pink 
(as the carnathn was) might be confrdered -biennially, 
the good forts being regularly layered, Sec. every year 

Q 5 for 



LISTS OF TREES, &CC. SECT. XIX. 



for increafe : They do, however, ftand on for older 
plants, better than carnations. For propagation, &c. 
fee the end of this feclion. There is a pink called the 

ever -blooming. 

Polyanthus produces an infinity of forts from feed, 
and the florift purfues his object of obtaining prize 
flowers of this kind. The polyanthus delights in a 
loamy foil, and fhacly ntuation. It is an excellent 
edging flower for flirubberies ; though fine' blows are 
net to be expecled under trees, or in much wet. An 
eaji border is the place for producing the be ft flowers. 
For raijmg them, &c. fee the end of this feet ion. 

Plumbago, though it be a native of Italy, is hardy 
enough to abide our ordinary winters in the open 
ground. Afford it a dry. funny, fheltered fit nation, 
"which will be a means of preferving it, and alfotend 
to forward the blow, as it is fo late : Ail plants that 
produce their flowers towards the end ot autumn, 
(however hardy) fhould have a favourable afpeft, as to 
fun, left winter overtake them before they can gratify 
us with their fhow. 

Poppy, allow the e after n fort a light dry foil. 
Reed, Portugal, is curious for its lofty and ample 
growth, but rarely flowers with us. It attains to ten 
or twelve feet high, and its items are ftrong enough 
"for walking-fticks. The variegated forts come only 
to half the Tize 5 and more frequently flowers. 

Rhubarb, the common ferves for fhow, and the ribs 
of the leaves for tarts : but the Chlnefe principally, 
and then the Tartarian for medical ufes of the root ; 
The Chineje is deemed the true officinal rhubarb, 

Rocket, (fometimes called dame's violet,' and queen's 
giliiflower) the fingle is raifed from feed, and the double 
from rooted flips and cuttings. The double is rather 
uncertain in continuance, and requires fome attention, 
Cut the items down as foon as off their principal fhow 
of flowering, which is a means to help them to get 
lirong and encreafe at root ; and it is from offsets 

formed 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C 



formed in the prefent year, that they flower in the 
next. If weak, or fmall roots are planted, they fhould 
not be fuffered to blow the firffc year. To propagate 
by cuttings, do it when the ftems are about eight or 
nine inches long, (i. e. before flowering) making each: 
into two ; and plant them a little more than half way 
deep, in an eajl border, in good frefh undcnged foil. 
Keep them cool by occafional watering, and if the 
cuttings attempt to flower, be fure to nip the buds off. 
Cuttings of ftems that have flowered, will fometimes 
grow, but they make weak plants : A hand-glafs would 
be of fervice over them. See pink at the end of this 
feci ion. 

RudbecYia, or American fiw-foucer, is a little tender, 
and mult be accommodated accordingly. Like the 
rocket, it is rather (fome forts at lea ft) unapt to form 
offsets; and therefore to encourage the putting them 
forth, (without which the plant dies) the ftems may 
be cut down to prevent flowering : That is, when 
plants are more defired than flowers. 

Rufh will be proper only for places that are con- 
ftantly wet, by (landing water ; and in fuch a duration 
they will prove ornamental. 

Sarracena is a native of the bogs of North America-, 
It requires therefore a moift firuation ; but is found to 
need protection from our fharp frofts. The whole 
plant is of curious formation. It is not apt to ripen its 
feeds here, or to make offsets; fo that both are fre- 
quently imported. f 

Saxifrage plants are ufually potted to move into the 
houfe when in flower, as indeed the pyramidal in par- 
ticular fhould be ; but they are all very hardy, except 
the Jlrawberry fort, (not very handfome) which is too 
tender to endure much wet and cold. 

Senna, of Maryland, mull have a dry foil and warm 
situation. It is annual in ftalk, and therefore the 
roots may be well protected in winter : This flower 
makes a very handfome fhow. 

Q 6 Solomon's 



LISTS OT TREES, &C SECT. XIX. 



Solomon s feal is in greater variety, and there is one 
with double flowers. They all fait well in fhady and 
moifl: places. 

Starworts are in general of that hardy nature, that 
they will flower almoft any where, and increafe apace 
from the lead flip. They are apt, however, to lofe 
their lower leaves, in proportion to the fliade, cold, 
and wet, they grow in; and the Alpine fort 'will re- 
quire an open fituation, though, like the others, a {tiff* 
moift foil fuits it. There are other forts. The three 
laft, as blowing late, and not rampant, may be planted 
near the houfe. 

Stock, this plant is rather of a biennial nature, but 
generally of longer duration. It is proper to pot and 
place in a window, on account of its fize, rifing only 
a few inches. It is fweet and floriferous, and alto- 
gether very proper for an edging. 

Sifyrinchum, allow it an eaft border, but dry foil ; 
and as it is a fmall flower, potiornQ. 

Throatwort, the two firft forts are clafTed with cam- 
panulas. The latter, which is the proper, or mountain 
blue throatwort, likes the fhade, but rauft have a light 
dry foil. This, as the f nap -dragon, and fome others, 
will grow in the cracks of walls, &c. and continue 
longer in fuch a fituation, than a better : In moll foils 
it proves often biennial. 

Whitlozv grafs is a wild (medicinal) herb, that grows 
on roofs and walls of old houfes, and rubbifli heaps; 
1>ut makes a pretty dwarf fpring flower as an edging, 
&c. in a poor foil. 

Worm grafs is a very neat little plant, with a flower 
bright red without, and a deep orange within. 



List 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF ^REES, &C. 



49 



* * # * * ♦ 

List of bulbous, tuberous, and flefloy -routed 
perennials. 

1 Aconite, or winter wolf's bane, yellow flower, Feb. 

2 Albuca, or baftard ftar of Bethlehem, (leaft) yel. June 

3 greater, or fpear leaved, red flowered, June 

4 talleft, with fpined clutters of wh. flow. June 

2 Anemone, doub. broad and narrow leav. variety, May 

2 com. wood, doub. wh. pur. blue, red, March 

2 Appenine wood, doub. blue, pur. wh. April 

2 yellow wood, or ranunculus anemone, April 

pulfatilla, fee pafque flower 

3 Afphodtl, or king's fpear, yellow and white,/, r. June 

2 ■ hollow leaved, and dwarf, white, J\ r. June 
I Bidbocodium, or mountain fafTron, purple, April 

I Colchicum, com. ling, and doub. pur. pink, wh. Sec, Sept, 

I variegated flow, and a ltriped leaved, Sept. 

I ■ mountain, (Spaniih) red and ft rip. red, Aug. 

i . eaftern, varieg. leaf, chequered flow. Aug. 

4 Comfrej, oriental, blue (April) and German, yel. June 
4 Cornflag, or fword-lily, crimf. red, pur. andwh. June 

i Crocus, fpring, yellows, a variety, plain and ft rip. March 

i ditto, blues, purples, white, pi. and ftrip. March 

I autumnal, or fafTron, pur. blue, wh. yel. Oft. 

3 Crowfoot, Alpine plantain leaved, white, April 
fee crowfoot, laft lift 

3 : Pyrenean grafs leaved, yellow, May 

4 Crown imperial, ling, and doub. reds and yellows, May 

4 double crowned, triple crowned, May 

4 gold, and filver ftriped leaved, May 

1 Cyclamen, European, fpring and autumn, pur. wh. April 
3 Daffodil, a variety of yellows, fing. and doub. April 

3 ■■■ double yellow, with cup in cup, April 

3 — yel. with wh. cup, and wh. with yel. cup, April 

4 tradefcants large double yellow, April 

2 ' dwarf, or fhort-ftalked yellow, March 

£ Daffodil, 



S5Q 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



SECT. XIX, 



I Daffodil, hoop petticoat, or rmh-leaved yellow, April 

3 — odorous, or fweet-fcented ftarry, yel. April 

white, fee narciffus 

fea > fee pancratium 

1 Dog's-tooth violet > purples, red and white, April 

I • narrow leaved, colours ditto, April 

4 Dcg's-hane, (tuberous afclepias) orange coloured, July 

2 Dropworty doub.flow. andvarieg. leaved, white, June 

3 Fritillarj, common, and Pyrenean, a variety, April 

1 Fumatoryy folid, and hollow rooted, red, pur. wh. April 
Gladiolus, fee Cornflag, 

2 Herb -true Jove, nodding, and feffile flowered, pur. April 
2 Hyacinth , a great variety, white, red, blue, &c. May 

3 tufted, (or fair-haired) bl. pur. and wh, Api il 

i — Spanilh nodding lowered, red, April 

^ amethyftine, a deep blue colour, March 

3 mufk fcented, purple and yellow, April 

4 monftrous flowered, or feathered, blue, April 

1 grape forts, blue, white and grey, April 

2 lily, (yellow rooted) a blue itar flow, June 

1 — Peruvian (carry, blue and white, May 

2 — Italian and Byzantine ftarry, blue, April 

i - Englilh ftarry, (autumn fquill) blue, Sept* 

I bell flowered ftarry, white with pur, May 

— Indian tuberous, fee tuberofe 

3 Jonquily Angle, femi and double yellow, April 

4 Iris, or flag, or variety, pur. blue, yel. wh. &c. June 
4 — — ftriped leaved ft inking gladwin, purple, July 

^ _ — Siberian narrow leaved, blue with white, July 
i — — dwarf Auftrian, purp. blue, red and white, May 

i vernal, or dwarf Virginian, blue, May 

3 fnake's head, or tuberous iris, purple, May 

3 Xiphiumy or Spanifh bulbous, a variety, June 

i Perfean bulbous, finely variegated, March 

I bulbous Sijyrinchiumy blue and yellow, June 

i Jxlay large flowered, or crocus leaved, variety, June 
I Chinefe fword leaved, yellow with red, July 

4 Liljy com, ring, anddoub. wh. orange and fiery, June 
3 ftriped flowered, purple ar*i white, June 

3 ftriped leaved, of white and orange forts, June 

3 dwarf ftalked, orange, or red flowered, June 

Lily, 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C, 



4 Lily, Conftantinople, dependent flowered, Jane 

4 proliferous, or many flowered ditto, June 

4 com. martagon, or Turk's cap, purple, June 

4 ditto, wh. red, imperial and double, June, July 

4 pompony martagons, feveral colours, June 

4 Chalcedonian martagons, fcarlet and purp. July 

4 fuperb pyramidal martagon, variegated, July 

4 Canadian martagou, plain, and fpotted yel. Aug. 

4 day, or lily afphodei, yel, and tawny red, June 

i daffodil, or autumnal narcilTus, yellow, September 

1 ■ atamafco amaryllis, carnation coloured, July 

3 Guewfey fcarlet and belladonna purple, Sept. 

3 pancratium common, and illyrian, wh. Aug. July 

Martagons, fee lily above 

Me a do zv faff ton, fee colchicum 

2 Moly, (flowering garlick) yel. wh. purp. and red, June 
4 '■ magicum, vidorialis, and defcendens, pur. July 

3 Narcffns, poet's daffodil, variety in cup, wh. May 

3 peerlefs, or two coloured, wh. and yel. April 

3 polyanthus, or multiflorus, ditto 

2 late flowering, yellow cup, white, Augufl 

z _ hoop petticoat, Sec. fee daffodil 

2 Orchis, perennial, purples, reds and white, June, .7. 
2 biennial bee, or gnat orchis, red, June, d. 

Ornithogalum,' fee ftar of Bethlehem 
x Orohus, tuberous, or wood pea, red flower, May 
fibrous rooted, fee laft Hit 

4 P&otty, com. fing. doub. reds, pur. black, white, May 

4 — Constantinople, large flower, blood red, June 

4 ■ - , Portugal fweet-fcented, deep red, May 

3 fmall narrow leaved, red flowered, May 

3 dwarf, with a white flower, May 

2 Pafquefloiver, or Pulfatilla, bl. red and wh. April 

2 Siberian, or alpine yellow, April " 

Pilevjort, fee ranunculus fic aria 
2 Ranunculus, planted leaved Alpine, white* April 

2 grafs leaved Pyrenean, ft raw col. May 

3 grandiflorous, or oriental great yel. May 

1 — ficaria, or pileivort, double yellow, April 

2 — — Turkey, or turban, red, fear. yel. black. May 

i , . Per/ian, a great variety, fine colours, May 

6 Ranunculus^ 



55£ LISTS OF TREES, &C, SECT. XIX. 

Ranunculus, fee crowfoot, laft lift 

2 Saxifrage, granulous rooted, double white, May 

1 Snow-drop, fingle, femi -double, and double, white, Feb. 

3 great, fpring, fummer and autumn forts 

4 Spider -wort, favoy, (Bruno's hly ) and others, wh. June, m. 

4 -- Virginia, (trade/cants ) blue, pur. &c. ditto 

4 Squill, or common fea-onion, white flower, June, a\ 

4 Star of Bethlehem, pyramidal Portugal, white, June 

4 Arabian, or Alexandrian lily, ditto 

I common wild, greenifh white, May 

i ditto, with yellow flower, April 

3 Tooth-wort, bulbiferous, feven iobed, purple, June 

4 Tuberofe, {ingle and double flowered, white, July 

4 Tuhp, double, a variety, yel. and red ftriped, &c. June 

4 parrot, or hooked-leaved, ditto, June 

4 Turkey forts, ftriped, great variety, May 

2 ditto, early dwarfs, a variety, April 

2 wild European, fmall yellow flower, April 

"%* The propagation of flowers in this lift, is generally 
by offsets, or pieces of roots, having an eye, or bud, to it, 
Moft of them may be raifed alfo from feed ; but this is a 
tedious method, and not ordinarily pra&ifed, except by 
curious florifts. See page 284. 

Some of this lift, as moft of the bullous and tuberous roots, 
may be kept out of ground a long time, others a fhorter ] 
{fee page 286) but thofe denominated flejhy roots, muft 
either be planted immediately, or at leaft in a few days* 
It is common to them all to be taken out of ground for 
removal, as foon as their leaves decay, the roots then being 
in a ftate of reft, which is naturally longer, or moiter, in 
different plants ; and if they ftay in the ground till new 
fibres are (hot, they are always removed with damage, if 
not death. 

OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 

Albuca is too tender a bulb to endure much wet and 
froft, and therefore is ufually planted in pots, for put- 
ting under fhelter (as in a frame, &c.) in winter; but 
mayhz protected -in the-bpen ground, by covering with 

3 glafs, or garden-pot, towards the end of autumn, to 



SFXT. XIX. LISTS OF TRE£S, &C 



363 



keep the roots dry ; and before lharp frofts come, 
covering round with litter. By fuch a pra&ice, feveral 
forts of tender things that die down to the ground, may 
be p refer ved abroad. 

Anemone, the garden (in contradiftinftion to the 
wood) we have in great variety of very* fine forts, di- 
vided generally into two kinds; i.e. narrow and broad 
leaved ; the latter is the hardier. The full doubles 
only are efteemed choice flowers ; but the femi-doubka, 
and Angles, are fhowy enough for ordinary borders, 
The fmgk, or poppy anemomes, (fo called from their 
form) frequently blow as early as February, or fooner : 
and thus become valuable, for decorating the ground 
at fo dreary a feafon, The wood kinds bear large 
flowers ; and are very ufeful ornaments for the borders 
of Shrubberies^ See. at an early feafon, for which rea- 
fon, they (hould be planted in the moll frequented 
fhady places. 

Colchicum, or meadow fafiron, flowers about Af/- 
chaelmas, and may be kept out of ground from May 
(or decay of the Uaf) to Mid Auguji. It is a remark- 
able property of this flower, (not however peculiar to 
it alone) that it makes its appearance before the leaves, 
which grow all winter and fpring. The colchlcums 
are pretty plants for the end of the flowery feafon, 
(OclobtrJ which makes them eftimable objects near 
the hopfe, where they may be often feen. The flower 
fometimes called fpring cokhicum, is the bulbocodium, 
which fee. 

Cyclamen, the forts flowering in winter (Perjian) 
are too tender for open culture ; but clofe under a 
warm wall, with occafional protection of a hand-glafs, 
they have fucceeded. A culture of this nature is ra- 
ther to be attempted, as houfing (except in places where 
they have much air) does not fuit them ; the roots 
often moulding and rotting when kept clofe. The 
colours of the Perjian forts are red, purple and white. 
Let them have a light, and deeply dug dry foil, not too 

much 



354. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 



much water, and none at all after the leaves begin to 
decay ; for the roots then ceafing to aft, would fuffer 
by abforbing much w : et, the leaves not performing 
their office of drawing it up, and difcharging it. This 
observation applies to all bulbs and tubers, (in a degree; 
though few are fo liable to rot as thefe. 

Fritillary is of feveral colours, plain, chequered and 
fpotted, white, purple, black, red, and yellow. The 
kinds are broad and narrow leaved ; and there is a 
large double fort, a tall Pe r]idn\ (three feet high) and a 
dwarf Perjian, about half fize, both having deep pur- 
ple flowers. 

Jonquil, or rufh -leaved daffodil, has been always 
juiily admired for a very neat fweet flower ; but we 
do not fo often meet with it, as might be expefted. 
The fingle kinds are the moft fragrant, and the large 
double is fcentlefs. It is proper always to > pot fome, in 
order to bring them into the houfe when in flower, 
for their agreeable perfume. 

Iris, the four firft forts rather prefer a fliady moift 
fituation ; but will grow any where, and are commonly 
planted in odd fpare corners of ground. 

Jxias are, for the moft part, green -houfe and Jiove 
plants ; but thefe two forts are found hardy enough to 
do ordinarily in open borders, in a light dry foil, and 
warm fituation, a little proteftion being afforded them 
in fevere weather. 

Lily is a very ornamental and hardy flower in all 
its varieties, encreafing abundantly, and needing only 
to be removed every three or four years, for the pur- 
pofeof taking away the offsets, and renewing the foil, 
for a fuperior blow. The whites will not keep out of 
ground above one month, but the orange tor leverah 
The white will flower tolerably in (hade, but the orange 
much better ; and as it is a gay flower, it ferves well 
to enliven plantations. The martagons are generally 
not nice as to foil and fituation ; but the fcarlet and 
yellow forts, and ftriped lily, mould- have a light dry 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



555 



foil, and fun. The Jingle white lilies are verv fweet i. 
but the doubles are inodorous, as is the cafe with fome 
other flowers, the fragrance arifing from the Jlamina and 
anthers, which are often fmothered by numerous petals.* 
The Atamajcoi Gucr/ifcy, belladonna, and pancratium 
lilies, are tender, and mould have a warm, or a good 
auricula foil, a full funny border, and well fheitered 
fituation ; protect alfo from much wet in cold ieafons, 
and afford fecurity from fro ft. Thefe are very elegant 
and noble Bowers, and the Guernfey lily is equal to, if 
not beyond, any plant in the flowery creation : This 
is, however, thfetendereft of the four: then the bclla- 
donna , and pancratium lily, ox feci daffodil ; the atama/co 
is the har.iieft. All of them are ufually potted for re- 
moving into fheher ; but they may be managed (fee 
alkuca) fo as to do abroad, except in the more northern 
and bleak parts of this ifland : They blow much the 
finer in open ground, (all things going on well) the 
roots having a free fcope to draw nourishment, &c. 

Orchis is rather difficult of culture : It likes a dry 
barren foil, and the roots mould betaken up (from the 
places it grows wild) jujl as the leaves decay after 
flowering ; and with a ball of earth about them, as 
then the chance of fucceeding is much greater. Upon 
removal, let them be planted directly, and remain in 
their places for years. 

Paony t the {ingle kinds are fhowy, but the doubles 
are nobly ornamental. Let this flower have room, 
as it will fpread (when in full fized bunches) a yard 
round : and let it be planted out of the way of the full 
fun, and of much wind, that the flowers may continue. 
It need not be removed for many years, and will grow 
in any foil and fituation, even among trees, which 
adapts it for fnrubberies, &c. The forts are divided 
into male and female; and the former, having loft its 
flower, produces pods, containing rich crimfon grains, 
interfperfed with black berries, that look very pretty 
when burft ; and may be gathered as foon, or rather 

juft 



$56 LISTS OF TREES, &C SECT. XIX. 

jult before they open, brought into the houfe, and put 
m vials, &c. as curiofities. Let this root be removed 
early in September, or at lead before the month is 
out, before new fibres are formed to the knobs of the 
roots. 

• Pilezvori, (the double, prefers a fhady moift fixa- 
tion ; and is a pretty wild plant, though an humble 
trailer. It is called fornetirnes the lejjer celandine % and 
alio figwort erroneoufly. 

Ranunculus, in all its forts, is vary ornamental ; but 
the Perfian kinds are beautiful, and of infinite variety. 
This flower is furely left too much to the culture of 
profefTed forifls ; for why mould not every garden be 
adorned with it, feeing, that a little care, and not 
much fkill is neceffary in the management : it is hardy 
and encreafes freely. See pages 285, 288. 

Saxifrage roots of the double forts are hke fo many 
fmall peas, and mould be planted five or fix together, 
in order to form a full tuft of its flowers, which are 
full and white like a flock. The ftems, being flender, 
will need the fupport of a light flick, which it is befl: 
to fix in the middle at the time of planting, as putting 
one in afterwards might injure the roots. All folid 
rooted plants are liable to be hurt by pufhing in a flick 
too near for tying to ; more care fhould be taken in the 
bufinefs than ufually is : The praft ice of placing a flick 
at the time of planting is befl, becaufe it may then be 
fixed clofe : and it ferves to fhow where the roots are, 
that they may not be difturbed before they appear above 
ground. This faxifrage is ufually and properly potted 9 
though it does very well in borders, and makes a good 
appearance. 

Spider-wort thrives befl in fhade andmoifture. 

Star of Bethlehem, the two laft forts, are proper for 
the edges of borders in plantations ; and the pyramidal 
fort is a proper flower to pot, mixing with others very 
ornamentally : The two firft fhould have a light dry 
foil, and are fomewhat tender. 

Squill 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, 8tC. 35? 



Squill will need a little protection from hard f oils • 
but is fufficiently ornamental to reward the trouble. 

Tooth-ivort thrives bell in fhade and moifture. 

Tuberofe, there is a dwarf (talked, and a variegated 
leaf fort of, but they are not fo worthy of cultivation 
as the common Tingle and double ; of which two the 
Jingle is preferable, as it blows better, and is more 
fragrant. See the end of this feftion. 

Tulip (the Turkey) is claffed into two forts; the 
taller, called ferotines, or late blowers ; and the fhorter, 
pracoces, or early blowers ; fome have made another 
diftinc~tion, medias, but it is not neceffary. The plain 
tulips (as they generally are when they firft blow 
from feed) are called zuhole blowers, or breeders ; and 
according as they break into other colours, ftripes, and 
variegations, (after tranfplantations) are denominated 
and claffed into baguettes, bybloemens, verports, and 
bizarres. The dwarf forts blow early, as March and 
April, (the duke van to! earlier) allow them therefore a 
warm border and dry foil, to preferve them from froft 
and wet, which they are rather impatient of. Thefe 
are often potted and forced on a hot-bed, &c, or brought 
forward by water-glaffes, in a warm room ; but an 
increafe of offsets, is only to be expefted from open 
ground culture, and even there thefe early forts do it 
fparingly. Take them up every year to remove the 
offsets, and renew the foil ; and keep each fort feparate, 
and plant them fo, for then they will blow together, 
and be ail of one height. There are about fifty of the 
early forts ; but the number of choice fancy tulips if 
more than eight hundred. 

* # # 4fr * # 

The following articles are detached as mofl con- 
veniently inferted here : 

Auricula is increafed by parting the roots, or flip- 
ping rooted offsets from them; but offsets witnout 

roots 



3.i>8 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 

roots will fometimes ftrike, if well managed, by fet- 
ting them in a good foil, (in pots bell) where they 
have bat little fun, and keeping them cool by occafional 
watering. When the roots are divided, fin Augujl) 
let it be with a (harp knife ; and cutting off any can- 
kered part, fhorten alio their ends, and let not the tap 
part of the root be too long. 

The foil for auriculas fhould be a good frefh light 
loamy maiden one, to which is added one third of wood 
.'.V, or zvilh w earth, one of lea. or any fharp, or drift 
[and; and a quantity, equal to the whole, of rotted 
com filing, or in lieu of this, horfe dung. This mixture 
fhould be well incorporated, at leaft a year before, by 
frequent turning over, which ought to be repeated once 
a month without fail. 

In winter fome protection is neceffary; but auriculas 
are not very impatient of frofl, which rarely hurts them 
if dry. Do not follow the cuftom of fome perfons. who 
lay the pots on their fides in winter to keep them 
dry, and to cover with firaw, &<L For a (heft -time 
about Chrijhnas it mav be allowed ; but foon after, as 
they begin to ftir in the fhoot, it gives the bud a twill, 
if they remain long in this pofture. The beft way to 
guard from fnow, wet, and fevere troll, is either by 
irames, or plunging under a jouth wall. Place a bit oi 
tile at the bottom to keep out worms ; and il the foil is 
moid, lav fome drift land, or fine afhes round their 
fides, and over the tops. 

Drefs the pots towards the end of January, for then 
the plants begjn to pufh for flower, and mull be at- 
tended to. and ailifled. Strip off dead leaves. Take 
as much of the top mould off as can be, without difturb- 
ing, or b railing the roots.; and fill up with the ecrnpeji^ 
a little pre fled down. If the pots are dry from the 
iheiter afforded them, give a little fort water in mild 
weatheu about ten in the morning, and fail not to 
water duly* as the plants pufh forward. 



SECT. XIX. 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



359 



Auriculas in blow fhouid be protected from rain, 
wind, and fun, and their perns fupported by little neat 
(lender formed tricks, or (trait ones, and tied with 
thread ; and when out of blow, fhouid be fet out of the 
fun, but not under trees. 

Shift or tranf plant auriculas every fccond year, and 
that as foon as they are out of blow ; thofe, however, 
that produce many offsets, or are luxuriant growers, 
may be fhifted every year. The more common prac- 
tice is to move all in Auguft. 

To raife auriculas from the feed, in February, fill 
boxes, or pots, with fine fifted middling comport ; 
fmooth the top perfectly level ; fcatter the feeds evenly, 
and cover not more than the thicknefs of a {hilling. 
Set the pots, &c. on tiles, or boards, under a warm 
wall, and keep the furface moid. It is a good way 
to mix the feed with a like quantity (or a little more) 
oifine wood afhes ; and to lay fome fmall pieces of furze, 
or light thorns over. Remove them (as weather dictates) 
to (heker,or protefet them from cutting wind, much troll, 
or heavy rain, &c. and by May expect them to appear, 
when take the furze off, and cover with a net ; let 
them have only the morning fun, keep them moift, and 
when they have got fix leaves, prick them out three 
inches afunder, in boxes, or pots; and early in the next 
fpring, plant them at fix inches afunder, .and protect 
from wet and frail. 

Carnation is ufually propagated by layers, (iometirnes 
by pipings or cuttings, as pinks) about Midfummer, or 
as foon after in the fealon as they will admit of it, 
by their length and ftrength, and the work is thus : 
Strip off the leaves from the lower part of the flioot; 
at the middle, of it, clofe below the joint, cut it hauf 
through by an upward direction, with a thin, narrow, 
iharp knife, and continue the flit exactly up th§ middle 
from half to three fourths of an inch; peg the flioot 
down into the earth (being before well loofened) as 
low as it will bear bending, fetting the layer upright. 



360 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



SECT. XIX. 



This bufinefs rrruft be clone with a careful hand, left 
the layer fhould fnap off. Now, or rather before, cut 
off the ends of the longeft of the top leaves, that the 
worms may not draw them in, and difturb the layer. 
The foil (fine and good) may be raifed about the 
layers as occafion requires. Water them to fet the 
earth clofe, and always keep it cool. In fix weeks, or 
two months, they will be rooted, fit for tranfplanting ; 
cut them from the old plant (at the peg) with a (harp 
knife, and take them up carefully, that their very ten- 
der roots may not be broken off, keeping a little mould 
about them, if poftible : btit plant them not deep, as 
they are then liable to decay. 

The foil proper for carnations, is a hazelly, or fandy 
loam, procured from a pafture, by a fpit of about eight 
inches depth, the turf being well broke, frequently 
turned, and laid fo long together, as to be nearly con- 
fumed ; then add a little lime, (or not) and one third, 
or one fourth, of very rotten dung, [coivs belt) and 
let this be well mixed, till thoroughly incorporated, 
which will be fome months firft ; then fcreen it, or fift 
through a coarfe fieve. The foil for carnations mull 
be rich ; but yet dung is found fo injurious to carnations, 
that fome florifts depend upon a good frefh foil alone ; 
carnations are alfo (except in fummer) impatient of 
much tvet. See to them in the ivinter and give pots of 
them p rot eft ion from great fnows and froft, by frames, 
or mats on hoops, fet rather high. Turf ajhes, or thofe 
of any vegetable, may be mixed with a irefh maiden 
foil, but not too freely for a compojl : A [mall quantity 
of fine foot, or wood a/hes, may be alfo ufech Drefs 
pots of carnations in March, as dire£led for the auricula, 
Take care not to plant too fmall pots. 

To raife carnations from feed, fow thin in boxes, 
or pots, (in a foil as above] early in April, and let 
them have only the morning fun, When advanced a 
little in growth, (as about Midfummer ) take the firft 
opportunity of moift weather, and prick them out at 

three 



SECT. XIX. LISTS Or TREES, &C- Z61 

three or four inches afunder, into open ground, and 
give a little water. If dry weather, contrive to [hade 
*hem about ten days, or a fortnight, with mats hooped 
t)ver, which remove in fliady, or fhowery weather. 
When they have grown here a month, or fix weeks, 
(or before Auguji is oat) plant them in a bed, where 
they are to blow, at nine or ten inches diftance, and 
lhade, if neceffary. See January. Seed is beft laved 
from good feedling plants, rather than thofe long propa- 
gated from layers, &c. Guard againft mice in winter. 

Geranium, African, ( Pelargonium ) is propagated by 
feed* and cuttings. The former produces the moft free 
growing plants ; but as luxuriance is not defirable in 
things confined to pots, (as geraniums mud be) and as 
the propagation by cuttings is fo eafy and expeditious, 
it is the mode of culture that generally prevails. The 
young plants from cuttings are alfo hardier than thofe 
\\xm\ feed. If raifed from feed, low in April, in a light 
and good foil, warm border, and under a hand-glafs, 
keeping the earth fomcwhat moilt ; but it is beft to make 
ufe of a gentle hot-bed, giving plenty of air to the plants, 
when they appear, which on natural ground will be five 
or fix weeks in coming up, and on a moderate heat about 
three. If railed from cuttings, ufe (hoots of the Iaft 
year's growth, (trait and Ihort jointed. Plant them in 
a fine rich foil", two or three inches, or at the moft four 
deep, and eight or nine inches afunder, or lefs, if more 
convenient. Or the rule may be, to plant the fhorter 
cuttings in two thirds of their length, and the longer 
one half ; but it is an error. 1 put them in the ground 
fo deep as fome people do. Thofe raifed on a little 
heat will be Efficiently rooted in two months to tranf- 
piant into fmall pots ; ((hortening the longer roots a 
little) and thofe in the cold ground will be ready in 
three months, and fometimes lefs. A hand-glafs fet 
over geranium cuttings (or any other) will greatly fa- 
cilitate the bufinefs, as is dire&ed for pinks. l{ tie 
cuttings are raw. or long, take the upper part off down 



LISTS 0? TREES, &C SECT. XIX. 

to an eye. If a hand-glafs is not ufed, lay fomemofs 
round the cuttings to keep the ground cool. In gene- 
ral it may be proper to keep the cuttings out of ground 
a day, or two ; but the foft and fucculent ones fhould 
by all means, in order to dry the ends, and fo heal the 
wound, which, if put dire&ly in the ground, might 
decay and rot. 

The proper feafon for planting is from Mid-May to 
Mid- July : a little earlier, or later, may however do : 
Some chufe to forward them oh heat, in March and 
April ; but they muft not be kept clofe. It is advife- 
able to take cuttings from towards the top of plants, in 
order to keep them down ; but where they can be beft 
fpared (as to the form of the plant) is the general rule. 
Pot them in Augujl or September, according to the 
time the cuttings were put in : The former time is 
much the beft, and June cuttings will be rooted. 

The management of geraniums is, to keep them from 
frofi, and as much as may be from harjh winds, par- 
ticularly in the fpring ; as after being houfed all win- 
ter, they are then tender, and far lefs able to bear 
unkind weather, than in autumn ; when having been 
ufed to the external ajr, and the colder weather 
coming on by degrees, they are feldom hurt much, 
but by abfolute froft. In the fpring, they muft be 
brought to bear air by degrees, and the more carefully, 
according as the winter has occafioned them to be 
more or lefs deprived of the external air being let in 
upon them. When the weather is mild in April, let 
them be taken out in the day, (if convenient) and put 
in on nights ; and venture them not wholly abroad till 
Mid-May, or after. In the fummer, they fhould be 
placed in (belter and jhade \ but not under trees, or any 
roof : The morning fan is all they (hould have, for 
more of it dries the mould in the pots too fall, and 
fades the flowers. They will want frequent watering, 
fee page £77. They may take up their jurnmer refi- 
dence about Mid-May, (as direfted) but the feafon 
2 rau ft 



V 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF THREES, &C. . 5 4 > 

mull: govern ; and it will not do to bring them t out in v 
a harfh one, which would pinch up the leaves, and 
deprive them of their beauty. If put clofe under a 
Jbuth wall for a week or two at firft, it would be pro-, 
per ; or an awning of mats might be ufed for nights. 

Shifting geraniums fhould generally take place once 
a year, from fmaller pots into others one fize bigger : 
This may be in the firil mild weather in April, or ' May. 
Loofen, and take off the top mould down to the roots* 
.(without damaging them} then turn the pot up, and 
gently lhake it out. If the roots adhere to the fides of 
the pot, give the edge a tap upon the knee, or fomething 
elfe, and a little prellure at the hole, with the thumb, or 
finger, at the fame time, which will help to discharge 
it. Pare off the matted roots round the fides and bot* 
•torn, with a jharp knife ; and plant it in a frefti poc, 
(or the fame again may fometimes do) putting in as 
much fine light rich mould, or compofr, at the bottonij 
as will raife the ball of earth, which is about the roots, 
within, an inch of the top of the pot then fill round 
.the fides, putting the mould by little and little in, and 
preffmg it down gently, make all level to the top within 
half an inch; finally, give a watering that fhall fcak to 
the bottom, and fprinkle fome dry mould over. All 
ihifted plants fhould be kept rather in the fhade for a 
week or two till ready to ilrike root, 

If anyj?/V/b are to the plants, they mud hie taken 
away firil, and replaced (if neceflary) again before 
watering, or rather the next day, if the plapts will 
Hand up without. This may be a proper time to trim 
off all dangling, or too crowding fnoots ; but if cut- 
tings are w r anted for encreafe, they fhould not be trim* 
vied till thefe are to be planted. At any rate* dead 
leaves, or unfightly crooked parts, fhould be difcharged, 
and fymmetry, in a fnug round head, provided for. 
Geraniums are. free growers, and it is always, advife* 
able to take off fome Ihoots to keep them dow r n and in 
jformo A .few. of .the plants, that moft need it (as leaft 

R % hand- 



S64< 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. 



SECT. XIX,. 



handfome or healthy) fhould be /evenly cut, for a late 
blow, which generally proves ifine one in confequence. 
A judicious regular ufe of neat {lender flicks is of much 
advantage to geraniums, or other potted plants. 

What has been faid of geraniums, applies to all 
thofe Exotics, called Greenhouje Plants, in the ma- 
nagement of which, it is a material thing not to fhift 
into too large pots, as the roots run dire&ly to the out- 
fides, and fo would be too haftily brought to require the 
biggefl pots. Another thing is, to take off fome of the 
top foil, not only as dire&ed in fprlng, but once or 
twice in the fummer; and always before houfing in au- 
tumn^ and replacing it with a rich compofl, as one of 
aim oft all rotten cow dung, which being black, is the 
moft fuitable to the eye, and it is cool and nourifhing. 

It is material to nealnejs, and the end of ornament, 
(for which plants are chiefly potted) that the pots- 
Ihould be occafionally warned, or fcoured, and by no 
means fuffered to get mouldy. This is a point fo little 
attended to, that we fometimes fee a beautiful plant in 
a very difgufting habitation. It is equally offenfive, 
and injurious, to fuffer the furface earth to get mofly, 
or caked hard by the neceflary waterings ; to prevent 
which, often ftir it a little depth, and lay it fmooth, 
which makes all look creditable. 

Pinks are fometimes layered, or more ufually pro- 
pagated by cuttings, or pipings, about MidJutnmer ; and 
may be alfo by Jlips, fet in March, April, or May, 
with, or without roots, four inches afunder. Cuttings 
ihould be young ftrong moots of three or four inches 
long, taken off juft below a joint ; from which flap- 
ping the lower leaves, and cutting the top ones fhort, 
plant them in a fine good foil, about two inches afun- 
der, and in depth full half of their length. They will 
ftrike root, fo as to be fit to move, in feven or eight 
weeks, with a little earth about their roots ; or may 
be left to an early time in the fpring ; but where this 
is defignec), they will be bed fix inches afunder. They 

may 



SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. SGt> 

may be either put in pots, or borders, where they are 
to blow,' or rather into a nurfery-bed, to grow T a year 
at fix inches diftance. Pipings are obtained by drawi;;^ 
the heads of the young fhoots out of their fockets, of 
the length of cuttings. In both methods, pu(h the [hoots 
carefully into the earth, gently prefs the mould about 
them, and give a watering ; fhade alfo from much fun. 
They will Itrike more certainly, and much fooner by 
being covered clofe with a hand-glaj$\ as much as 
poffible air-tight. They muft be kepi cool, by occa- 
sional watering ; but when under glafs, they will not 
need fo much watering or {hading, or may do without 
any ; for though the inclofed air is warmer, it is always 
more humid, which refrefhes the cuttings with anfwer- 
able' fupply for their fupport ; and it is this moifture and 
warmth that facilitates the growth. When they ap- 
pear to be growing, the glaffes muft be raifed, and in a 
ihort time removed. To raije pinks from feed, follow 
the direftions given for carnations. 

Polyanthus is propagated by parting the roots in 
autumn, or (for new varieties) by feed fown and ma- 
naged (nearly) as direfted for auriculas : But as this 
flower is not fo delicate in the cultivation, it may be 
fown in borders, where there is only the morning fun, 
any time from Avguft to April ; and as foon as the 
plants are at all big enough to prick out, fet them four 
inches afunder; and fome time in Augujl, plant at fix 
inches, where they are to remain for their firft blow ; 
.which fhould be attended to, in order to mark the beft 
flowers, dividing thefe into two forts, prime and mid- 
dhng ; and the reft may be either planted into ordinary 
ground in plantations, &c. or call away : There will 
be but few real good ones in a great many ; but the cul- 
ture of this plant is fo eafy, that it is worth while to try 
for them. Some tow in pots, and boxes, in December^ 
placing them in the fun, and houfing them in feVere 
weather; and when the plants appear, fet them in art 
-eajt afpect, left much fun dsdlrov the young plants ; 

R 3 ' i early 



LISTS OF TREES, &C. fE'CT. XIX, 

iarly in autumn, or fpring, is however better : The 
Jted may be covered a little lefs than" a quarter of an 
inch. Both feeds and feedling plants mould have oc- 
ean on a! watering, as ffioiffure lints them. 

A eompoft for the polyanthus is a light loam, (as the 
firil'fpit from the pafture rotted down with the Htff) 
and about one fourth part eoiv dtwg or wood pile earth. 
If the loam is ftrong, a little drift fand amongft it will 
be proper. The polyanthus grows any where, but a 
cool foil and fituation fuits it beft; and feme compoj}^ 
as the above, with an eafl border, is necefFary in order 
to a capital full truffed blow, 

Tuberofe is blown fineft in a hot-houfe ; but if planted 
in pots, and plunged at the bask of a hot-bed frame, 
3t fucceeds very well. This will be beft done about 
Mid- April, as fooner they are apt to get too tall before 
they can fafely be expofed abroad. Provide a good 
frefh light earth, and ufe no dung, except a little rich 
and dungy, to lay an inch below the bottom of the 
fyjfb ; fill the pots only three parts, and place the root 
only half w T ay, or a little more, in it. Let the mould 
be fome.what moift, but give no water till the ftoot 
appears, and then moderately ; at which time, fill up 
the pot, juft to cover the bulb, which fhould be but 
barely hid, when the pot is fall; The beft fhaped pots 
Sbx bulbous roots is, when they ftand high, and the bot- 
toms are as wide as the top ; and the fize for the tube* 
rofe fhould be thofe of eight or nine inches diameter at 
top, according as the bottom is for width ; for the more 
fpace below, the lefs is required above. 

As the [hoots advance in growth, the more air muft 
fce giv£n ; and as freely as poffible on mild days, {hut- 
ting clofe on cold nights, and almoft fo on moderate 
ones. When they get too high for the frames, and 
the feafon is forward, with kind weather, they may be 
plunged in the ground, clofe under a warm wall ; and 
a covering of mat contrived to proteft them a while 
en nights, or may do if left to take their chaixe. If 

the 

i 



SECT. XIX. LISTS CF TREES, &C. 367 

the weather is foal, they may be houfed in a good 
window, fcr a week or a fortnight, and then put in 
the ground as directed above. Here let them remain, 
giving eccafional watering , (and freely in dry weather) 
tiil in flower ; when the h:ujl (allowing them light and 
fun) will be their proper reudence, for their fine power- 
ful fcent, and to proteQ the blow, that it may the 
longer continue. In their flowering ftate, they will 
want much water. 

The hect cn which this flower is forwarded fhould 
be moderate, othenvife it will r;.n up too faft. If 
planted under a feu!': wall in May, covering the root 
aiout an inch, and guarding againft much wet till it 
is growing, it will do for a late blow : A hand-glafs of 
courfe would be ferviceable, both to aflift it in (hoot- 
ing, and (belter it from unkind weather ; but clofe 
covering is as much as poffible to be avoided. Frefh 
rcots are imported every year;— the double never 
flowers twice with us,, but the Angle may, if kept in 
a dry warm room. 



SECTION 



SECTION XX, 



A CALENDAR. 

THE general work of gardening has been pretty 
fully fpoken of, in the parts concerning the for* 
maiion, cultivation , and management of a garden, propa- 
gation, &c. The particular culture of efculents, herbs y 
fruits, and fowers, has been treated in the feftions ap. 
propriated to each. It therefore remains to give here 
little more than fhort hints, by way of aftlflmg recol- 
lection, and to make proper references to the pages, 
where farther inJlruSfions may be found. 

What is faid concerningymfr and fowing, page 57 to 
64, mull be attended to. It need only be farther ob* 
ferved, that as to the feafon moft proper to do the feve- 
ral works of gardening, it is not the fame (exaftly) every 
where, as foil and fituation make a difference. — The 
time mentioned in this calendar isi, that which the au- 
thor judges will be found moft generally right in the 
midland counties, as the extremes of north and fouth 
make a great difference in this bufmefs, which muft be 
allowed for. 

The work of gardening being very multifarious, it 
would be a practice not unworthy, even the (kilful 
gardener, to make it a rule\ once a week, to confider 
what is to be done the following week ; and to make 
memorandums accordingly, numbering them in the 
erdejr he would have them performed. — Thus he would 
never be at a lofs, what to fat himf. If, or his labourers 
about, and the mortification of omiilions, or appear- 

auce 



SECT. XX. 



JAN UARY. 



369 



ance of negleS, would be avoided : This calendar, ¥> 
is pre&med, will be found a ready and fufficient aihft- 
»nt upon fuch an occafiqn, the author having endea- 
voured to make it plain, comprehenfive, and as concife 
as poffible, 

***** 

JANUARY. 

Let everv thing be done now, that the weather and 
circumftances will permit, (though not abfohudy ne~ 
ceffary) In order to lefien the work oXnext month, which 
when it happens to be an open feafon, is a very impor- 
tant one in the way of gardening, in which the lofs of a 
fingle fine day is of confequence. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Trojl protect things from, as they may need it. 
Earth -up any roots bared or difturbed by froft, 49, 
Dung for h:t-beds mould be duly attended to, 171. 
Manure and compoft heaps turn frequently over r 
Efpalle>'s, garden frames, and fuch things, rectify, 
JW.r,make, repair, fharpen and brighten, 276. 
Fruit, onions, &c\ the ftores of, look over, :2G3, 229, - 
Brufh-zcood, prepare ready for inching peas, &c. 23\* 
Planting, trench and prepare ground for, #8, 95, 8tc. 
A 'civ -planted trees, protect and tie to flakes, 89, 100. 
Old trees dig about, and drefs with fome manure, 45. 
Prune efpalier trees, frandards and fhrubs, 160, 166. 
Mofs, clear trees and fhrubs from, in moiit weather, 
Vermin fet traps for, and oppofe all annoyances,. 233. 
Webs m&nejls of caterpillars, (lugs, fnai'is, dfeftroy, 5 6. 
Beds and borders, weed, ftir the ground, and rake, 49. 
Cauliflowers and lettuces in frames, &c. attend, 214 , 227. 
Endive, tie up, when dry, to blanch- and protect it, ££Q« 

R 5 . . . Gms* 



370 



JANUARY, 



SECT. XX . 



Cions, procure for grafting, except apples, 82, 85. 
Hot-beds, prepare for. or make, cucumbers, &c. 169, 177. 
Drain ground, fcour ditches, plalh hedges, &c. 

SOW 

Cucumbers, 176. Melons, 192. Peas, 230. Beans, 206. 
Spinach, 243. Radifbes, 238. Lettuces, 226. Crefs, 
£49. Mujiard, 253. Carrots, 212. The five laft 
op to which may be added, rape and lap- 

lettuce, 228, as fallading ; towards the end of the 
month, however, they may be fown on warm bor- 
ders, the faliading being under clofe hand-glaffes. ; 

PLANT 

Mint on heat, 253. Cabbages at diftances as 211, 
Trees and Jhrubs of the deciduous kinds, grape vines, 
currants, goof cherries, and rafpberries, if mild weather, 
fo that the ground will work Ioofe. Layers may be 
removed ; but rather prepare the ground now for 
planting them next month, 95, &c. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees zndfiruhs by fuckers, layers, cuttings, 64, &c 9 

FLOWERS. 

Pets of, (fee December) tulips, anemonles, ranunculufes, 
hyacinths, narcijfufes, &c. above ground proteft, 289. 

■Bulbous and tuberous roots now plant for a late blow, 
or in the next month ; but preferve them if choice 
forts from much-wet, left they rot, 286. 

Auriculas, if difturbed by froft, drefs and protect, 358. 

Carnations, and all hardy plants, in pots, proteft, but 
give them as much air and fun as may be, 36 1. 

Fhzvering Jhrubs may be planted, if open weather, co- 
vering the roots well; but it is better done next 
Hionth, getting the ground ready now, 107, &c. 

- . NURSERY* 



SECT. X*. 



FEBRUARY. 



371 



NURSERY. 

Vermin, guard again ft In time, on feed beds, &c. 72. 
Dig beds for fowing, next month tree«feeds, &c. 71. 
Protedf feedling trees (particular exotics J from froft. 
Plant, or tranfplant, hardy things, cover the roots. 
Prepare ground for next month's planting put feedlicgs ? 
or flocks for grafting another year, 72. 

****** 

FEBRUARY. 

When the ground can be conveniently worked, this 
is a very bufy month, and no time muft be loft, nor 
hands fpared, that every thing may be done in its pro- 
per," or earlieft feafon. 

The lajl week is the principal, in which many things 
are to be done, and fome full crops fown : The fkilful 
gardener is properly aware of this, but ordinarily the 
month of February is too much negle&ed. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 

Ground, prepare for planting and f owing, &c. 4S« 
Borders Ihould be ftirred, dug, or drefled, 29, 133. 
Gravel walks, weed, mofs, put in order, and roll firm, 54. 
Turf prepare the ground for laying, by levelling. 
Grajs plats and walks \ clean up, cut the edges, 54. 
Compofis and manures, turn over, and break well. 
Hot-beds, attend regularly, and no negleft, 179, &cV 
Stable dung, for hot-beds, now manage properly, 171. 
Cauliflowers and lettuces, fee to, as in the laft month. 
Earth up and protcfl plants from froft and wind, 49. 
Siich-ptas, neatly, when about five inches high, 231. 
Weedmid thin crops, as winter onions, radifties, &c. 49.* 
Endive i attend, to blanch and ridge when, quite-dry ,220. 

» ■ R € Vermin 



372 



I EBRli AR'V • 



BECT. XX* 



Vermin and infccls, fee to, as mice, (hails, flugs, &c. 233. 
Birds, chiefly bull-finches, do much mifchief now. 
Prune wall and other trees, but firft grape vines, 129. 
Mofs and canker clean trees of, moift weather, 162. 
Clons forgrafEng provide, 82, and ufethern, 83, &c. 
Edgings of thrift, a good time to make or repair, 55. 

sow 

Cucumbers, 178,219. Melons, 192, 228. Paw, fmall, 
231, large, 232. Beans, the broad forts, or the 
mazagans, if wanted early, 206. Radifhes on 
heat, or not, 239/ Lettuces on heat, or not, 227. 
Small Jail ading on heat, or on a warm border under 
glafs, 249. Cabbages, the fugar loaf forts, 211 ; or 
if early ones are wanted, fow the Yorkjhire fort on 
heat, 212. Savoys, 241. Onions, 228. Leeks, 225. 
Parfley, 254. Spinach, 243. Carrots on heat, or 
not, 212. Parfneps, 230. Celery, 216. Kidney- 
beans on heat, 224. Turneps on heat, 244. Cauli- 
flowers on heat ? 214. 

PLANT 

Cucumbers, 179, 184, Melons, 195. Cauliflowers, 215. 
Cabbages, 211. Horfe-radijh, 221. Gariick, 221. 
Rocombole, 255. Shalots, 243. Ches, 248. A//*/ 
x>n heat, 255. Potatoes, early forts, on heat, and 
warm borders, 235. p7wvx, war//, efpalier, and flatt- 
dard fruit trees, foref} trees t and deciduous Jhrubs f S0 f 
95, 107, Hg. 

PROPAGATE 

3>^J and fhruhs by graffing, 83, by fuckers, layers, 
and cuttings, 64. Smr kernels, flones, and feeds 
of fruit, &c, on fine well broke earth, providing 
exotics a little heat, tu 

F LQWILRS. 



SECT. XX, 



MARCH". 



S7.S 



FLOWERS. 

See lad month, Biennials and perennials plant, 583. 
Shrubs protect, &c. 119: prune and dig about, 111, 
Carnations, &c. houfed, bring abroad on mild days. 
Auriculas , pots drefs and regularly water, 35 8. 
. Auricula an d polyanthus feed fhould be fown now, 359. 
Bulbs and tubers, plant foon and pot fome, 586. 
Water pots, particularly woody and hardy plants. 
Annuals, fow about laft week, 581 ; fome in pots, 53!. 

NURSERY. 

See laft month. Sow hardy trees and fhrubs, 71. 
Tranfplant hardy feedlings of laft year, and flecks 
ior grafting next year, or the following, 75. 

* * # * * * 

MARCH, 

Th£ //y? week in this, like the laft in February, is 
very valuable to the good gardener, and mujl be made the 
beft ufe of by thofe who would have things tolerably in 
feafon, and well furnilhed for the fummer. It is there- 
fore proper to have no regard to the charge of neccjjary 
affiftance. Nature now waits for us, let us not neglect 
to attend upon her : This is the univerfal feed-time. 
.See management, page 56. > L 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Order and neatnefs are now principal objecls, 54. 
Vacant ground, dig and apply manure where wanted, 47. 
Borders drefs, by weeding, digging, &c. fee laft month* 
Gravel walks, clean, roll, re-lay, or make new, 54. 
Edgings of thrift and box, if mild, repair, or make, 55. 

Grafs 



ST4 ^MARCH. SECTVXX, 

Grafs plats and walks make, cleanfe, mow, cut hedges, 54 . 

Herb -beds weed and drefs, fee article balm, 246. 
Weeding in general fhould be begun in time, 49, 
Afparagus beds : w eed, carefully fork, and drefs, 20£. , 
Ditto, in dry weather, water as recommended, 205. 
Strawberry beds, weed, ffif the mould, and drefs, 165. 
Artichokes, drefs, &c. towards theend of the month, 202. 
Compoftshezys, turn, fcreen, orfift, for pots, &c. 
Vermin, infecls, and deftru&ive birds, fee to, 233. 
Earth-up peas, beans, and whatever elfe needs it, 49, 
Stick peas in time, and flop them, or not, 231, 233. 
Stakes to trees, &c. fee that they are faft , 100. 
Graff now, but apples towards end of the month, 81. 
Prune wall trees without delay, but firft vines, 14$. 
Bloffbms of choice wall-tree fruit, defend, 145. 
Prune, dig, drefs, fhrubberies and plantations, 108. 
Hot-beds carefully attend, ISO, and make new •nes, 183, 
Dung for future hot-beds, manage in worked heaps, 170. 
Cauliflowers, &c. under glafs, give air freely to, 214. 
Stir mould about ditto, and alfo lettuces, 215, 227. 
Prick out cauliflowers, cabbages, lettuces, &o 214. 
Orchards, dung, drefs, prune, or fmoak them, 43. 



sow. x 

See laft month, cauliflowers, favoys, onions, Sec. Ra- 
dijhes, the fpindle rooted, 229. Lettuces of forts, 226. 
Small fallads, 249. In the firft week : — Alexan- 
ders, 201. Afparagus, 203. Beets, 208. Ham- 
hurgh par/ley, 230. Salfafy, 240. Scorzonera, 241. 
Skirrets, 24>3. Finochio, 250. Red cabbage, 212- 
Turnep radifhes, 289. Second week : Turneps, on 
heat, and in open ground, 245 ; and kidney -bean on 
heat, or a w T arm border, 223. Laft week : Broeoli % 
of the early purple autumn fort, 210. Najiurtmmst 
253. Capftcums, 248. Love apples, 259. H^rbs 
*>£ all forts, 246, &c„ Strawberries, particularly 
ulpines, 77. 

PLANT 



SECT. XX. 



MARCH, 



375 



PLANT 

Trees and /frrwfc, 30, 95, 107, jBSrrli in rooted 

flips or cuttings, :246 . &c. Strawberries, 3S. 
ragus, 2Q4>. Artichokes , 201. Potatoes and Jerufa* 
lem artichokes, 222. Lettuces, 226. CauliJIozvers, 
21$. Other things as laft month. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees and Jhruhs, by graffing, S3 ; by fuckers, offsets, 
layers, and cuttings, 64. Herbaceous plants, by 
parting roots, &c. 285. 

FLOWERS. 

The /\7n/y kinds of flowers in £dSf that have been 
houfed. fhould be inured by degrees to the weather, 
and foon left out on nights : None fhould remain 
under cover more than nece/Jary. 

Pot defirable hardy plants lor moveable ornaments, 
when in flower; but not too many, 273, 232. 

Auriculas, if not before, drefs, and regularly water, 358. 

Carnations drefs as directed for auriculas, 35 8. 

Tulips, hyacinths, &c. of the beft forts, protect, 2S9. 

Water potted plants duly as the weather is, 21 7. 

Sow annuals, 273. Biennials, 282. Perennials, 283. 

Take up, remove onsets, and divide fibrous rooted per- 
ennial flowers about middle ot the month, 285. 

Layers of carnations, pinks, &c. take up carefully 
foon, and pot or plant with earth to the roots, 360. 

Seedlings of ditto, and other things, plant out. 

Anemonies, ranunculufes, and bulbs, may be put in 
{eajl border) the firft week, to blow late, 286, 
287, &c. 

BtXi thrifty 4ai[n$i pinks % &c. plant foon for edgings. 



NUR" 



APRIL. 



SECT. XX. 



NURSERY. 

Remove litter, weed* ftir the ground, and rake neatly. 
Prune into form, Ihorten the leader, &c. to make a 

head, &c. 69. 
Grafs of laft year cut to a few eyes ; behead as at 94. 
Iran/plant and fow as laft month, and do it quickly. 
Exotics, or tender plants, fow on a gentle hot-bed, 71. 
Water give in a dry time to feeds, feedlings, cutting*, 

and newly planted things ; but not over much, 52. 

*¥*#**. 
APRIL. 

If by any means the proper early fpring cropping of 
the ground has been prevented, make no delay to finilh, 
and to get the garden into a complete ftate of cultiva. 
tion. This month may be mild enough to invite us 
abroad, to traverfe the walks, and view nature in her 
fpring attire. " all blooming and benevolent" Let no- 
thing therefore be met with that appears flovenly, or 
difgufting. See page 54* 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Borders, &c. weed, ftir, rake, and clean up neatly, 49. 
Quarters alfo weed, particularly beds of unions, 49. 
Gravel walks and grafs plats, put in order, roll, &c. 54. 
Turf, get, lay, but water frequently if dry weather. 
Edgings of box, &c. make, repair, trim, or cut low, 55. 
Watering omit not where necefiary in a dry time, 50. 
Pruning finifli all loan ; head down young trees, 130. 
Graffs, fee Jo, that the claying remains fafe on, 84. 
Bloffoms of wall fruits, protect in bad weather, 145. 
Dung for hot-beds, coll eft and take care of, 171. 
Hot-beds \ make in due time for fruiting cucumbers, 183. 



fcECT. XX. 



APRIL, 



Hot-beds, for melons, tender annuals, &c. 194, 273, 279, 
Aj'paragus, jlraivberries, artichokes, fee laft month. 
Cauliflowers, ftir mould about, and earth up, 214. 
Peas, earth up, and ftick before they droop, 231. 
Bcatis in bloffom, crop the tops, and earth up firmly, 207- 
Weed and thin all feedling craps, by hand or hoe, 49. 
Prick out celery and plants of every kind when fit, 50* 
Potatoes, early fort, earth up, protect from frpft, 255. 
lettuces, tie up clofe, and ftir the ground about, 8 ST. 
Cabbages, earth up, and alfo tie up forward ones, 21% , 
Caterpillars, fnails, and flugs, feajch often after, 56. 

SOW 

As foon as poffible, what was omitted laft month, or the 
preceding. Then, Salfafy, 210. Scorzonera, 541. 
Pump-ions and gourds, 237. Late Savoys, £•! -I ; and 
Cauliflowers, 215. Boorcole, 209. Brocoli, 
BruJJels fprouts, Slip. Chou-Milan, 2 IS. Cfor. 

21b, Kidney beans, 223. Cabbages, chiefly 
the hrge fugar-haf {or coir worts, 211, 219. AfrrAr, 
culinary and medicinal, 216, &c. Nafiurtiums cold 
ground, 253. A//S7 on heat, 247. 

Suceejfton crops, of cucumbers and melons, for hand- 
giaffes, &c. 188, 198, 200. P^x, large and fmall. 
Beans, the broad forts. $ft/w, carrots, turncps, 
celery, lettuces, finochio, Jpinach, and radijhes cool 
ground, /wa// Jallading, weekly, on a /m/A border, 
w/iKJ to draw young, 61. 

PLANT 

Strawberries yet, but alpines fucceed beft fo late, 28. 
Afparagus', 204. Artichokes, £01. Lettuces, 226*. 
Chives, garlici, rocombole and JJjalots, firft w r eek, fee 
February. Cabbages, early and late, 211. Cauli- 
•powers, 215. - Kidney beans that have been raifed on 
heat, 224. PotatMS.I<k : a full crop, 234, Ifrrl* in 

rooted 



8 APRIL. ; T . X x. 

rooted flips, 246, &c. 7>w and mediately, 

and do it in the beft manner, wate .r-sxr u A e roots, 
and flake the Items, 97, 107. 



PROPAGATE 

Tress and jhrubs, by graffing, layers, cuttings, and 
fowing, which may yet be performed, 64, 71, 79. 

Herbs, by flips, or cuttings, in a good foil, and afhady 
fituation, but not under trees, 246, &c. 

F LOWERS. 

Sow, in the firft week, (if not done before) annuals, 
273, 279, 280. Biennials, 282. Perennials, 283. 

Plant, or prick out, annuals as the forts require, 274. 
Biennials and perennial? of late blowers, may yet be 
transplanted into borders or pots, giving ah immediate 
watering, and {hading a few days from fun, 283. 
Carnation layers, taking them up carefully with a 
fcoop trowel, 276. Pinks, the fame. Tuberoje, 357. 

Tulips, ranunculufes, anemonies,/ &c. of choice forts., 
proteft in fevere cutting wind*, 288. 

Auriculas in bloom, fhelter from ^rain, wind, fun, and 
fupport the items by neat forked flicks, 359. 

Pots of flowers, fhift, and drefs, tie up, water, &c*f63, 

Crocus kaves tie up, but do not cut them off. 

NURSERY, 

Weed, water>Jlir the foil, rah neatly, and clean up, 69, 
Transplant fyet) feedlings of trees and fhrubs ; the 

evergreen forts it is now, a good time for, 72. 
Sow (if not done before) the feeds of foreft trees, flow- 
ering fhrubs and evergreens : but keep them corf, by 
watering, as every thing fhculd be, that is fown or 
tranfplanted late in the fpring : Yet they mull not 
be kept foaked with wet, 71. 



MAY, 



SECT. X*# 



MAY. 



S79 



* # * * * ;* 

MAY. 

Let this charming month be ufhered in with due 
refpeft, by the garden being in excellent order, to 
which end let no help be fpared, when the gardener is 
ftot competent to perform the work hirafelf : It is fome- 
times too much for the rnoft induftrious man. 

We now gather vegetables that have flood the win* 
fer 9 and been the care of many months, with fome of 
the produ&s of fpring alfo; and it is the hope and 
fruition of reward that fweetens labour : All the fenfes 
are gratified at this feafon* 

— The foftenicg air is balm ; 

And every fenfe and every heart is joy ! 

Thomson. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Neatnefs muft be purfued, fUr the ground, rake, &c. 49. 
Gravel walks and grafs plats , keep in good order, 54. 
Weeds i deltroy every where, by the hand or hoe, 49, 54. 
Water, if dry weather, new planted trees, fhrubs, and 

flowers, ftrawberries, cauliflowers, &c. 40, 51. 
Thin all forts of feedling crop* enough, and in time, 49. 
Prick out lettuces, celery, brocoli, boorcole, cauliflowers, 

favoys, cabbages, leeks, &c. 50. 
Earth up potatoes, peas, beans, cabbages,' celery, &c. 49, 
Tie up forward lettuces, and early cabbages, 211, 227. 
Cucumber plants, give air, water, (hade, train, 185, &c. 
riot-beds, make for cucumbers and melons, 173,189,1 99. 
Regulate wall-trees, vines, and prune figs, 132, 14 9, 15 1. 
&rajfs attend to, and repair the claying, &c. 84. 
Thin fruit that is fuperabundant on wall-trees, 146. 
Beans % top y when in blpffcm, and earth them up, 207, 



sow 



§80 



MAY, 



SECT* XXv 



* • SOW 

Najlurtiums, herhs* and tall ^fe^j? firft week, 

£53, Endive, £20, m&purjlane, m$ % fecond week, 
Caultfloivcrs about the middle, £15. Cilery, 
Pumpions ancl gourds, 2B7. 

Succejjkn crops of cucumbers for picklers, 190, Melon} 
for mangoes, 200. Dwarf kidney beans, celery, ra- 
dices, turnips^ mbBuges, Javoys, brocoii, peas, beans , 
/mochio,/aljctfy, fcorzomra, chardons,/pinash, lettuces , 
radijhs, mijmalljcdlading, chiefly firft week. 

PLANT 

Kidney beans that have been forwarded on heat, pt&* 
Cucumber and melons, fecond crop, 188, 198. For* 
wajrd gourds, 257. lettuces, 226, Cauliflowers, 
Javoys, cabbages, coleworts, 217, 219. "Celery, if for- 
ward, in trenches, 217* Artichokes, 201. Potatoes, 
£34. Najlurtiums, 253. Capftcums, 548. Love* 
apples, 259, and bafil, 247, towards the end of the 
month. Herbs, by parted roots, 246, &c. Trees 
and fhrubs may yet fucceed. under good manage, 
mem, 101. 

PR OP AG AT I 

Herbs, culinary and<medicinal,- by Hips and cuttings, 
but rather the latter. For /age it is now the belt 
time, 246, &c. See Floivers, article Jtifh &c, 

FLOWERS. 

'Soiv annuals of all forts for a late blow. .Scarlet bean, 
j fow as a flower to run up pales, &c. 273, &c. 
Thin feedlings foon, that they may not be weak, 
Prick out. or° 'plant, the temfor annuals in new hot-fceus, 

pots, &c. as. directed, £74, £76, £78. 
Hot-beds of flower*, manage, as to air. water, &c^80. 

Biepnials 



SECT. XX. 



JUNE, 



3SJ 



Biennials and perennials, thin in time, and water them ; 

alfo prick out any that are forward enough ; they 

may yet be fown, 282, 283. 
Auriculas out of flower, remove out of the fun, 559. 
Tuberofes, pot on heat, or under a fouth wall, 357. 
Tulips, anemonies, &c. in beds and in flower, protect, 283. 
Bulbs and tubers of dying fpring flowers, take up, 285. 
Slips and cuttings of pinks, double wall -flowers, double 
Jiveet williams, double Jcarlet lychnis, double rockets* 

and lychnidea, plant as foon as the young (hoots are 

forward enough, 364, 33:3, 343, 346, 344. 
Geraniums, plant cuttings of laft year's fhoots, 361. 
Water feed-beds lightly and moderately in a dry time, 

280 ; and pots of flowers regularly, 27 7, 
Air, give to houfed plants freely, as the ftd{on is, 362* 
Drefs,Jhift, and lie up, flowers and fhrubs in pots, 363. 
Pot feme ten week flocks, mignonette, &c. 276, 278. 
Support rpindiing carnations, &c. and weak fhrubs a 55. 
Stir the lurface mould in pots of flowers, 362. 

N URSERY. 

Weed* water, occafionally foade tender feedllngs, 69. 

Seed-beds, keep cool, for without moifiure, germina- 
tion cannot be expefted ; but give water lightly, fo 
as not to cake the ground, 5 i . 

# # # * * # 

JUNE. 

In this month the gardener begins to find hmepauje 
to his labour. The ground is now fully cropped, as 
to principals, and the chief bufinefs is to fee that the 
various plants, according to their different ages of 
growth, do not ftand in need of the neceffary afliflance 
of .culture, or good management, Particularly attend 
to trained trees, &c. to regulate them before they get 
into dij order This do once a week, 

MIS* 



3S2 



JUNE, 



SECT. XX, 



MISCELLANEOUS WOXK. 

Weed diligently, particularly clofe crops, 49. 
Stir the ground between open crops, and rake, 49, 
Gravel walks, grafs plats, and edgings, fee to, 55. 
Water, let it be duly applied where necefTary, 5 1, 
Thin by hoe, or hand, all forts of crops fully, 49. 
Prick out things, celery, endive, favoys, broccli, &c. 50, 
Cauliflowers fhewing head, break leaves over, 2i6. * 
Earth up high peas, beans, &c, fee the laft month. 
Tie up the leaves of garlick and rocombole, £'21* 
Blanch lettuce, white beet, and finochio, 20S, ££% 250, 
Stick peas, and top beans when in full flower, 5231. 
Cucumbers, attend duly, to air, water, train, &c. 185. 
Melons, diuo, prune, fey tile under the fruit, 195, &c. 
Prune wall-trees, vines and efpaliers, 129, 149, 160. 
Blighted trees, pull off curled leaves, and water them 

forcibly and frequently with an engine, 52 
Graffs that have clearly taken, unclay and unbind, 84, 
Bud, or inoculate, at Midfummer, or foon after, 89. 
Afparagus, finifh cutting before Midfummer, 206. 
Herbs for drying, gather as directed., page 246. 
Seeds alfo attend to t and gather if any ripe, 59. 

sow 

Cucumbers 9 laft crop, for picklers may do in operi 
ground, if a good foil and funny fituation, 190. 
Pmnpions and gourds may fucceed as ditto, 237. 
Turnep radijhes of all forts, but chiefly the large 
white and black Spanifh for autumn ufe, in coo! 
ground, 239. Endive for a principal crop, 22-0. 

Succef-cn crops of celery, broccli, peas, broad beans, kidney 
beans, radijhes, lettuces, J mall fall a ding, purflanc % tur~ 
neps, cabbages, carrots, fmch:o> zrAjplnach* . 

PLANT 

Cucumbers, 189, Melons, 199. Pumpions and gourds, 
237. Najlug-tiums, 253. Capftcums, 248. ' Love- 

afples % 



SECT. XX. 



JUNE. 



apples, £59. Leeks, 225. Celery, 216. Cauliflowers; 
brocsli, boorcole, favoys, callages, and fuch like 
greens, at two and a half feet, or rather more for 
cauliflowers; lefs tor brccoli, and. cabbages if a fmall 
fort. Seedling herbs, 246, &c. Mo ijl weather at 
this feafon is very advantageous for pricking out, 
or planting, and it muft not be negle&ed when it 
occurs : Water at the time of planting, and after- 
wards as the weather may require, 

PROPAGATE 

Herbs by flips, or cuttings, in a good foil, and as coo! 

a fituation as may be, not under trees, 246, &c. 
Layer the young moots of rojes, evergreens, or any 

ihrub, or tree, that does not readily ihike root from 

older wood, or fend forth fuckers ; but make the foil 

rich firft w r ith comport, or ihort dung, and water 

the Lyers frequently, 66. 
Cuttings, or the young moots of fome woody plants, 

may be made to ftrike root, fee page 3 12. 
About the Cecondweek is the beft time to plant cuttings 

of myrtles, which mould be young wood and fhort 3 

about two inches. .Keep them cool. 

FLOWERS. 

Annuals, tender forts, pot and plant out into the bor- 
ders ; they will require a good foil, water, and a 
little made at firft, and chufe rainy or cloudy wea- 
ther for the work, 276. 

Pots of flowers fet where they have only the morning 
fun, but not under trees, or any roof, except for 
ornament a while, when in blow, 278. 

Trim, from dead parts, &c. perennials and biennials, 66. 

Carnations, and other fpindlmg flowers, fupport, 55. 

Geraniums, plant cuttings of laft year's fhoots, 361. 

Water pots of flowers duly, borders occafionally, 277. 

Prick 



JtfLY. SiCT.XX, 

Prick out feediings of biennial and perennial flowers, 
particularly carnations, 360. Pinks, 364. Auriculas, 
359, and polyanthujes, 365, into fhady places, 
flips, &c. of wall-flowers, &c. fee laft month, 

Z<z)-<?r carnations, pinks, and fweet williams, 359. 

Auriculas mould be fet in made, except for feed, 359, 

Spring bulbs., the leaves being decayed, take up, 285. 

Autumnal bulbs, plant at the end of the month } 236, 

NURSERY. 

Weed, wafer, Jiir the foil, rake it, and clean up, 69. 

Shade the tender feediings, and late planted things, 5 I. 

Seed beds, fpring fown, keep moift, and earthed up ; 
in very hot weather, an awning of mats is advan- 
tageous on days. Seedlings in pots or boxes move 
into made, but not under trees. 

Thin young plants from growing thick and weak, 49* 

# # * # # * 

JULY. 

Though in this month there is a ceffatlon from 
the great buftle, and more laborious works of garden- 
ing, yet 46 its mam cares" ftill find employment for the 
willing hand; and mo ft affuredfy a good fuccefs in 
the end will not be attained without perfeverance in 
the means. Let nothing therefore be omitted, that 
may tend to crown the gardener with credit, by a con- 
tinued production of fine vegetables, fruits, and flciver*\ 
The garden now abundantly gratifies the jight, the 
iajle, the J nu ll \ and thofe who have the opportunity to 
enjoy it, mould be grateful to GoD—and ihtgardener. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Prepare vacant ground for cropping, and let as little 
of it as poftible by rude and unproductive* 47. 

Weeds 



SECT. XX. 



11} L Y . 



Weedt fllr the borders, hoc between crops, Sec. 54. 
Water cauliflowers, and whatever elfe may need it, 6 L 
Gravel walks, gra/s plats, and edgings, keep in order, 54. 
Box, yew, &c. ihould be clipped alter, or in rain. 
Earth peas, broad and kid. beans, celery, cabbages, &c 
Blanch white-beet, lettuce, and finochio, £08, 2:37, £50. 
Stick peas, aiid running -kidney beans in time. 23 1, ££5. 
Thin all fmall crops to their due diftances, 49. 
Prick oat celery, endive, brocoli, cabbages, &c. 50. 
Seeds, gather as they ripen, left the belt be loft, 59. 
Herbs for di ving, gather as foon as in flower, £46. 
Take up garlick, rocambole, fhalots, £21, £43. 
Cucumbers and melons, attend, water, train , &c. 135, 195. 
Pumpions and gourds, train, and water plentifully, £37. 
Artichokes, take off fmall lide heads in time, 202. 
Wall-trees, &c. regulate, and occafionally prune, 132, 
Vines ftop, and take off the little fide moots, 150. 
Thin wall-trees, &c. of fuperabundant fruit, J 46, K6* 
Bud-grajf, or inoculate, fruit trees, rofes, &c. 89. 
Blighted wait- trees, attend to, fee the laft month. 
Strazuberry Runners take off ; except the firft, 77. 
Kidney Beans, runners, train, and water if dry, 225* 
Ants % flies, and ivafps, take by vials of fugar water, 

sow 

Brocoli, firft week cool ground a little, for late ufe,£10. 
Endive, principal winter crop, in open ground, £20. 
Peas and beans, early forts, may yet fow, £08, 232. 
'Kidney beans, dwarfs, firft week, fouth border, £24, 
Carrots, a few, cool ground, firft week, and water both 

feeds and roots if dry weather, 2i2. 
Radijhes of any kind, but chiefly the large black and 

white Spanilh turnep forts, water, £40. 
Lettuces, the hardier, or winter forts, open ground, 226. 
Spinach, firft week, the round in cool ground, and in 

the laft week the prickly feeded, £43. 
Onions,* few Welch, and Strafburgh, fecond week,££S. 

S Qoieworts t 



586 



JULY* 



sec r. xx. 



Cole'worts, firft week for winter, laft week fpring, 219. 
Turneps, any fort, both early and late in the month, 244, 

PLANT 

Celery at fix inches ; Leeks the fame or more. Endive, 
lettuces, colezvorts, at a foot. Cabbages, favoys, brocoli, 
hoorcole, and cauliflowers, at two feet, or a little mare 
in a rich foil, particularly the latter: Give water at 
planting, and two or three times after, if not much 
rain Qiould fall. 

PROPAGATE 

Herbs, lavender, rofemary, fage, propagate yet, by cut- 
tings, or flips, occafionally watering, 246, &c. 

Trees and Jhrubs, by laying moots of the prefent 
year; i. e. of thofe that are not apt to ftrike from 
older wood. Slips and cuttings of feme fo,rts, may 
ftrike, by the help of a hand-glajs, 66, 312. 

1 LOWER S. 

Stir the flower borders, and rake them neatly, 54. 
Pots of flowers, fet in fhade, and regularly water, f 78. 
Carnations and double fweet williams, layer, 359, 333. 
Pinks, plant (lips, cuttings, pipings, or layer, 364. 
Geraniums, double lychnis, lychnideas, double wallflowers, 
Rockets, plant cuttings, or flips, 344, 333, 36 1, 346. 
Succulent plants (as aloes) may now be fet abroad. 
Annuals, plant out tender forts into borders, 286. 
Ditto, quick blowers may flill be fown, 334 
Biennials, thin feed beds of, prick out, water, &c. 283, 
Perennials, ditto, particularly auriculas, 359. Carna- 

tions, 361. Pinks, 364, and polyanthus, 365. 
Lark/purs thin, and pull t>p all the fingle ones, 335. 
Stocks, pull up moft of the fingle ones, 332. 
Sefds, gather very regularly as they ripen, 56, 58. 
Bulbous and tuberous roots take up in due time, 28£. 

2 Bulbs, 



stcr. xx. AUGUST, 

Bulbs of autumn, as faff r on crocus, plant now, £9;?, 
Trim plants and ihrubs, ftraggling branches, &c. 56. 
Support weak flowers and fhrubsby properties, 55. 
Minionette, fb-w in pots, cool place, to flower in winter. 

NURSERY. 

ffW, water, /hade, young tender fcedlings, &c. "69.. 
Prune away Tuckers, or fhoots from Items, &c. paiti- 

cularly thofe that have been grafted, 93, 94. 
Thin feedllngs, fnade by a mat, &c. new planted ones,. 

but not from night dews, water, &c. 73, 51. 

* * * * # # 
AUGUST. 

I\ T this month (as in fome meafure. before) the 
gardener anticipates produfts of the future year, and 
tows various vegetables in autumn to ftand the winter* 
for fprlngand fumnier ufe ; fo that, in this, and other 
refpefcts, Augujl is in truth an important feafon, as 
will be leen by the work directed to be done, The 
times for the feveral Jowings mould be pretty exactly 
obferved in order to faccefs. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Weed, water, ftir borders, rake and clean up^ 50, 54, 
Walks and grafs plats ,attenc^ roll, mow, f weep, 54. 
Thin by hoe, or hand, young crops, in dry weather, 49. 
Water ditto, as alfonew fown beds, regularly, 50. 
Prick out celery, and other things as winter greens, 50. 
Earth up peas, beans, kidney beans, celery, greens^ 
&c. 49. 

Mlanch endive, beet, chardon, finochio, £20, £Q8, 218« 
Dig, or ufe a ftrong hoe, between rows of plants, 49. 
Vacant ground, clean, and prepare for ufe, 46, 47, 

s % stick 



AUGUST. 



SECT. XX. 



Stichpeas, and take up the haulm of old crops, 231. 
Stake tall plants which are {landing for feed, 59, 
Seed plants fupport, and gather feed as it ripens, 59. 
Herbs, gather for drying juft when in flower, 246. 
Onions, prefs down the leaves to the ground, 229, 
Shalotsygarlick, roconibols, take up, 249, 227, 261. 
Grape vines, prune, nail, and keep in due order, 150. 
Wall-trees, efpaliers, climbing fhrubs, &c. regulate, 133. 
In/ecls about wall-trees, attend to. See blight, June.. 
Wafps, &c. take in trees, by vials of fugar water. 
Budding may yet be performed, firft week, 89. 
Buds that have taken of former work, unbind, 93. 
Net fruit trees up, to keep off birds, and alfo fingers. 
Gather fruit before the fun hasfhone long upon it. 
Mat up currants and goofeberries for late fruit, 164. 
Strawberries, clear from runners, w T eeds, leaves, 165. 
Cucumbers, pumpions, and gourds, train, water, &c. 
Pickling cucumbers fhould be gathered twice a week. 
Melons, prune, train, water fparingly, 195. 

sow 

Coleworts in the firft week, 219; cabbages in the 
fecond, 2 11 ; cauliflowers in the third, 214. Onions, 
Welch, a full crop, and a few Strafourgb a warm 
border, firft week, 228. Lettuces, at the beginning, 
middle and end of the month, 226. Small fallading, 
in a fhady place, and water it, 249. Chervil and 
American crejs, fecond week, 248, 250. Radijh, 
both fpindle and round rooted; 245. Kidney beans , 
dwarf, on a warm border, firft week, 225. Spinach , 
round firft week, prickly third week; the former at 
broad caft, and the latter rather in drills, 243. 
Turneps, firft or fecond week, 244. Carrots^ ditto^ 
2 14. Herbs firft week, 246, &c. 

PLANT 

Without delay, leeks, celery, lettuces, endive, callages, 
coleworts, late hrocoli, and boorcole 5 diftance as laft 
6 month, 



SECT. XX. 



AUGUST. 



month, though every thing planted late, may be fo 
much the nigher, generally fpeaking one third, 
Strawberries and herbs, culinary and medicinal, to- 
wards the end of the month, that they may be well 
rooted before winter, 39, 246,&c. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees and fhmbs, by laying young /hoots in fine rich 
earth, and keep the ground cool about them, 69. 

FLOWERS. 

Decayed parts, take off, trim, and tie to flicks, 56, 57. 
Shrubs, ditto, thin a little, and prune off fuckers, 111. 
Edgings, or edges of box, yew, &c. may be cut, 55. 
Water potted flowers regularly, alfo others, 277. 
Ditto all new planted things, and fhade them, 575. 
Annuals, hardy, fow towards end of the month, 2S7. 
Minionette, plant in pots, to flower in winter. 
Biennials and perennials, plant, laft week, 289, 291. 
Saxifrage pyramidal, and double plant in pots, 355. 
Geraniums, raifed from cuttings, (or feed) pot foon. 
Ditto, pots of, &c.ftir, or frefh earth, 364. 
Auriculas z.vA polyanthus, tranfplant, part, &c. 359,365, 
Carnations yet layer ; tranfplant early layers, 35 9. 
Pinks from early cuttings may be fit to move, 364. 
Sweet Williams layer, or tranfplant if rooted, 333. 
Bulbous roots, as lilies, &c.take up for planting, 285. 
Bulbous offsets, replant them without delay, 286. 
Bulbs of autumn flowers, plant in firft week ; fee lilies^ 

atamafco, Guernfey, &c. 362. 
Succulent plants, Ihift (belt feafon) firfl week, 364. 

NURSERY, 

Prune fuckers, fide flem (hoots, ftraggling and luxu- 
riant ones irom the head ; Jlir the ground, weed^ 
water, thin jeedlings, plant, (hade, &c. 69, 51. 

S3 SEP. 



590 



SIFT EMBER. 



51CY. XX. 



# * * * # 

SEPTEMBER. 

Gardens "begin now to fail of their wonted 
Beauty, and therefore dying flowers, all litter, and 
nevery thing unfightly, admonifh the gardener to trim 
his plants, and clean the ground frequently, that all 
may be pretty if not gay. An attention of this fort, 
ftirring the ground, and' raking it, will give an air of 
frejhnefs and culture highly pleafing and creditable. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

See beginning of laft month, twelve firft articles. 
Shrubs free from fuckers, dig about, &c. 111. 
Prepare ground for planting trees and fhrubs, 105, 
Turf, lay as a good time, beat, roll, and water. 
Gather fruits as they ripen, and ftorethem well, 262. 
Grapes, tie fine ripe bunches up in gauze or crape. 
Figs, keep in clofe training to ripen the fruit, 15 1 . 
Cucumbers cover on nights to prevent the fpot, 190. 
Pickling cucmnbers, gather before they get fpotted. 
, Melons carefully proteft from cold and wet, 200. 
Cauliflowers, prick out, put fome on flight heat, 214. 
Ditto, Michaelmas crop, if dry weather, water often. 
Lettuces, prick out, at 4 or 5 inches, fouth border. 
Herb-beds fhouldbe cleared and dreffed this month, 246, 
Nafturtiums gather before ripe for pickling, 25 S. 
-Onions, being dry and hard, take in, fort, &c. 25$. 
Garlick, Jha/ots, and rocambole, tie up, and ftore, 221. 
Seeds, fuch as are well dried, drefs and put up, 56, 59* 
Means, late, top them as foon as in flower, 207* 

sow 

Spinach, turneps, Welch onions (thick) and endive, firft 
week, for late fpringufe. Radilhes of all forts, but 

chiefly 



chiefly the large black turnep, 210. Small [all ad'mg* 
every ten days, warm borders, or under glafs, 250* 
Corn Jallud, 250. Chervil, 248, an&Jorref, 257. 

PLANT 

At diftances as before, colezvorts, endive, cabbages, fa-* 
voys, broecli, bcorcole, BruJ/els, Jprouts, chou-mllan s 
kid celery ; alfo lettuces on dry warm ground, 226. 
Herbs, pot and medicinal, from parted roots, or off- 
lets, 246, &c. Shalots, garlick, rocambole, 249, 227 \ 
201. Strawberries i any time this month, (th* 
fooner the better) drefs old beds and plants, £8, 77, 
165. Shrubs, begin to plant towards the end, but 
let not the roots be long out of ground, 106. Cur- 
rants, goojeberries. and rajhberries, may be planted 
Lil week, 31, 38. 

PROF AG ATE 

Trees and forubs, by laying young flioots, and at the 
' end of the month, cuttings may.be planted, as of 
goojeherries , currants , laurels, hyrieyjucliles, &c. 66. 

FLOWERS. 

Remove dead ones, trim the decaying, tie up, S:c.55,/>'6, 
Annuals, fow fome of the hardy forts, firft week, 281. 
Biennials, plant out, referving a few for fpring, 283. 
Perennials, ditto, alfo take up, and part old roots, 283. 
Pinks, from cuttings, &c. (it well rooted) plant out ; 

alfo carnations, fiveei-zciiliams, &c. from layers, S60. 
Geraniums, from cuttings, or feed, plant without delay, 

in fmall pots, fhortening the roots, &c. 562. 
Auriculas, drefs, fhift, flip, place in made, 359. 
Polyanthus, plant, part roots, or fow the feed, 365. 
Bulbs of autumn flowers, plant yet in firft week, fee 

laft month ; and thofe of fpring in laft week, as 

crocufes, early tulips, common anemonies, 286. 

S 4 Lilies 



392 



OCTOBER, 



SECT. XX, 



Li/us and other fcaly bulbous roots, plant foon, 287. 

Offsets from bulbs muff be planted immediately, 287. 

Beds for bulbous and tuberous roots, prepare, 293. 

Edgings of box, thriit, or pinks, plant, cut, or repair. 

Pots of flowers bring from fhady fituations to more 
funny ones - r exotics, put in time under fome degree 
of fhelter, according to their nature ; the fucculent 
plants are impatient of wet, and cold, as alfo varie- 
gated geraniums ; take them in foon ; but give plenty 
of mild air* 

Minionelte in pots for winter, place under a fouth wall. 



NURSERY. 

Weed K ftir the foiL clean uf } and water, if dry weather. 

Dig about young trees, at the end of this, or the be- 
ginning of next month, as directed, 79. 

Prepare ground for planting, next month. Stocks and 
feedlings, and fowing feeds of trees and fhrubs, 71, 
&c. Cherry Stones may now be fown. Evergreen feed- 
lings ihould be planted out, laft week, and watered, 
if a dry time, 72. 

* # * # # * 

OCTOBER. 

This is the chief month of the year for planting 
trees, fhrubs, &c. No part of it mould be loft, in 
either working the ground well for the purpofe, or 
putting in the plants without delay ; Early planting, 
if the ground is fit, is of much confequence. EJculents 
are to have their winter quarters provided them as foon 
as poffible in the month, as at the end of it the weather 
is often bad. 

Now the virtues of indujlry and perfeverance will 
be tried to keep the grounds clean from falling leaves, 
&c. The garden, however, ought yet to be a fource 

of 



SECT. XX. 



OCTOBER* 



393 



of pleafure, and the weather is often flill inviting 
abroad : Surmount impediments. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Dig, dung, trench, and drain, ground thoroughly, 46, 
Prepare for planting, lay open the holes for trees, 97. 
Rake leaves off borders and quarters, fweep, &c. 54. 
(travel walks, and grafs plats, cleanfe, roll, mow, S.*'* 
Turf will be well laid now, but do the work foon. 
Caterpillars, deftroy, for they do mifchief rapidly. 
Thin, by hoe, fpinach, &c. 1'mall crops, by hand, 49, 
Prick out cabbages for winter or fpring planting, 21 U 
Hoe between rows of cabbages, &c. and earth up, 49. 
Blanch celery and finochio by earthing ; endive, beet, 

and chardons, by tying, £17, 256, 221, 208, 2 1.8 . 
Cauliflowers that are heading, break leaves over, 2\6. ' 
Afparagus beds and feedlings, drefs, fecond week, 205. 
Strawberries, if not before, drefs out of hand, 165. 
Jta/pberrles, drefs, and plant coleworts between, 165. 
Seeds gather regularly and lay up thoroughly dry, 59. 
Fruits, gather carefully, and houfe well, 262, £74. 
Dig up, and ftore clean and dry, carrots, 214 ; potatoes-., 

231 ; parfneps, 230; Jerufalem artichokes, 
Drefs about currant and goofeberry bufhes, by digging 

in a little manure, cutting the ends of the roots. 
Herb -beds fhould always be drefled at this time, £46. 
Vines, wall-trees, &c. regulate, if not fully prune, 143. 
Grapes bagged in gauze, fee to, left they get mouldy. ' 
Shrub, &c. dig about,, and put in good order, 111. 

sow 

Beans, mazagan, third and fourth week, £07. Peas, 
ditto, early forts, £-31. Lettuces, flrft week, warm 
border, 226. Small fallading, warm border, under 
glafs, £49. Radiffjes, early purple fliort top, or early 
Sandwich, may fucceed, fouth afpeft, £40. - Carrots r 
a few early horn, warm border, may be tried, £14* 
S 5 PLANT 



OCTOBER, 



SECT. XX. 



PLANT 

Anjou cabbage and boorcole yet plant. Brocoli, a few 
plants, firftweek, for lateft fpring life. Colezuorts, 
firft week, 519. Cabbages, any time, chufing ftrong 
plants, £11., Endive, firft week, warm border, 5:20. 
Celery, firft week, open ground, for late fpring ufe, 
217. Cauliflowers, fettle foon, 514. Lettuces, 2:26. 
Shalots, garlick, rocambole, (dry ground) 543, 551, 
555. Strazvberries, firft week, 39. IVall-trees, and 
other Jhrubs, any time, but evergreens, firft week. 
Herbs, rooted forts, 546, &c. M/w/ on a little 
heat, protecting it, 553. Layers of trees and fhrubs 
made laft year; being rooted, take up well, and 
plant immediately, 97, &c. 

PROPAGATE 

Trees and Jljrubs, by fuckers, 64. By layers of the 
young wood, rofes, jafmines, bay, laurel, laurufti- 
jius, vines, figs, filberts, codlins, mulberries, &c, 
See lifts of trees and fhrubs, 66. By cuttings or flips, 
goofeberries, currants, berberry, jafmines, honey- 
suckles, laurels, box, &C.66. See lifts, feft. 19. 

FLOWERS. 

Look over, trim, tie up, gather ripe feeds, &c. 55, 56, £9, 
Geraniums, and other tender plants, drefs, houfe, 365. 
Auriculas and carnations in pots, preferve from much 
• wet, and fet in funny fituations, 358, 359. 
Seeds, or feedlings, in pots, or boxes, ditto, and fhelter 

from the cutting N. E. winds, 359. 
Annuals, felf-fown, &c. may be taken up with a little 

earth, and planted where wanted, 581. 
Biennials, plant out, but leave a few for fpring, 585. 
Perennials, ditto, alfo flip or divide old roots, 585. 
Bulbous or tuberous, and flejhy roots of fpring and fummcr 

flowery plant, but the earlieil firft, 585, 



SECt. XX. 



NOVEMBER. 



39* 



Minionctte, pots of, houfe, or put under glafs. 
Saxifrage, pyramidal and double, plant in pots, 35 6. 
Edging of dwarf flowers, box, &c. plant, or repair. 

KUPvSERY. 

Stir* and fork in a little fhort well rotted manure, 70, 
Dig ground to be planted, a week before it is wanted. 
Saw feeds of trees,&c. and guard again ft mice, &c. 72, 79* 
Tranfplant feedlings defigned for frocks. &c. 7:2. 
Suckers of plums, cuttings oi quinces, codlin, &c. 74. 
Prune, or drefs up, young trees and fhrubs from fuck* 

ers, draggling (hoots, and form the heads, 73. 
Dig about ditto lor purpofes as directed. 79. 

* * * * * * 

NOVEMBER. 

Though the haft be the better month for planting, 
vet this is more commonly the time adopted : It can- 
not be now proper to delay it. The leaves not being 
all off fhould be no obftacle. 

The ohjeft of pleajure Ihould net yet be given up ; 
and let the gardener do all in his power to be cleanly 
and neat, giving his grounds that proof of good cul- 
ture, which is fo effential to his cred.it. 

Anticipate winter, fo as to put all in order, and fur- 
nrfli the ground early ; provide againft fi'ojl, left it 
come unawares. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Wet, if it ftands any where, let it be drained off, 1 I4- 
Vacant ground, dig, manure, trench, or at leaft hoe, 46, 
Clear away dead plants, leaves, weeds, andc-'I litter, 54* 
Weed borders and crops, as fpinach, winter onions, &c. 
Grafs plats> cleanfe, roll, mow, and lay turf but foon. 

S 6 Gravel 



396 



K OV EMBER. 



SECT, XX. 



Grave! walks, weed,, clean, and roll hard after rain, -54, 
Compofis, col left, and mix well the materials for them. 
Cucumber and melon earth, ftore in dry time, 178, 195. 
Earth up peas, beans, celery, cauliflowers, &c. 49, 
Branch endive, 2521, . chardons, 218, and finochio, 250. 
Dig up carrots, potatoes, Jerufalem artichokes, and parf- 
neps, but not all the latter, 222, 2S0. Alfo when in 
profpeft of frofl, fome red beet, fcorzonera, fallify, 
fkirrets, Hamburgh pariley, leeks, turnep radilhes, 
and horfe-radiih, all of them to be preferred a while 
in a cellar, or longer in dry fand. See cauliflowers 
below. 

Lettuces in frames, under hand-glades, &c. attend, 226. 

Artichokes, cut, fee to, when in profpeft of froft, 202. 

Afparagus, drefs beds of, and alfo feedlings foon, 205, 

Rajpberrics, drefs in the firft week ; fee laft month. 

Hot-beds may beufed for final! fallading, 249, mint,253 A 
lettuces, 227, or for radifhes, 239. 

Frofl, confider what fhould be protected from it. 

Fruit, lateft forts, gather in the firft week ; and manage 
that already houfed, 262. 

Onions, ftore of, look over to remove decayed ones,229. 

Seeds, drefs, put up clean and dry, and keep them fo. 

Caterpillars on winter greens, fearch for in time. 

Grubs about the roots of lettuces, fearch for, 227. 

Shrubs, prune and dig about ;■ fatten trained ones, 11 1, 

Prune all trees, except figs, but cherries the firft, 145, 

Figs, pull off green frtrit, faften {hoots, 15 1. 

Cover the roots, and flake new planted trees, &c. 102. 

Cauliflowers under glafles attend to, and thofe in head, 
break leaves over. This vegetable, and brocoli, may 
be taken up when in profpeft of froft, and planted 
with balls of earth, or only laid in a cellar, where 
they will keep (perhaps) a month ; but tie the leaves 
together at the tops with ftrong bafs or'a hay -band 
before they are taken up, 216, 



sow 



SECT. XX. 



NOVEMBER, 



397 



SOW 

Small fallading and lap lettuce, under glafs, warm border, 
x)r rather on a little heat, 227, 249. Radi/hes, pivr- 
ple fliort top, fecond week, warm border, 238. 
Carrots, early horn, 2 14. Beans ?,ndpeas firft week 3 
for a principal early crop 5 207, 231. 

■ PLANT 

Celery yet, 217. Lettuces, 226: and cauliflowers yet, 
in frames, under hand-glaffes, or clofe under a fouth 
wall, 214. Endive ridged, 220. Colezvorts, 219. 
Cabbages, 211; and ail in the firft week, though the 
latter may be later. Mint on heat, 25 3. JVall- 
trees, and others foon, 30, &c. 95, &c. Shrubs, de- 
ciduous, but not evergreens, 117, &c. Straivberrles^ 
upon necdiity, but do it firft week, 39. 

PROPAGATE 

See loft month, by fuckers, flips, divifions, cuttings, and 
layers, as rofes, &c. 94, &c. 

FLOWERS. 

Take up dead flowers, and tie up thofe in blow, 55, 56, 
Frofl,, beware of, as to the care of tender flowers, 362. 
Auriculas and carnations in pots, protect, 359, 361. 
Seedlings in boxes, &c. place in the fun, and proteft. 
Pots of hardy flowers are themfelves preferved, as well 

as the plants, by plunging above their rims, 358. 
Bulbous and tuberous roots, plant and proteft, 286. 
Biennials and Perennials hardy, plant eariy, 283, 
Thrift, plant or repair, as foon as may be, alfo box* 

NURSERY. 

See lajl month \ and do foon what was then omitted 

Cover 



DECEMBER. 



SECT. XX. 



Cover the roots of newly planted things and lightly all 
feed beds and feedlings of tender forts. 99, 69. 

# # * * * * 

. DECEMBER. 

The garden is no longer a decorated fcene : but it 
contains many things of prcmife, which demand atten- 
tion, and which the indiiilrious gardener will afford, 
agreeable to the culture that each requires. 

There are ftill fome works of labour; and where 
there is plenty of dung and frames, hot-beds may be 
made ufe of, and fpring anticipated. 

If this month be caiied dreary, yet ftill the face of 
nature has charms, and invites us fometimes abroad, 
even when covered with fhow. Froit is clearly bene- 
ficial, it dries the path, it firings our nerves, exhilarates 
our fpirits, purifies the air, and prepares'the ground for 
future produce. 

All ?mture feels the renovating force 
Of winter, only to the thoughtlefs eye 
In ruin feen. The f roil- conceded glebe 
Draws in abundant vegetable foul, 
And gathers vigour for the coming year. 

Thomson* 

/ " '"" .'" *• 

MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 

Weed crops, &c. clean up litter, and ftill be neat, 54* 
Gravel walks, roll hard, if dry* again!! wet and frofL 
Grafs plats, cleanfe from worm cafts, fweep and roll. 
Mice traps, fet about peas, beans, cauliflowers, &c. 235, 
Caterpillars in trees, f nails in wafis, and f ugs, fee after. 
Tools, make, repair* grind, and keep bright, 276. 
Seeds, look over the itock to keep them clean and dry. 
Fruit and onions, examine^ remove decaying, 229, 263, 

Straw * 



SECT. XX. 



DECEMBER. 



Strazv, damp or mufty, remove from ft ore rooms. 
Frojl, guard againft the ill effects of every where. 
Wheat Jlraw, ufeful to protect things, fee rariifh, 233. 
Vegetables, before hard fro ft, take up, fee laft month. 
Artichokes, afparagus, and rafpberries, (if not before) 

give their winter dreflingto foon, 202, £05, 164?. 
Endive, tie up when perfe&ly dry, and ridge fome, 220. 
Earth up (dry) celery high, alfo cauliflowers, chardons, 

brocoli, favoys, cabbages, &c. pre fling the mould. 
Cauliflcw/rs and lettuces in frames, &c. manage, 2 14,226. 
Planting, prepare for, and open the holes ready, 29, 97, 
Vacant ground, clean, dung, rough, dig, or trench, 46. 
Banroiu, make ufe of when froft to wheel in dung, &c. 
Hot-beds, fee and manage the materials well for, 170. 
Cucumbers maybe fown in the laft week, 174, 176. 
Co?npo/is, make, and incorporate well fey turning over. 
Orchards, prune trees, drefs, dig, or plough the foil, 43. 
Prune wall pear trees, efpaliers, and fhrubs, 153; 160. 
Hedges, ditches, and drains, manage as the cafe requires. 
Drain wet from orchard, garden, nurfery, &c. 
Spring, have a conftant eye to, and prepare things for. 

SOW 

Beans, 207. Peas, 231. Radices, 233. Carrots may 
be tried as radifhes. Lettuces ditto, under glafs in a 
warm border. Small jallad, as crejs, ?nujlard, and 
lap lettuce, on a flight heat, 227, 249. 

PLANT 

Mint on heat, 253. Trees and Jhrubs of the hardy- 
deciduous kind, in open weather, covering the 
roots and flaking ; if againft a wall faften them to 
it, 97, &c. 

PROPAGATE 

By fuckers^ cuttings, layers, &c. fee October, 04, &c. 

f LOWERS* 



400 



DECEMBER, 



SECT. XX, 



F LOWERS, 

Take care of, but neither fow nor plant ; yet fome 
chufe to fow auriculas in this month, 3.5 9* 

Covering of every kind is to be no clofer, or longer kept 
on than necefjary, lor great danger arifes from much 
nurfing, when plants come to be expofed again » 
See laft month. 

Auriculas fee to, and take off dead leaves, 36 8. 

Carnations guard againft mice and much wet, 36 1. 

Pots of hardy flowers, to proteft, fee laft month. 

^NURSERY. 

ProteSf, as the weather may require : all new planted 

things, cover the roots of them well, 99. 
Seedlings of tender things may be covered lightly all 

over, but uncover in time, 69, 73, 
FrofLcracks in feedling beds, fill up with fifted mould. 
Wet (much of) gives froft fo great hold, that it mould 

be particularly guarded againft. 358, 360. 
Vermin muft be attended to, particularly mice, which 

are apt to bark, and fo kill young trees, 73* 



CLOSE. 

Nature attend ! join every living foul* 
Beneath the fpacious temple of the fky, 
In adoration join ; and, ardent raife 
One general fong. 

-Soft roll your incenfe, herhs 3 and fruits, and flovcen r 

In mingled clouds to i m, whofe fun exalts, 

Whofe breath perfumes you, and whofe pencil paints. 

Thomson* 



INDEX 



I 401 ] 



rfj D E X. 

Page 



Annual lift of tender - - - 3l5 

A. ■ obiervations - • - 317 

Page lift of ieis tender - 320 

ACOP.NS, to manage - 79 obiervations - - - 321 

Acanthus, Bear's Breech 339 — lilt of hardy ones -325 

Adam's Needle, to plant -314 obiervations - - - 327 

Adapt foil and iituation - - 48 late lowing - - - 327 

Air, its. iite in vegetation - 10 Ants, flies, and wafps - - 385 

Albuca, to manage - - - 352 Apple, ornamental forts - - 302 

Alders, and other aquatics - £95 as a wall tree - - 32 

Alexander, culture of - - 201 time to grafF - - - 85 

AU-fpice tree, nature - - - 306 wall to prune - - 157 

Alyfion, nature of - - - - 339 chief forts of - - - 262 

Amaranthus, forts cf, &c. - 317 to gather and keep - 264 

Amaryllis Lily, kc. - - - 355 ■ ■ baking forts, of - - 263 

American trees and mrubs - 291 April, the bulinefs of - - 376 

American crelies - - - - 350 Apricot, railed - - 74, 89, 90 

Anemone, fcHs of, &c. - - 353 Breda, Bruflels - - 37 

■ — cf planting - - 42 chief forts - - - 263 

Andromeda tree - - 302, 314? Apricots, of pruning - - - 133 

Angelica, culture of - - - 246 of thinning - - 146 

Animal manures - - - - 133 — — of gathering - - 263 

Annual, virgin ftock - - - 328 Aralia, to propagate - - - 306 

Annual flowers in general - 2? 2 Arbor vita?, nature of - - 311 

tender - 190, 199, 273 Arbutus, propagation, &c. - 311 

■ feed from ditto - - 276 Artichoke, of planting - - 40 

■ — fecond lowing - - 278 ■ culture of - - -* 201 

oflhifting, &c. - - 27 5 winter care of - 202 

of potting them - - 27 6 long fucceffion - 202 

Ieis tender - - - 279 Afparagus, of planting - - 40 

' various culture - - 280 culture of - - 203 

« hardy iorts - - - 280 management - 205 

■ fhree fewings - - 282 cutting of 205, 206 

> autumn lowing - - 281 AtheiiYn, abfurdity of - - 24 

water often - 277, 28Q After, China, culture, &c, - 321 

■ low thinly - - - 280 Alh, American forts, &c. - 295 

— tranfplanting - - 282 Auricula, culture, &c. 33 357 

— hardy potted - - -282 Auguit, the bufmefs of - - 387 



Autumn 



40? 



INDEX. 



Autumn, flower mow for « 278 

Avenues, trees for - - - 116 

Avens, the nature of - - - 339 

Azalea, the nature 'of - - -306 

Azederach, nature of - - - 302 



B. 

Page 

Balm, culture of - - «. - 246 
Balfam, forti and feed - -318 
Banl, the culture of - * * - t47 
Bay-tree, the nature of - - Sii 
Belvidere, concerning * - 3 J? 
-Belladonna lily, kc, - - - 355 
Berberry, how raifed -» - - 76 
to prune - - - 163 

~ — forts of, &c. - - 263 

Bean, forts and culture - - £06 
— — when dibbled - - - 64 
— - — of winter crops - - 207 
— — - fuceerFion crops - - 203 
BearVear-laniclc, of - - 340 
Beet, forts and culture - - 208 
Betony, nature of - • - 240 
Biennial flowers, culture - §83 

_ lift of - - - - 329 

— ©bier various - - 330 

a forced blow - - 330 

Biennial perennials - - - 283 
Birch, nature of, &c. - - -£95 
Birth-wort, nature of - - - 340 
Blighted trees, drefs - 52, 382 
Bkufoius, when formed - - 139 

to preferve - - 145 

Borage, the culture of - - £47' 
Borders, drefi 29, 49, 138, 376 
Boorcole, forts and culture - 209 
Box, when to plant - 573, 375 
— — - Edgings, &c. cut 3/0, 389 

how and oft to clip - 4-2 

Branches of plants - - - 20 
Bryony, lituation for - - - 340 
Brocoli, forts and culture - 210 
Buckthorn, of railing, &Qs - 2-99 
Buglofs, the culture" of - - 247 
Buds of plants v/hat - - - 20 
Bud-grafts, when taken - r 93 
Bulbous foots, a caution - 56 
. — , how failed £6i, 290 



fags 

Bulbous root?, railing advifed 290 1 

— ■ of high value - - 284 

■ culture of - - - 285 

— « when to more * 352 

■ — moved late * - 287 

p — difpofed in beds - 28$ 

a — «$ protecting them * 288 

Burnet, the culture of -a - 247 



c. 

Cabbage, forts and culture » til 

— —red, concerning - % \% 

Calendar, comprehenfive - 36$ 
Calceolaria, curious - - • 318 
Camomile, culture of - - - 248 
Capficuni, culture, &c. 318, 248 
Caraway, culture of - - - 248 
Carrot, caution about - - - 47 

forts and culture - 212 

-thinning crop - - 2 13 

■ — a forced crop * - 213 

— ——— winter ftoring - - 214 
Cardinal flower, nature - • 340 
Carduus, culture of - - -248 
Carnation, culture, S:c. 330, 359, 
373 

Cafhiobury hum, nature of - 302 
Candieberry myrtle, of - - 306 
Campanula, pyramidal 506, 340 
Campion, culture of - - - 330 
Catalpa, to plant, &c. - - 299 
Caterpillars, (lugs, &c. 369, 377 
Cauliflower, culture of - - 214 

— ~-r* in fucceilion - 215 

. — of watering - 51 

Cedar, Bermudian,. of - - 311 
Celery, forts and culture - 216 

■ wintcr.care of - - 217 

Celenac, its culture - - - 218 
Chardon, culture of - - - 218 
Cherrv, as wall fruit - ■« - 51 

- how raifed - - - 90 

wall, to prune = - 157 „ 

■ modes ot bearing - 157 
- morella, of - 31, 158 
. — — ftandard, to prune - 163 

■ . forts and gathering - 264 
Chelone, culture of - - - 333 

Chervi!, 



INDEX. 



403 



Page 

Chervil, culture of - - - 248 
Cheltnut, to raile - - - - 75 

.concerning - - 264 

Chinefe hollyhock, of - 280, 322 
Chiilel and law, ule of - - 162 
Chou-de-milan, culture - - 218 
Chrilhnas role, of - - - - 340 
Chrysanthemum, culture - 322 
Cions proper for grafts - - 82 
Ciitus, nature and care - - 314 
Cives, the culture of - - • 243 
Clary, the culture of - - - 24D 
Clalper* of plants, ule - - %$ 
Clethra, elegant Ihrub - - 305 
Climate, concerning - 104, 271 
Clole crops, duly thinn'd - - 49 
Clumps and groupeu - - • 1 1(3 
Codlin, of railing - - - - 75 
Colchicum, culture of - - 853 
Colutea, concerning - 306, 318 
Colewort, culture of - - - 218 
Columbine, concerning - - 341 
Comport, for trees - 29, 45, 138 
> for melons - - - 194 

■ auriculas - - - 358 

—carnations - - - 360 

— geraniums - - - 364 

polyanthus - - 366 

turn, 6cc. 369, 371, 3? 4 

Convolvulus major, &.c. - - 322 
Coriander, culture of - - - 249 
Corn fallad, culture of - - 249 
Cornel, cornelian cherry - 246 
Cow dung, on hot bed/ - - 183 
Cowflip, American - - - 341 
Crab hpple, Siberian, of - - 302 
Crefs, the culture of - - - 249 

American fort - - - 2/>0 

Crocus leaves tic up - - - 378 
Oops ox changing - - - 4? 

againlt thick - - - 47 

of clofe ones - - 48» 49 

■ how to infure - - - 61 

Cucumber, to raile early - 176 

— — temper of bed - 177 

— moulding bed - 177 

— ' — feed and loving 178 

— **- pricking out - - 179 

■ — giving air to - - 179 

* ' »>•» >- weather obferve 180 



Page 

Cucumber, catering duly - 180 

burning 181,* 183, 186 

fteaming about - 181 

— night covering - 182 

leed bed, time of 183 

ftopping plants - 183 

. « fruiting' bed - - 183 

— — how to plant - - 184 

management of - 183 

watering time - 185 

- — i — no neglect - - 187 

— — — -letting fruit - -187 

— of pruning - - 188 

of lecond crop - 1813 

haud-gialVd - - 189 

ridged plants - 189 

third crop - 190, 199 

— ofpickiers - -190 

~ leed, to fave - - 191 

— forts of, &c, - - 219 

fpirting, wild - - 317 

I ferpentme - - 317 

Currant tree, e.fpahered - - 33 
— — - — as a bufn - - 33 
■ to raile - - - 76 

walled, to prune 159 

Currant tree, itandard, ditto lo3, 
■ »■ (arts of, 6c c. - Vo l 
Cuttings, various, to let - - 383 
Cyclamen, culture of - - 353 
Cytifus management - - 306 
■ Spimiih tort - - - 314 



D. 

Day-break, admired - - - 13 
P ceiubeF, bufmefs of. > - 398 
Decorations of ait - 120, 1*27 
Dibble planting, of - - - 50 
gigging, well done - - 48, 49 
Dili, the cult oie of - - - £50 
Double bioOboBed tress - - 31 
Double budding, what - - 95 
Dragon's head, nutation - - 341 
Draining, hedging, ccc. - - 370 
©rawing frames, ufe - - 275 
Drills of rows, fo-.ving of - 64 
Deng, of its proper ule - - 46 
Dung 



40* 



INDEX. 



Page ^ag« 

Dung heap?, fare of - - - 171 Filberd, to raife, &c. - - - ?6 

Dutch, as flower raifers - - 234 — -walled, pruning - - 153 

Dwarf trees, to raife - 81, 90 Finochio, culture of - - - 250 

1 . frocks for - 73,74 Fir, forts, and of feeds - -311 

Fire, ufe in vegetation - - 11 

E. Flagging, moved plants - -279 
Flora's feafi delcribed - - £3 

Earth, ufe in vegetation - - 8 Flowery nature of - - - 21 

Earthing up, neceflary - - 49 their beauty - - - 22 

Edgings of, walks to make - 34 clafied in forts - - 270 

— —- to keep in order - 55 difperfed about - - 41 

'■' time to repair - - 395 ■ ~- when too many - - 282 

. - , — of lira wherries - - 165 conlider height - - 41 

- dwarf frocks 328, 348 pots, fituation - - 278 

• of a bulbous root - 356 watering pots - - 51 

■ a variety of - - 375 to be fupported - 55 

Egg plant, management - - 319 when decaying - - 56 

Elements, confidered - - - 8 Flower compartments - - 123 

Elm, propagation, &cc. - - 296 Foreft-trees, in orchard - - 44 

Endive, forts and culture - 220 ■ — to raife - - - 78 

England, of its climate - - 275 of planting - 112 

Equivocal propagation - - 16 — ieafon and how 117 

Efculents, ufefulnefs - - - 200 ■ of their profit - 113 

■ ■ to winter - - » 392 ■ — ornamental - 113 

Efpalier fruit trees, of - - 36 • ; — — care in planting 114 

pruning ditto - * 160 — preparation for 114 

heading down - - 160 of fencing - - 117 

■ frames, repair - - 369 of pruning - - 118 

Ethiopian fcariet i'enna - - 331 • fmgie ones 116, 122 

Evergreens, to remove - - 79 Fox-glove, fituation, &c. - - 341 

planting '106 to 109 Fritillary, concerning - - 354 

Exotics, fow, manage, &c. 71, 364 Froft, guard againit - 49, 369 

376, 392 Fruit borders, crops on - - 143 

Fruit trees, planting high - 102 

F. ■ of cankering - 103 

Fruits, forced by heat . - - 175 

Farina, damage from - - 79 great variety of - - 260 

February, bufinefs of - - -371 of chufmg them - -261 

Fencing of trees - - '- - 117 -- advice about - - -J26£ 
Fennel, common and fweet - 250 
Fig-wort, management - - 341 

Fig-tree, of railing - - 75 G. 
— time to plant, &c. - 30 

■ time to prune - - 151 Garden, formation of - - - 25 

mode of bearing -151 plealure in ditto -120 

' fituation for - - - 105 fize and fituation - „ 26 

forts of, 6cc. - - - 264 forceps and form - 27 

winter care of - - 152 foir, and fruit wall - 28 

of trdlifmg - - - 153 border, diviiion - - 29 

Filberd, forts of, &c; - - - 264 furnilhing it, &c. - 30 

Garden, 



I N DBX. 



40.5 



Pa ere 

Garden, new, plan of - - 32 

if flowers only 41, 42 

kitchen to adorn - 42 

■ cultivation of, 45 to 57 

-- foil refpected - - 45 

management of 53, 56 

Frames repaired - 369 

Gardener, profelledly - - 129 

a good one - - 277 

advice to - 106, 176 

prophetic eye - 124 

Gardening, it's praife - - 1 

~ fanctipns - - 2 to 7 

mixed, of - - - 41 

rural of, - - - 119 

exteimve - -121 

ornamental 122, 126 

' a caution in - - 123 

general work - 368 

a ru l e . about - - 368 

Gariick, its culture - - - 221 
.Gentianella fituation - - - 342 
Geranium, 361, 389> 391, 392, 394 

. ibrts arranged - 341 

Germander tree, nature - - 314 
Globe-flower, concerning - 342 
G oat's beard, concerning - 331 
Golden rod, fituation - - - 342 
Goofeborry tree, to ralle - 76 

■ — malted - - - 31 

trained - - - 33 

— as a bum - - - 33 

— standard - l'J3, 164 

prune - - - - 159 

■ cruel forts, 6.c. - 265 

Gourd, it's culture - - - 221 
G ratling, it's nature - 79, 80 



of skill in - - - 


80 


tools for - 


81 


preparing ftocks - 


81 


the time for - - 


83 


in the cleft - - 


83 


whip, on fnee - - 


85 


bark, or crown 


86 


in the fide - - - 


87 


on the root - - 


80 


by approach - - 


83 


by budding - 


89 


when taken - - 


93 


observations - - 


94 



Page 



Grape-vine, to raife - - - 75 

where to plant - - 31 

pot layered - - - 67 

prune and when - - 147 

mode of bearing - 143 

fummer training - - 149 

Hopping bearers - - 150 

of iidc-lhoots - - - 150 

of leaves lhading - 151 

ofdreiiing - 103,151 

the chief forts - - 265 

bagged grapes - 390, 39.1 

Gratitude recommended - 334 

Grafs piats, managed - - 54 

Gravel walks, ditto > - - .54 
Green houfe plants - 88, 364 

Ground, kept in heart - - 47 

vacant, fee to - - 47 

furring it oft - - 49 

Groundfel tree, nature - - 315 

Guelder rofe, pruning - - 169 

Guerniey lily and others - 354 

II. 

Half-ftandard trees plant - 31 

Hammer for pruning - - - 134 

Hare's-ear, fituation for - - 315 
Heading, young trees 98,130, 160 

Hedges, of evergreens - - 32 

- for plantations - - 111 

Hellebore, w hite, foil, &c. - 342 

black, chr. rose - 340 

Helonias, elegant plant - - 343 

Hepatica, concerning - - 343 

Herbs, pot, in herbary - - 40 

nature of, fee each - 246 

— to ge* for drying - 246 

Iliekery nut, what - - - 297 

Hog-dung, beneficial - - - 133 

Honeyfuckle, pruning of - ld'3 

evergreen - - .315 

Hornbeam, forts, Sec. - - - 296 

Horfe radish, culture of - - 221 

Hot-beds, a place for - - 41 

nature and ufe 169, 175 

errors, common - 170 

fituation for - - 170 

— — dung prepared - 170 



Hot-beds, 



406 



IN f D£X. 



Hot-beds, proper fk& of - - 171 

, materials for 172, 173 

— how to make - - 173 

— bark and leaves - 17-1 

to encreafe heat - 174 

— ~ to deoreafe it - - 175 

Houfe, ornament s about - - 128 

\Houfed plants, ficklinefs - 10 

Humble, feniitive plant - - 319 

Hyacinths, of planting - - 42 

Hydrangea, nature of - -»306 

Hyflbp, culture of - - - 251 

h 

January, bufmefs of - - - 369 

Jafmines, pruning of - - 169 

Ice-plant, to manage - - - 319 

Jerufalem artichoke - - - 222 

* — a fair Bower - - 222 

Inarching, how done - - - 88 

India pink, culture, &c. - - 322 

Indian mot, culture of - - 319 

Inoculation performed - 89,91 

— — various methods 93 

Infects, of avoiding - - - 155 

Intermediate wall-lpace « - 31 

Jonquil, concerning - - - 354 

Iris, nature of, <Scc. - - 354 

Judgement in cropping - - 48 

June, bufmeis of - - - - 381 

July, buiinefs of - - - - 384 

Ixias, two hardy forts - * 354 ; 

• K. ^ 

Kidney bean, forts, &c. - - 222- 

— on a hot-bed - - - 223 

— — feed, to fave - - - 225 

Kitchen garden, adorned - 42 

Ketmia, or hour flower - - 328 

Lady's fmock and flipper - 343 

Laburnham, pruning of - - 169 

Larkfpur, culture of - - - 328 
Layer xofes and evergreens 383 



i 



Page 

Layer?, when to more, &:c. - 394 

Lavender, culture of - - 251 

Leek, for a good crop - - 4$ 

■ forts and culture - - 2^5 

■ winter ft oring - - -525 

Lettuce, forts and culture - 226 

■ winter plants - - 227 

of blanching - - - 227 

• for fmall fallad - - 22$ 

Light, its nature and ufe - 12 

Lilac tree, pruning of - -168 

Lilies, common and rare - - 354 

Lily of the valley, culture - 343 

Lime, to improve foil - - - 43 

Line, to be freely ufed - - 50 

Lion's foot, foil, Sec. - - - 343 

Lipping, what it is - - - 95 

London pride, concerning - 343 

Looieiirife, nature of - - - 343 

Love apple, or tomatum - - 259 

Lungworts, concerning - - 343 

Lupine, culture of - - - 343 

Lyc.lmidea, of railing - - - 344 

Lychnis, double, culture - 343 

M. 

Magnolias, nature of - - - 599 
Mallow tree, to cultivate . - 306 
Mangoes, of unripe melons - 2*00 
Manure, animal ones - 103, 138 

— r — * for orchard - - 43, 45 

Manuring a ^J^en, ©f - - 46 
March, buiinefs of - - - 3? 3 
Marigold, pot, culture of - 252 

African and French 3^2 

Marjoram, forts and culture 252 
Maple, the forts of, &c. - - 299 
Marlh marigold, culture - 344 
Marvel of Peru, culture - 323 
Mafter wort, culture of - - 344 
May, the bufinefs of - - - 379 
Medlar, to raife - - - - 75 

forts and culture - 265 

ripening by art - - 265 

Melon, forts and feed - - 228 

of railing - - - - 192 

■ feed and fowing - - 192 

» » ■ ■ of air and fteam * - 193 
Melon, 



INDEX. 



407 



Page 

Melon, of fecond bed - - 194 
.. .... — ~ of fruiting Bed - - 194 

proper earth - - - 194 

of planting out - - 19? 

. earthing, training - 195 

of let fruit - 195, 196 

of pruning - - - 195 

flopping, moulding - 196 

. lining and covering - 196 

letting the fruit - - 196 

— of a fecond crop - 198 

of ridging out - - 199 

under paper frames - 199 

• of a third crop - - 200 

of unripe fruit - - 200 

Mignonette, culture of - - 328 

— . „ winter plants 387, 395 

Milk vetch, concerning - - 344 
Mint, forts and culture - - 252 
Monkey flower, of - - - 344 
Monk's hood, of - - - - 344 
Moon-trefoil, beauty - - - 315 
Morina, ornamental - - - 344 
Mofs, clear from trees - - 162 

■ from gravel walks - 54 

long, ufe of - - 55, 72 

Mountain am, concerning - 299 
Mulberry, of railing - - - 75 

• w^ll to prune - 157 

~— mode of bearing - 157 

■ — forts and culture - 265 

Mulberry blight, culture - 328 
Mulleins, culture of - - - 345 
Multard, culture of - - - 253 



N. 

Nails, proper for trees - - 133 
Nalturtium, culture, &c. 253, 323 

--the double fort - 254 

Nature, pious view of - - 14 
Navew, culture of - - - 245 
Neatnefs, recommended - - 54 
Nectarine, raifed - - 74, 89, 99 

— — chief forts, &c. - 266 

of pruning - - 130 

of gathering - - 266 

- 395 

- 68 



Page 

Nurfery, Management - 69, 79 

foil, laying out 

young ftocks, move 

beds, and enemies 

. watering beds - - 

fee well to - - - 



Nurferymen, concerning 
Nut, Spanifh, cob, Ike. - 
tree, as timber, &c. 



70 
73 
72 

- 72 

- 375 

- 261 

- 264 

- 296 



O. ' 

Oak, particulars of - - - 

evergreen forts - 

October, bufinefs of - - - 
Onion, for a good crop - - 

> forts and culture 

• will tranfplant - - 

of houiing - - - ■ 

Orchard, form and plant 

new, to garden 

prune and manage 

Order, garden kept in - ■ 
Orchis, culture of - - - . 
Ornamental wall trees 
Orpine, management - - 



November, foufmefs of 
Nurfery, ufefuinef* of 



Palma Chrifti, forts, &c. - 
Pans, for pots, concerning 
Pancratium Lily, culture 
Paper frames, ufeful - - 
Parfley, Hamburgh, of - 

■ common, culture 

Parfnep, culture of - - 
Parterres, of figured J - 
Paflion flower, of - - - 
Patches, of fowing - * 
Pea, forts and culture * 

crop, well ituck - - 

will tranfplant - - 

how to forward - - 

how to water - - 

enemies to it - - 

of flopping plants - 

— of the t ouncevals • 



296 
312 
392 
46 
228 
229 
229 
43 
43 
44 
53 
355 
31 
345 
■ 53 



323 
277 
354 
199 
230 
254 

• 230 

■ 42 

• 345 

■ 64 

• 230 

- 231 

■ 233 

• 233 

• 233 

- 233 

• 233 

- 233 



INDEX. 



Page 

Pea, to ft and winter - - - 104 
Peach tree, railed - 74, 89, ( „ ) 

. October ibrts 30, 104 

- chief forts, &c. 299 

■ of pruning, «5cc« 130 

Pear tree, as wall fruit - - 31 

. — ■ dwarf itocks for - 74 

■ how raited - - - 90 

= * wall, to prune - - 153 

to head and form 153 

mode of bearing - 151 

— > fummer pruning - 155 

winter pruning - 155 

-= thinning fruit - - 156 

. too luxuriant - - i56 

chief forts, c. - 20,6 

; — ■ gathering, hording 267 

Pennyroyal, culture of - - 254 
Perennial Sower, culture 283, 285 

if from feed - - 285 

lift of fibrous - - 333 

■ observations - - 339 

bulbous, & c. - r 349 

Periwinkle, to manage - - 315 

Peony, forts and culture - 355 

phillyrea, ibrts, 6cc. - - - 315 

Pilewort, concerning - - - 356 
Pink, forts and culture 345, $64 

Pine tree, the forts of, &c. - 3i2 

Piihamiii, or date plum - - 299 

Piliachia, nature of, ixc. - $99 

Plants, their economy * 13, 17 

-= on the lleep of - - 19 

Planters, praifed - - - ~ 78 

profemonal -■ - 120 

Planting, discretion in - - 105 

. lea fen for - - - 106 

honourable- - - 119 

ibccion of - - - 95 

■ how performed - 97 

— when late - - - 101. 

Plantations, of making - - 115 

of thinning - - 1 1 8 

— arranged - - 127 

Plumbago, to manage - - 346 

Plum tree, how railed - - 90 

. as wall fruit - - 31 

wail to prune - 158 

chief forts, &c. - 268 



Past 

Poifon tree, concerning - - 307 
Po^-anthu*, culture of - - 316 
Pomegranate, of - - 31, 307 
Poppy, eatiern fort - - - 346 
Poplar, culture of - - - - %9J 
Potatoe, forts and culture - 233 

railing early - - 255 

time to plant - - 236 

c slanging forts 236, 412 

ftoring them - - - 236 

■ in orchard - - - 43 

Potted plants, concerning - 278 
Poultry dung, to life - - - 43 
Pricking out feedlings - 50 

— chief fcafon - 383 

Primrofe rree, of - - - - 331 
Procrastination, againil - - 57 
Propagation, methods - - 57 

■ by feeds, 57 to 64 

by fuckers - - 64 

- — — by fiips, &e. - 65 

.. by divifion - 65 

~ by cuttings - 66 

- by layers - - 67 

Primer's great object - - 144 
Pruning of w all lives - - 129 

• — defirabJe ability - 130 

the ends of it - - 330 

— « principal time - - 143 

the tinges four - - 144 

- — a general rule - - 159 

benefit of good - - 310 

Pumpion, culture - - 221, 237 
Purllane, forts and culture - 255 

tree, Spanith - - 315 

Pyracantha, of 32, 169, 5lV 



Q. 

Quince?, of railing - - - 75 
forts and iiouung - 268 



Pv. 

Radilh, forts and culture - 238 

of winter crops - - 238 

to force a crop - - 239 

■ . < ■ fucceilion crops - - 239 
Hagwort* 



INDEX, 



409 



Page 

Ragwort, .to manage - - -315 
Rampion, culture of - - - 255 
.Ranunculus, of planting - - 42 

concerning - - 356 

Rape, or colefeed, culture - 255 
Rafpberry, of planting - - 38 

of managing - - 38 

twice bearing - 38 

to propagate - - 77 

forts, ccc. - - ^ 269 

of gathering - - 269 

— — to prune, Sec. - 165 

Reed, Portugal, of - - - 346 
Reed-hurdles, ui'eiul - - - 285 
Rhubarb, forts of, 6cc. - - 346 
Rocket, propagation, <Scc. - 346 
Rocombole, culture of - - 255 
Roots, concerning - - - - 18 
Ro ternary, forts and culture 256 
Role china, ever blowing - 30? 
Rofe tree, pruning of - - - 168 

* to propagate - - 508 

where, very pretty 32 

forts arranged 30 i, 307 

of d ou ble yellow 309 

■ musk evergreen - 316 

Rudbeckia, culture - 331, 347 
Rue, the culture of « - - 256 
Rural elegance, piaifed - - 124 

life, commended - - 6, 7 

Rulh, ornamental fort • - 317 



Sage, forts and culture - - 256 

Sallow, and willow, of - - 297 

Saliafy, culture of - - 240 

Salt, as a manure - - - - 315 

Samphire, culture of - - - 256 

Sarracena, nature of - - - 347 

Savin, variegated fort - - 316 

Savory, forts and culture - 257 

Savoy, forts and culture - - 341 

Saxifrage, pyramidal - - - 347 

Scabious, culture of - - - 331 

Scorzonera, culture of - - 241 

Scurvy -grafs, culture of ~ 257 

Sculpture, ornaments of - - 128 

Sea-cale, or cabbage - - - 241 

— +—~r*_ &3 a .flower - . - 343 



Page 

Seaion3 confidered « - 48, 60 
Seedling flowers, plant - - 375 
Seeds, concerning - - - 14 

how to be town - 61, &c 

to fave well - - - 59 

tree, to procure - - 78 

lying two years - - 78 

produce varieties - 80 

Senna, pruning of - - - 169 

of Maryland - - - 347 

September, bulinefs of - - 390 
Service, or forb apple - - 269 
Shading, beneficial - - 51, 275 
Shalot, culture of - - - - 243 
Shreds, fize and ufe - - - 133 
Shrubs aDd lhrubberies' - - 107 

■ of raifing - - 71, 107 

time to plant - 107, 103 

- preparation for - - 108 

how to plant - - - 109 

of tender forts - -110 

• difpofiiion of - - - HQ 

care of fuckers - - 111 

— - planted in gardens - 40 

■ of pruning I 164, 166 

Shrubberies, flowers for - - 111 

— — ■ management of 111 

Shrubs, modes of bearing - 166 

■ bearing times 167, l z9s 

heights of - 167, 292 

never to (hear - - 157 

— propagation of - . 290 

— cultivation of - - 39% 

— colour of blow - - 293 

various names - - 293 

deciduous forts - - 303 

obfervations - - - SOS 

- evergreen forts - - 312 

■ — obfervations - - - 314 

' ., , • tender to protect - 314 
Sityrinchiuin, culture - - 34$ 
Skirret, culture of - - - - 243 
Slips, things to propagate - 381 
Smailage, culture of - - 257 
Smilax, to manage ... 3^5 
Snap dragon, nature of - - 331 
Snow drop tree, nature of - 309 
Soil and fituation, adapt - - 48 
— - improvement of - - , 10 1 

for trees % . • 99 to 103 

1 Soloiaafi's 



410 



f\ D E X 



Page 

Soloman's fea!, nature - - 348 
Sorrel, forts and culture - - 257 
Sowings, proportioned - 48, 62 

~ early made - 60, 61 

Spider wort, iituation - - 356 
spinach, forts and culture - 243 

: — fuccefiion crops - 244 

iSpindle tree, prickwood - - 302 

■ rooted plants - - 279 

Spirea Frutex, pruning - -1^9 
Squill, management of - - 357 
Standard fruit trees - - 35,36 

- to raile - - - 81, 90 

■ pruning of - 161, 164 

Star of Bethlehem, of - - 356 
Starworts, culture and foil - 348 
Steins of plants, about - - 14 
Stewartia, ihrub, nature - - 302 
St. John's wort, and Peters - 309 
Stocks for grafting on - - 70 

of lowing to! - - - 71 

management of - - 72 

• » paradiie apple - - 73 

Kentim codlin - - 73 

* by fuckers and layers 7 4 

• quince for pears - - 74 

• fort for apricots - - 7 4 

. peach, nectarine - - 74 

„ fur the medlar - - 75 

Stock, ten week, 4 fowings - 323 

French and PruiTian -3^4 

. to lave the feed - - 325 

biennial forts - - - 332 

• 9 — dwarf window - - - 348 
Strawberry, of planting - - 38 

« — — — frelb plantations 40 

— — to propagate - 77 

forts of 38, 39, 269 

- ■ — ■ fituation for 39, 111 

* in November - 39 

- management - 40 

~ — : — : protect, fruit > 55 

— — of pruning - - 165 

— — of watering - 40, 51 

— 1 of gathering - 269 

as edgings 38, 111, 

165 

• - ■ - — — deeding time - 166 
Succory, culture of - - - 258 
Succulent plants, abroad - - 3b6 



Succulent plants, when move 3§5 

Summer planting, of - - - 101 

Summer-houfes, about l - 12,1 

Supporting fruit crops - - 55 

flowers by ties - 55 

Sun, vivifying nature of . - n 

Sweet-briar, pruning of - - 168 

Sweet fultan, culture - - - 3. fS 

Sweet-william, railing - - 333 

Syringa, pruning of - - - 169 

T. 

Tarragon, culture of - « - 253 
Tan fey, culture, of - - - 
Thinning feed crops - - 49, 64 
Thrift, when to fet 1 - 373, 3/5 
Throatwort, forts, c*c. - - 348 
Thyme, forts and culture - 258 
Tillage, benefit of - - - - 108 
Tomatum, culture of - - - 259 
Tools, make, repair, 6ec. - - 369 
Tooth wort, iituation - - - 357 
Touch-me-not, a ball am - - 321 
Transplanting, iiowers - - 277 

dela-v not - 375 

Trees and Shrubs, managed 54 

foil for each - 99 to 103 

young to chufe - * 96 

: young, protection - - 99 

watered and ftaked - 100 

Iituation proper - - 104 

ufe little dung - - - 108 

for ornament - - - 1j8 

< of cutting down - - 121 

characteriftics - - - 126 

Trellhes, concerning - - - 134 
Trenching, vacant ground - 46 
Trowel, planting with - - 50 
Trumpet flower, nature - - 302 
Tubefofe, forts, 6cc. - 357, 366 
Tuberous roots, to raile - - 284 
— — — culture of - - - 285 

when to move - 352 

Tulip, planting in beds - - 42 

forts and culture - - 357 

— ■ — tree, nature of, C*C. - 300 
Turf, to lav, &c. - 371, 374, 376* 
393 
Turn e p. 



IN 



Page 

Turnep, fats and culture - 244 

cabbage fort - - - 245 

Tutfan, the nature of - - 309 

U. 

Vacant ground, fee to - - 373 

II nderwood, of raifing - - 115 

Vegetation, nature of - 8 to 25 

Vegetables, to have fweet - 47 

decaying - - 56 

■ forts forced - 17.5 

praife of - -201 

■ to gather well - 201 

Vermin, fet traps for - - - 369 

Viburnbam, forts of, &c. - 300 

Virginian, annual ftoefe - - $28 

W. 

Waits,. gravel, to make— - 32 

grafs and others ► 35 

clean from mofs - - 54 

• forming fhady - -121 

« in plantations - - 1 22 

Wallflower, of railing - -333 
Walls, old, 6cc. to cover - -112 

lor fruit trees - - 28, 29 

Wall fruit, thinning - - - 145 

, unloading - - 147 

m of dropping - - 147 

— — of gathering - - 147 

Wall-trees, of planting - - 100 

iue fefui - 130, 132 

« — - heading ilpvku - 130 

* — management 13l,&t\ 

■ luxuriant - 13d, 140 

their health - - 135 

— digging about - 136 

' — ~ jfoung, caution - 137 

! young, to form - 142 

■ difeafed, weak - 137 

~~~ — kept clean - - 137 

1 unthrifty - - - 138 

■ — —-full of wood - * 139 

blights on - - 139 



EX, 411 

Page 

Wall-tree?, watering of - - 139 

— fruitfulneb • - 139 

duly thinned - 140 

* to furnilh - 141, 142 

■ — mode of bearing 141 

— ■ — much altered - 14*> 

of reviewing - 144? 

Walnut-tree, to raife - - - 76 

~ forts, &c. - 269, 297 

Water, in a garden - - - 41 

— introduced - 123,127 

■ — nature and nfe - - 9 

— quality of forts - - 52 

Water-glafs Mowers - - - 289 
Watering, bufinefs of - - - 50 

what molt need - 51 

■ wall-trees - 51, 139 

: grape vines - - 52 

engine for trees - 52 

a- to lea fons - - 53 

annuals - - 277, 280 

. nurtery beds - . 70 

new pi. trees - - 100 

— pot, for flowers - 276* 

— — : rlower pots, &c. - 373 

Weeding, the modes of - - 49 
Wet places, to plant - - - 114 

" ■ — to drain - - - 395 

Whitlow grafs, nature - - 348 
Willow herb, nature - - - 309 
Willow and fallow, of - - -?7 
Winter, plants abiding - - C51 

■ — ; the benefit of - - 398 

— anticipated - - - 395 

~— things to ftone - - 396 

Worm grafs, concerning - - 348 
V\ ormwooo*, fo'ts and culture 259 



Y. 

Year, concerning end - - 41 

""i ew, for divifion hedge • - in 

Zinnia, culture of . . „ . 303 



V The 



Vis 

Yhe Calendar will be found accurately to direcl, from time to 
time,^he work to be done relative to each of the foregoing articles, as 
lowing, planting, &c- And not to fwell the Index to an unnecerTary 
fize, the author has brought into it the mention only of a few things from 
the Calendar, as what is there directed has molt of it appeared in the 
work before. The Calendar is only a help to recollection, and with a 
glance of the eye may be feen every thing the Gardener has to do : he 
h there referred back for more ample information, if he needs it. 

gdt" The many ufes (as mentioned in this work) to which hand" 

glasses may be profitably applied, induces to recommend rather an 
ample furniture of them. Alio to have plenty of garden pots of all 
-h^t plants jma^ be.accommodated with jult fuch a nzed pot as is 
properfor tfeela. - - - . .. . ■ I ; v . - ■ 

^tj To the article Potatge, concerning Seedlings, page 236, add ; 
— The Potatoes produced from each Seed mould be kept feparate, 
and two or three from each carefully boiled alfo feparate, and being 
tafted by a good judge, choice of fort made accordingly, to be plant- 
ed for Propagation ; the fize, Ihape and colour, being in a meafure con- 
iidexed as well as ffavcur. 



ERRATA. - 

Page 21, line 16, thefe, read feme, 

66 — 7, head, v ti&rd. 

Ill — 19, He, : die, . l 

127 — 25, crowed — crowded, 

134 — 36, tre:ly trellis. 

154 — SI, turfs tuff*. 

< 2*26 — 2-8, neat — — near. Ill <l 

285 — 4, feedings feedlings. 

359 — 3, formed • forked 

216 Bottom, leave ouiJ — " Or for a kw Plants*' ' 



L M 3 



HINTS 



OS THE 

METHOD OF MANAGING POXD-F$B. 



THE quantity of Fifn to be fupplied obvioufly de- 
pends upon the quantity of water, which fliouid 
be divided, where it conveniently can, into five ponds; 
thefe mav be diftinguiihed by the five firft figures, as, 
1, «, 3/4; 5. t 

Nunki 5 is intended for Breeding, and fhould be 
double or treble the fize of any of the other ponds. Or 
if this be inconvenient, there may be two marked 
No. 5. This pond may likewife be the mod diftant 
from the houfe. If the Breeding pQnd fhould fail to 
anfwer this purpofe, it will at leaft ferve as a confer va- 
tory for Fifh of fmall fize, to be~ obtained el fe where : 
and indeed frcfh (lores in any cafe will be found de- 
firable. The contents of this pond in Carp and Tench, 
or the greateft part, fhould be taken out annually in 
September, or Offober, counted in braces ; and fuch 
as are from five to feven inches long thrown into 
No. 4, 

The contents of No. 4, when grown one year from 
the length of five or feven inches, mull be put into 
No, $• The contents of No. 3, having grown one 
T 3 ' year 



4 14* ft! m &INTS- ON THE 

year from No. 4, mivft be removed into No. 2. And 
in like manner the -contents of No. £, after one year, 
muft be removed into No, 1, which is to contain only 
fuch Fifh as are fit for the table. It is obvious that 
this pond, for fafety and convenience, fhould be the 
neareft to the houfe. 

As No. 5 is to be the largeft water, fo No. 1 is to 
be the leafl ; the reft, of fizes between the two. 

The lhape of No. 1 fhould be oblong, for the con- 
vergence of the net, and the lefs difturbance of the Fifh 
in taking out what are wanted from time to time. 

A book fhould be kept by the Gardener, of the num- 
ber and fizeof each kind in every pond. 

Carp are fit for the table from three to feven pound? 
each. Tench from one pound and a half to three 
pounds each. Perch from thiee quarters of a poui.d to 
one or two pounds, &c. 

It is fuppofed that none of the ponds have a ftrong 
current of very cold, acrid, innutritious water. 

One acre of water upon a loam, clay, or marl, or 
any of thefe with a mixture of gravel, has been ftated 
to be capable of fupporting 2000 pounds weight of 
Fifh: the number of the Fifh making that weight 
being immaterial. 

Carp and Tench breed moft freely in ponds, or pits 
newly made. Tench likewife in almoft any ponds, 
where cattle are admitted. 

It is evident that Perch and Pike fhould not be ad- 
mitted in any degree in No. 5 ; but in all the other 
numbers, befides their own value, they are of important 
fervice, provided that they are ftrifclly confined to a 
fize greatly fubordinate to that of the Carp, or Tench. 
For they deftroy not only the accidental fpawn of Fifh 
which breed, but alfo feveral Animals, whofe food is 
the fame with that of Carp and Tench, as Frogs, 
Newts, &c. Pike above the weight of one or two 
pounds muft not be admitted even amongft Carp of the 
largeft fize and weight, 

9 With 



MANAGEMENT OT POKD-FlSft- *W 

With regard to the abfolute weight of Fifh, which 
anv particular pond will fupport, this can only be de- 
termined by observation and experience; as it depends 
ori the different degrees of nutrition in different waters. 
It is faid, that Carp and Tench in waters which feed 
well, Will, before they are aged, double their weight 
in one year. 

The third part of an acre in No. 1 would probably 
be fufficient for the demand of any family. For, upon 
the calculation above given, it would fupport near 700 
pound?? of Fifh, which mfigbt be divided thus. 

50 Brace of Carp, of t'nree pounds each and upward*. 
50 Brace of Tench, of two pounds each and upwards, 
5 Brace of Perch, of one pound each and upwards* 
That is, three Brace of Fifh, weighing at leaft twelve 
pounds for the ufe of every week. 

Allowing one acre for No. 5, one third of an acre 
for No. i, and one acre and two thirds for the inter- 
vening numbers, the whole water would be three 
acres. Upon this calculation the flock of No. 1 at 8d. 
per pound, would be worth 2S\. 6s. 8d. per annum, 
and the expence annually of changing the Fifh from 
No. 5 to 4, &c. Will not exceed ll. 6s. Sd. So that 
the value of each acre would be at lowefl 7l. 6s. 8d. 
annually. 

No. i being fuppofed to be near the houfe, and at no 
great diftance from the garden, if the Fifh mould not 
thrive fufficiently, which will be feen by the difpro- 
portioned fize of the head, and the whitenefs or pale- 
nefs of the fcales, they may eafily be fupplied with 
more food by loofe peas from the garden, the fweeping 
of the granary, worms faved by the Gardener in digging, 
and the offal ot the poultry killed for the kitchen ; ot 
by le ting down the water about two feet, in the fpring 
or fummer, where there is a fufficient fupply, and fowing 
the fides with oats, barley, rye, or wheat, very lightly 
raked in, and then flopping the flake again. 



HINTS ON THE 



In ponds already (locked, but not accurately re- 
gulated, it would be advifeable to begin with that which 
has the moft Pike, otherwife with No. 4, or what is 
intended for No. 4, and throw all the Fifh under five 
inches length into No. 5, and the larger, according to 
their fizes, into the other numbers : and fo on with 
No. 3, 2, and 1. 

Store-Fifh procured el ewhere, if taken in fammer, 
fhoula be moved in the night in clean ftraw, wetted 
occafionally after they a:e packed: except Perch and 
Pike, which can only be carried in clean pond or river 
water. In moving Fifh from one Pond to another, 
they fhould be firit put into tubs of water already pre- 
pared for them, and afterwards carried in buckets with- 
out water. In taking Pike, or Perch, great care mu ft 
beobferved to avoid raifing mud in the water. 

In Breeding Ponds all water-fowls, as Geefe, Ducks, 
&c. fhould be difcouraged ; and Herons carefully de- 
ftroyed. If any white Fifh, as Roach, Dace, &c. 
mould be found, they are to be taken out ; and if there 
be a fpare piece of water for large Pike, they mould be 
put into it as food for the Pike. 

Eeis may be put with advantage into any except the 
Breeding Ponds* in lieu of Perch. The moft eafy 
way of taking them is by trimmers laid over night, 
baited with fmall Fifh, not with worms : otherwife 
they may catch the Carp : or a fmall thief net may be 
baited with white Fifh. 

Common fewers and drains from the laundry are pre- 
judicial to fifh : fo are the leaves falling from trees in 
great quantities. The ufe of grains fhould hkewife be 
avoided in large quantities, as having little nutriment 
whilft they are thus warned by the water. 

It feems better for the ufe of the table, as well as 
more humane, to kill Fifh defigned for food by an in- 
cifion with a ffiarp-pointed pen-knife, or pun&ures, 
made with a pin longitudinally into the brain, about 
half an inch or an inch, according to the fize of the 

Fifh, 



MANAGEMENT OF POND-FlSTJ, 



417 



Fiih, above the eyes. As this produces an inftanta- 
neous effeft, it would probably favethe cruel operation 
of crimping or flaying fifh while alive ; as in the cafe of 
Pike and Eels.. 

It is obvious, that this method of regulating Fifh will 
apply with its full effeft in larger fpaces of water : it 
will likewife apply in a considerable degree to fmaller 
pieces : even where the change is but from a pond for 
the ufe of cattle to a (ingle c^nal in a garden. 

In fituations near the great inland manufafl ures ? and 
near the turnpike roads leading from an eafy diftance to 
the metropolis, water may be made by this kind of 
management, with little trouble or expence, to produce 
a large annual rent. 



**# Mr. Marfhall was favoured with this paper on 
Pond-Fijh by an eminent literary chara&er in the 
Church— tf A member of the free Agricultural Society 
*t St. Peterfburg;" and the belt method of breeding, 
feeding, and preferving Fifh, cannot but be efteemed 
d valuable part of Rural Economics, 



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" J i - fiii -» * i 



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C 4» 3 



PROFESSION OF A GARDENER* 



HE who undertakes the prcfejfton of a gardener, 
takes upon him felt a work of fome importance, and 
which requires no fmall degree of knowledge, ingenuity, 
and indujlry y to perform well. There are few bufmeffes 
which may not be learned in much lefs time than that 
of a gardener can poffibly be. 

It often happens, however, that a man who has 
been very little in a garden, and that only as ^labourer, 
who can do little more than dig, or put out cabbage 
plants, will eall himfelf a gardener ; but he only is 
worthy of the name who having had much practice' m 
the various parts of horticulture, pofTeffes a genius and 
adroitnefs, fitting him for making experiments, and 
for getting through difficulties that the exiiting eircurn- 
iTances of untoward feafons, &c. may bring him into. 
He (hould poifefs a fpirit of enquiry into the nature of 
plants and vegetation, and how far art (in his way) 
may be made fuccefsfully ufeful, or at leaf! probably fo* 
The mode of growth, tire pruning, the foil, the heat, 
and the moifture that fuits particular plants, are not to 
be underftood without a native tafte, and clofe applica- 
tion of the mind. " Gardening depends more upon 
the labour of the brain than of the body." 

There 



Z}S THE PROFESSION OF A GARDENER. 419 

There are few things to be done in a garden, but 
which require a dexterity in operation, and a nicety in 
hitting the proper feafon for doing it. A gardener 
fhould be a fort of prophet in forefeeing what will 
happen under certain frircumftances, and wifely cap tious 
to provide (by the mofi probable means} againft what 
may happen. 

A man cannot be a good gardener, except he be 
thoughtful, fleadv, and induftrious."; . pafleffihg a fupe- 
nor degree of moral excellence, as well as genius and 
knowledge adapted to his buiinefs. He fhould be 
modeft in his manners and opinions. It too often hap- 
pens with thofe who have much "praclical frill, that 
they flight what is written upon fubje&s of their pro- 
feflion ; which is a faltidious temper, that the man of 
real merit will hardly poffefs. 

The knowledge of botany is not necefiary to the 
bufmefs of a practical gardener, but it might be made 
nfeftil to him, or at l$aft a matter of amufemem and 
relaxation, enabling him to be refpectably communica~ 
tive. Some knowledge in this way he will perhaps 
not content himfelf without, if he has any thing to do 
with the green-houfe, and hot-kouje, as many curious 
plants are admitted there. 

The character of a gardener is here fet high ; but it 
is the goal of refpectability at which be ought to aim, 
who prefumes to call himfelf a profejjed one ; and no 
doubt there are many in noblemen's and gentlemen's 
fervices, who are thus refpectable in their abilities and 
conduct. 

It remains for the employer to confider the merits of 
his gardener, and reward him accordingly. He fhould 
reflect upon the iraporrance of his garden to himfelf, 
family, and friends; and how great difference there is 
between one well, and one /// managed. If the foil 
and fituation is untoward, or the feafon crofs, (which 
in England is very apt to try a gardener's fkill and 
patience) he fhould be ready to make allowance, as 



*.?0 ON THE PROFESSION OF A GARDENER. 

there is little to be done in working againft nature ; 
and to the moft attentive and fkifful in the art of gar- 
dening, accidents will fometimes happen, that might 
have been prevented. * In the work of a garden there 
is no fuch thing as always proceeding with certainty 
and infuring fuccefs." 

A gentleman mould confider that he who furnimes 
him with fruits and vegetables, almoft lives in the 
garden ; and that he cannot relax in his duty without 
his negleft being mantfejl, by ferious confequences fol- 
lowing it. There is alwaysjimething for him to do, that 
mull be done now, to fowv plant, prune, drefs, &c. &c, 
" Whoever will give himfelf the pains to trace a good 
gardener through the feveral ftages of his employ, in 
all feafons of the year, will find it to be one continued 
circle of labour and toil." 

A gardener is, in many refpefts, differently fitu- 
ated to the other fervants about a gentleman's houfe, 
and thefe difcriminating circumftances, are what may 
be faid (according to general eftimation) not to his 
advantage. A gardener has reafon, indeed, to love 
his employment, as he meets with health and tran- 
futility in the exercife of it; but confidering what he 
■4s % and what he does, in his proper capacity, he may 
juftly claim a fuperior degree of eftimation and re* 
ward, 



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